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词条 Disney Interactive
释义

  1. History

     Buena Vista Internet Group  Interactive Media Group  Disney Interactive 

  2. Units

     Disney Online  Disney Online History  Online units 

  3. References

  4. External links

{{short description|interactive subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}{{Infobox company
| name = Disney Games and Interactive Experiences
| logo = Disney Interactive Logo.png
| caption =
| image = 1200grandcentralave.jpg
| image_caption = Disney Interactive headquarters in Glendale, California.
| former_name = {{unbulleted list|Disney Interactive|(1995–2008, 2012-2016)[1]|Disney Interactive Media Group|(2008–2012)|}}
| type = Subsidiary
| key_people =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1995}}
| fate = Merged into Disney Consumer Products as a business segment.
| predecessor = {{unbulleted list|Disney Interactive Studios|Walt Disney Internet Group}}
| successor = Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media
| location_city = Glendale, California[1]
| location_country = U.S.
| locations = 12[1]
| industry = Video game industry
| products = Video games
| revenue = US$982 million[4]
| operating_income =
| net_income = $308 million loss (2011)[4]
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees = 2,000 (March 2014)[2]
| parent = Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
(The Walt Disney Company)
| divisions = {{ubl|Disney Online|Disney Mobile}}
| subsid = {{ubl|Go.com|FoxNext Games|FoxNext VR Studio}}
}}Disney Games and Interactive Experiences, originally established as Disney Interactive, Disney Interactive Media Group and Walt Disney Internet Group, is an American company that oversees various websites and interactive media owned by The Walt Disney Company and its subsidiaries.[3]

History

In December 1994, Disney announced that it was establishing a new division dedicated to publishing computer and video game console software, called Disney Interactive.[4] The initial staff consisted of 200 newly hired employees.[4] The company was formally established in mid-1995.[5] On August 23, 1995, Disney Interactive formed Disney Online.[6]

Buena Vista Internet Group

Disney purchased a one-third share of Starwave on April 3, 1997, for $100 million.[7] In January 1998, Disney registered go.com.[8] Exercising its options, Disney purchased the outstanding shares of Starwave from Paul Allen in April 1998.[9] In June 1998, Disney purchased 43% ownership of Infoseek in exchange for Starwave and $70 million.[10] Infoseek and Disney Online joint ventured in developing the Go Network, an internet portal.[11] With Disney's purchase of the remainder of Infoseek in July 1999, the Go Network, Infoseek, the Disney Catalog, Disney Online (Disney.com and DisneyStore.com), ABC News Internet Ventures and ESPN Internet Ventures and Buena Vista Internet Group are merged into the Go.com company.[12]

In August 1996, BVIG took a controlling in interest in toysmart.com with three directors on the board. Toysmart would be granted marketing support including free advertising on BVIG websites like family.com.[13] After an attempted round of financing, Toysmart.com shut down in May 2000.[14]

In June 1999, the Disney Internet Guide is abandoned.[15] The Go.com portal was shut down in 2001 at a cost of $878 million in charges.[16]

In 2004, Disney re-activated the Starwave identity as Starwave Mobile, which publishes casual games for mobile phones for non-Disney brands with in Disney conglomerate or from third party.[17] In December 2004 and partnered with Indiagames, the Walt Disney Internet Group released Disney games, wallpapers and ringtones in the Indian market which is also available on AirTel.[18]

The group purchased Living Mobile, a European mobile game developer and publisher in November 2005.[19]

Interactive Media Group

On June 5, 2008, Disney Interactive Studios and the Walt Disney Internet Group merged into a single business unit, now known as the Disney Interactive Media Group.[20] In 2009, DIMG's Disney Online unit purchased multiple websites from Kaboose.[21]

In July 2010, Disney Interactive purchased Playdom for $563.2 million[22] and Tapulous for its Mobile division.[23] On July 1, Disney Interactive announced it had acquired Tapulous, the studio behind the Tap Tap Revenge franchise for iOS.[24] In October, two co-presidents were named for DIMG, John Pleasants and James Pitaro, with orders to make the company profitable.[25]

In January 2011, DIMG closed its Propaganda Games game studio and laid off 200 employees later in the month. The dual presidents placed the game studios of Blackrock, Junction Point, Avalanche, Wideload and Gamestar under its new game development chief Alex Seropian while Penguin creator Lane Merrifield was assigned to game initiatives for kids and families within a new publishing unit to handle marketing and production.[25] On February 18, DIMG purchased Togetherville, a pre-teen social network.[26] Also in February, Disney purchased Finland-based Rocket Pack, a game development company with a plugin free game development system.[27] In November, DIMG purchased Babble Media Inc.[28]

In April 2012, the Group announced three web series targeted towards mothers: "Moms of", "That's Fresh", and "Thinking Up."[29] By October, DIMG had 15 consecutive quarters of losses totaling some $977 million.[16] Lane Merrifield, the founder of Club Penguin, resigned after conflict with Pleasants. DIMG also in October announced "Toy Box", a cross platform gaming initiative where Pixar and Disney characters will interact from a console game to multiple mobile and online applications.[16]

Disney Interactive

In May 2012, Disney Interactive Media Group changed its name to Disney Interactive (DI).{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}

In January 2013, Disney Interactive Games' Avalanche Software unveiled the Toy Box cross platform game as Disney Infinity, based on The Video Games "Toy Box" mode crossed with a toy line.[30] Also in January, Disney Interactive announced the closure of Junction Point Studios.[31]

In October 2013, Disney announced that its Interactive division had a profit of $16 million for its fourth quarter, based partly on sales of Disney Infinity and uniting both halves of the division under one president.[32]

In March 2014, Disney Interactive announced it was laying off 700 people, or one-fourth of its staff as DI combines its two-game units, mobile and social, due to sagging popularity of Facebook games, and closing some Disney Online sites. They said will focus less on advertising and more on sponsorships for Disney Online and licensed game development. While some endeavors have shown profitability, such as an app in Japan and the combined game and toy line Infinity, the segment as a whole is unprofitable for Disney.[2]

Disney Interactive was merged with Disney Consumer Products on June 29, 2015, forming a new segment and division known as "Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media", with Disney Interactive as a direct unit.[33] In December 2015, Maker Studios was placed under the control of Disney Interactive with the appointment of Maker's executive vice president Courtney Holt, reporting to Jimmy Pitaro, president of Disney Interactive.[34]

With a lack of growth in toy-to-game market and increasing developmental costs, in May 2016, Disney Interactive discontinued Disney Infinity and closed down the unit that developed Infinity, Avalanche Software. Also, the company ended all self-publishing efforts. A discontinuation charge of $147 million for ending its console gaming business affected earning.[35]

In September 2018, Disney confirmed the imminent discontinuation of Club Penguin Island in a letter sent to its Disney Online Studios team in Kelowna, as well as the layoffs of most employees in said studio.[36]

In November 2018, Disney agreed to have Jam City take over operation of its Glendale-based Disney Interactive Studios, sell them Emoji Blitz and development of future Pixar and Walt Disney Animation franchises games. Staff at the studio would be offered jobs with Jam City working of the Disney titles.[37]

Units

  • Rocket Pack[27]
  • Gamestar
  • Disney Online Studios
  • Disney Online
  • Disney Mobile[38]
  • Disney Digital Network (formerly Maker Studios), multi-network content for YouTube.

Disney Online

{{Infobox company
| name = Disney Online
| logo =
| type = Subsidiary
| key_people =
| industry = Internet
| products = Websites
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| parent = Disney Interactive
| divisions = {{unbulleted list|Disney Family Network|DigiSynd}}
| homepage =
| foundation = August 23, 1995
| location_city =
| location_country = United States
| locations =
}}

Disney Online is a division of Disney Interactive that operates most of Disney online portfolio.

Disney Online History

On August 23, 1995, Disney Interactive formed Disney Online unit with the naming of Jake Winebaum as president of Disney Online.[6] On November 19, 1996, the opening of DisneyStore.com was open under Disney Online business unit. The family.com website is launched on December 9, 1996.[39]

Disney announced on April 18, 1997 that it will purchase Starwave's Family Planet Web site and merge it with Family.com.[40] The Disney Daily Blast (dailyblast.com) web site is official launched on April 23 under a subscription plan and daily content targeted to younger viewers with Microsoft Network marketing and distributing for an exclusive 10-month period.[40][41]

In July 1998, Disney Online announced dig.com, Disney Internet Guide, a child friendly web directory[42] which launched in June 1998[43] and closed one year later in June to focus on Infoseek/Go Network.[44]

In late 2007, DIMG purchased IParenting Media's websites.[28] Disney sold movies.com to Fandango in June 2008.[45] Disney Online purchased in 2008 Take 180 from Chris Williams, who stays on until April 2012 as vice president and general manager of Disney Online Originals, which has Take 180 as creative hub.[46] In 2009, DIMG's Disney Online unit purchased from Kaboose multiple websites including: Kaboose.com, Babyzone.com, AmazingMoms.com, Funschool.com and Zeeks.com, and place them into its Disney Family Network.[1][21] Disney.com purchased Kerpoof in February 2009.[47]

In November 2011, DIMG purchased Babble Media Inc. to add it to the Mom and Family Portfolio.[28] In March 2014, Disney Interactive announced it was laying off 700 people, or one-fourth of its staff as DI closed smaller Disney Online sites including BabyZone.com and Spoonful.com. They said will focus less on advertising and more on sponsorships for Disney Online to fit the experience Disney wishes to offer.[2]

Online units

  • disney.com
  • Disney Family Network websites[48] - also called Mom and Family Portfolio
    • Family.Disney.com
    • Babble.com, mother bloggers site[28]
  • DigiSynd, social media marketing

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|title=Disney Online Company Profile|url=http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/43/43304.html|publisher=Yahoo/Hoover|accessdate=October 17, 2012}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brooks|title=Disney’s Game and Internet Division Cuts One-Quarter of Its Work Force|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/07/business/media/disneys-game-and-internet-division-cuts-one-quarter-of-its-workforce.html?smid=tw-share&_r=1|accessdate=March 6, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 6, 2014}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Company Overview of Disney Interactive |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=171889|work=Private Company Information|publisher=business Week|accessdate=October 17, 2012}}
4. ^1 {{cite journal|last= |first= |title=Disney Rides Solo|journal=GamePro|issue=68 |publisher=IDG|date=March 1995|page=154}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last= |first= |title=Disney Enters Video Game Market!|journal=Electronic Gaming Monthly|issue=74|publisher=Ziff Davis|date=September 1995|page=56}}
6. ^1 {{cite web|title=WINEBAUM NAMED PRESIDENT OF NEW DISNEY ONLINE UNIT |url= http://www.thefreelibrary.com/WINEBAUM+NAMED+PRESIDENT+OF+NEW+DISNEY+ONLINE+UNIT-a017219841 |work=PR Newswire|publisher=Disney|accessdate=December 20, 2012}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=http://kpolsson.com/disnehis/disn1997.htm|title=Volume 146, Number 50752.|newspaper=New York Times|date=April 4, 1997|page=C4}}
8. ^{{cite web|last=Polsson|first=Ken|title=1998|url=http://kpolsson.com/disnehis/disn1998.htm|work=Chronology of the Walt Disney Company|publisher=kpolsson.com|accessdate=December 7, 2012}} source: CNet News.com.
9. ^{{cite news|last=Pelline|first=Jeff|title=Disney to buy Starwave|url=http://news.cnet.com/Disney-to-buy-Starwave/2100-1001_3-210762.html|accessdate=December 7, 2012|newspaper=CNET News|date=April 30, 1998|author2=Dawn Kawamoto}}
10. ^{{cite news|last=Tedesco|first=Richard|title=Disney stakes big 'Net claim with Infoseek|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20849942.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106074910/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-20849942.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=November 6, 2013|accessdate=November 30, 2012|newspaper=Broadcasting & Cable|date=June 22, 1998}}
11. ^{{cite news|last=Tedesco|first=Richard|title=Disney, Infoseek give green light|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-53419086.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531021651/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-53419086.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=May 31, 2013|accessdate=November 30, 2012|newspaper=Broadcasting & Cable|date=December 14, 1998}}
12. ^{{cite news|title=Disney absorbs Infoseek|url=http://money.cnn.com/1999/07/12/deals/disney/|accessdate=December 7, 2012|newspaper=Money|date=July 12, 1999|agency=CNNfn}}
13. ^Gelsi, Steve. (August 25, 1999 ). Disney plays with Toysmart.com. Marketwatch.com.
14. ^DeMott, Rick. (May 26, 2000). Disney's Toysmart Newest Site To Go Offline. Animation World Network.
15. ^(April 2000). Premiere. Volume 13, Number 8. Accessed April 18, 2016.
16. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Barnes|first=Brooks|title=Disney, Struggling to Find Its Digital Footing, Overhauls Disney.com|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/22/business/media/disney-struggling-to-find-its-digital-footing-overhauls-disneycom.html?_r=0|accessdate=October 23, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 21, 2012}}
17. ^{{cite news|title=New Disney Group To Offer Third-Party Mobile Content|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-124152248.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106001524/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-124152248.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=November 6, 2013|accessdate=December 13, 2012|newspaper=The Online Reporter|date=October 30, 2004}}
18. ^{{cite news|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Manisha|title=Disney's Eisner, Iger in India; to meet PM & President| url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k5/apr/apr296.htm | accessdate=April 23, 2014 |newspaper=Indiantelevision.com |date=April 25, 2005}}
19. ^{{cite news|title=Walt Disney Internet Group expands European mobile content operations; acquires Living Mobile|url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k5/nov/nov61.htm|accessdate=March 3, 2014|newspaper=Indiantelevision.com|date=November 8, 2005}}
20. ^"Disney's games and internet divisions merging", Joystiq.com, 2008.
21. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/04/01/disney-online-buys-kaboose-assets-for-184-million/ |title=Disney Online Buys Kaboose Assets For $18.4 Million, Barclays Private Equity Limited Acquires Its UK Operations |publisher=TechCrunch.com |date=April 1, 2009 |accessdate=October 10, 2012}}
22. ^{{cite news|last=Chmielewski|first=Dawn C.|title=Disney to buy Playdom Inc. for $563.2 million|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/28/business/la-fi-ct-playdom-20100728|accessdate=October 17, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=July 28, 2010}}
23. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Goldman Getzler|first=Wendy|title=Disney Mobile raises the bar|url=http://kidscreen.com/2012/02/01/disney-mobile-raises-the-bar/|accessdate=October 23, 2012|newspaper=kidscreen.com|date=February 1, 2012}}
24. ^[https://techcrunch.com/2010/07/01/tapulous-acquired-by-disney/ "Disney acquires Tapulous"] from Techcrunch.com
25. ^1 {{cite news|last=Chmielewski|first=Dawn C.|title=Disney Interactive lays off 200 as video game unit shifts focus|url=http://articles.latimes.com/print/2011/jan/26/business/la-fi-ct-disney-interactive-20110126|accessdate=October 17, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=January 26, 2011}}
26. ^{{cite news|last=Chmielewski|first=Dawn C.|title=Disney buys social networking site Togetherville|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/feb/25/business/la-fi-ct-disney-togetherville-20110225|accessdate=October 17, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 25, 2011}}
27. ^1 {{cite news|last=Butcher|first=Mike|title=Disney acquires gaming engine startup to build HTML5 games outside of App stores|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/03/disney-acquires-gaming-engine-startup-to-build-html5-games-outside-of-app-stores/|accessdate=October 17, 2012|newspaper=TechCrunch.com|date=March 3, 2011}}
28. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|title=Disney buys parenting website Babble|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/15/business/la-fi-ct-disney-babble-20111115|accessdate=October 17, 2012|date=November 15, 2011|work=Los Angeles Times|first=Dawn C.|last=Chmielewski}}
29. ^{{cite news|last=Chmielewski|first=Dawn C.|title=Disney Interactive targets moms with original series |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2012/04/disney-interactive-targets-moms-with-original-series.html|accessdate=October 17, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=April 27, 2012}}
30. ^{{cite news |last=Lang |first=Derrik J. |title=Disney unveils own 'Skylanders'-like franchise |url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2013-01-15/disney-unveils-own-skylanders-like-franchise |accessdate=January 30, 2013 |newspaper=Business Week |date=January 15, 2013 |agency=AP |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225175820/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2013-01-15/disney-unveils-own-skylanders-like-franchise |archivedate=February 25, 2013 |df=mdy }}
31. ^{{cite news|last=Lang|first=Derrik J.|title=Disney closing ‘Epic Mickey’ video game developer|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/jan/29/disney-closing-epic-mickey-video-game-developer/|accessdate=January 30, 2013|newspaper=Washington Times|date=January 29, 2013|agency=AP}}
32. ^Richwine, Lisa. (November 11, 2013) [https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/12/disney-interactive-idUSL2N0IW0YZ20131112?type=companyNews REFILE-UPDATE 2-Disney games co-president named consultant as unit consolidates]. Reuters. Accessed on November 15, 2013.
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2015/06/29/disney-merges-interactive-and-consumer-products-divisions-for-toys-to-life-superpower.aspx?|title=Disney Merges Interactive And Consumer Products Divisions For Toys To Life Superpower|first=Mike|last=Futter|work=Game Informer|date=June 29, 2015|accessdate=June 30, 2015}}
34. ^{{cite news|last1=Lieberman|first1=David|title=Disney Taps Courtney Holt To Replace Ynon Kreiz As Head Of Maker Studios|url=http://deadline.com/2015/12/disney-name-courtney-holt-head-maker-studios-replace-ynon-kreiz-1201667347/|accessdate=December 21, 2015|work=Deadline|publisher=Penske Business Media|date=December 15, 2015}}
35. ^{{cite news|last1=Macy|first1=Seth G.|title=Disney Cancels Infinity, No Longer Self-Publishing Games|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/05/10/disney-cancels-infinity-no-longer-self-publishing-games|accessdate=May 10, 2016|work=IGN|date=May 10, 2016|quote= This means that we will be shutting down Avalanche, our internal studio that developed the game. }}
36. ^{{Cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/club-penguin-island-to-shut-down-marking-final-end-of-1829370171|title=Club Penguin Island To Shut Down, Marking Final End Of The Beloved Children's MMO|last=D'Anastasio|first=Cecilia|website=Kotaku|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-11}}
37. ^{{cite news |last1=Spangler |first1=Todd |title=Disney’s Glendale Games Studio Transfers to Jam City, Which Plans to Create Game for ‘Frozen 2’ |url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/disney-frozen-game-glendale-studio-jam-city-emoji-blitz-1203027542/ |accessdate=November 14, 2018 |work=Variety |date=November 14, 2018}}
38. ^{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://dimgpressroom.com/about-us/|work=Disney Interactive Media Group Press Room|publisher=Disney|accessdate=October 17, 2012}}
39. ^{{cite web|title=July-December 1996 |work=Chronology of the Walt Disney Company |url=http://kpolsson.com/disnehis/disn1996jul.htm|accessdate=November 26, 2012}} Source: CNet News.com, https://archive.today/20130102120941/http://www.news.cnet.com/
40. ^1 {{cite web|title=July-December 1996 |work=Chronology of the Walt Disney Company |url=http://kpolsson.com/disnehis/disn1997.htm|accessdate=November 26, 2012}} Source: CNet News.com, https://archive.today/20130102120941/http://www.news.cnet.com/
41. ^{{cite news|last1=Jensen|first1=Jeff|title=Disney's Daily Blast Debuts on MSN: Ad-Supported Kids Net Service Likely to seek More Carriers Soon|url=http://adage.com/article/news/disney-s-daily-blast-debuts-msn-ad-supported-kids-net-service-seek-carriers/68755/|accessdate=January 5, 2017|work=Ad Age|date=March 31, 1997}}
42. ^{{cite news|last=Bensko|first=Jennifer|title=A Web of Their Own|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-20971263|accessdate=November 30, 2012|newspaper=Newsweek|date=July 6, 1998}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=1998|work=Chronology of the Walt Disney Company|url=http://kpolsson.com/disnehis/disn1998htm|accessdate=November 26, 2012}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Source: CNet News.com, https://archive.today/20130102120941/http://www.news.cnet.com/
44. ^{{cite news|last=Hu|first=Jim|title=Disney quietly shutters family Net guide|url=http://news.cnet.com/Disney-quietly-shutters-family-Net-guide/2100-1023_3-229621.html|accessdate=December 9, 2012|newspaper=CNET News|date=August 9, 1999}}
45. ^{{cite news|last=Chmielewski|first=Dawn C.|title=Fandango acquires Movies.com|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/24/business/fi-movies24|accessdate=December 21, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=June 24, 2008}}
46. ^{{cite news|last1=Wallenstein|first1=Andrew|title=Disney exec ankles for Maker Studios|url=https://variety.com/2012/digital/news/disney-exec-ankles-for-maker-studios-1118052288/|accessdate=February 6, 2015|work=Variety|date=April 4, 2012}}
47. ^{{cite news |last=Avery |first=Greg |title=Disney reveals Kerpoof purchase|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/orlando/stories/2009/02/16/daily52.html|accessdate=July 20, 2011|newspaper=Orlando Business Journal |date=February 20, 2009}}
48. ^{{cite web|title=Disney Online Company Profile|url=http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/43/43304.html|publisher=Yahoo/Hoover|accessdate=October 17, 2012}}

External links

{{Portal|Companies}}
  • {{Official website|http://www.disneyinteractive.com/}}
  • Disney.com
    • Disney Family Network websites
    • Babble.com
    • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130214062633/http://spoonful.com/ Spoonful.com]
    • [https://web.archive.org/web/20121018124647/http://www.babyzone.com/ Babyzone.com]
{{DisneyConsumer|state=collapsed}}{{coord|34|09|52|N|118|22|30|W|region:FR_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

19 : Disney Interactive|Disney video games|Internet companies of the United States|Software companies of the United States|Video game companies of the United States|Entertainment companies based in California|Software companies based in California|Video game companies based in California|Video game publishers|Video game development companies|Technology companies based in the Greater Los Angeles Area|Companies based in Glendale, California|American companies established in 1995|Entertainment companies established in 1995|Media companies established in 1995|Internet properties established in 1995|Software companies established in 1995|Video game companies established in 1995|1995 establishments in California
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