| 词条 | Disney Renaissance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Disney Renaissance refers to the decade from 1989 to 1999 during which Walt Disney Animation Studios returned to producing critically and commercially successful animated films that were mostly based on well-known stories, much like the studio did during the era of Walt Disney during the 1930s, '40s, and '50s. The resurgence allowed Disney's animated films to become powerhouse successes at the domestic and foreign box office; making much more profit than most of the other Disney films of the past eras.[1][2][3] The animated films released by Disney during this period include The Little Mermaid (1989), The Rescuers Down Under (1990), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), The Lion King (1994), Pocahontas (1995), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), Hercules (1997), Mulan (1998), and Tarzan (1999).[3] HistoryBackgroundAfter the deaths of Walt and Roy O. Disney (in 1966 and 1971, respectively), The Walt Disney Studios were left in the hands of Donn Tatum, Card Walker, and Ron Miller. The films released over an eighteen-year period following this change of management did not perform as well commercially as their prior counterparts. An especially hard blow was dealt during production of The Fox and the Hound when long-time animator Don Bluth left Disney to start his own rival studio, Don Bluth Productions, taking eleven Disney animators with him.[4][5] With 17% of the animators now gone, production on The Fox and the Hound was delayed. Don Bluth Productions produced The Secret of NIMH in 1982 (whose story idea Disney had originally rejected for being too dark), and the company eventually became Disney's main competitor in the animation industry during the 1980s and early 1990s. Disney made major organizational changes in the 1980s after narrowly escaping a hostile takeover attempt from Saul Steinberg. Michael Eisner, formerly of Paramount Pictures, became CEO in 1984, and he was joined by his Paramount associate Jeffrey Katzenberg, while Frank Wells, formerly of Warner Bros., became president. In 1985, to make more room for live-action filmmaking, the animation department was moved from the main Disney lot in Burbank to a "temporary" location in various hangars, warehouses, and trailers about two miles (3.2 km) east in nearby Glendale, where it would remain for the next ten years. Thus, most of the Disney Renaissance (in terms of where the films were actually made) actually took place in a rather ordinary industrial park in Glendale, the Grand Central Business Centre. After the box office failure of the 1985 PG-rated feature The Black Cauldron, the future of the animation department was in jeopardy. Going against a thirty-year studio policy, the company founded a television animation division (now Disney Television Animation) which produced shows such as DuckTales. In the interest of saving what he believed to be the studio's core business, Roy E. Disney persuaded Eisner to let him supervise the animation department in the hopes of improving its fortunes. In 1986, Disney released The Great Mouse Detective, while Don Bluth released An American Tail. An American Tail outperformed Mouse Detective, and became the higher-grossing film on its first release.[6] Despite An American Tail{{'}}s greater level of success, The Great Mouse Detective was still successful enough (both critically and commercially) to instill executive confidence in Disney's animation department. Two years later, Oliver and Company successfully outgrossed The Land Before Time, launching an era of increased theatrical turnout for the studio. In 1988, Disney collaborated with Steven Spielberg, a long-time animation fan and producer of An American Tail and The Land Before Time, to produce Who Framed Roger Rabbit, a live action/animation hybrid which featured animated characters from the 1930s and 1940s from many different studios together. The film was a critical and commercial success, winning three Academy Awards for technical achievements and renewing interest in theatrical animated cartoons. Other than the film itself, Spielberg also helped Disney produce three Roger Rabbit shorts. Disney moved to first place in box office receipts by 1988, with Roger Rabbit being the summer's biggest hit.[7] 1989–1999: Renaissance eraDisney had been developing The Little Mermaid since the 1930s, and by 1988, after the success of Roger Rabbit, the studio had decided to make it into an animated musical, much like many of its previous animated movies, but with a more Broadway feel to it. Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken, who worked on Broadway years earlier on productions such as Little Shop of Horrors, became involved in the production, writing and composing the songs and score for the film.[8] Released on November 14, 1989, The Little Mermaid was a critical and commercial success and garnered a higher weekend gross than Bluth's All Dogs Go to Heaven, which opened the same weekend,[9] eventually breaking The Land Before Time{{'}}s record of highest-grossing animated film. It won two Academy Awards for Best Original Song ("Under the Sea") and for Best Original Score, earning an additional nomination for Best Original Song for "Kiss the Girl."[10] The Rescuers Down Under was released one year later and was the first canon sequel produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. The film garnered mainly positive reception, but was not as financially successful as The Little Mermaid.[11]Beauty and the Beast, often considered to be one of the greatest of all Disney animated features,[12] followed in 1991. It was the first animated film nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture, losing to The Silence of the Lambs, and remains the only animated film nominated for Best Picture when that category had only five entries (1944-2008). Beauty and the Beast did win the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture (Musical or Comedy) and two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score and Best Original Song.[13][14] Beauty and the Beast also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Sound, as well as two additional nominations for Best Original Song.[16]Aladdin and The Lion King followed in 1992 and 1994, respectively, with both films having the highest worldwide grosses of their respective release years.[15][16] Aladdin was the highest-grossing animated film at the time of its release, but later became second after being surpassed by The Lion King, which became the highest-grossing animated film at the time and remains the highest-grossing traditionally animated film in history.[17] Both films won Academy Awards for Best Original Song and Best Original Score.[18][19] Aladdin also earned an additional Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song and nominations for Best Sound and Best Sound Effects Editing, for a total of five nominations.[18] The Lion King earned two additional Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song, giving it a total of four Academy Award nominations.[19] Howard Ashman wrote several songs for Aladdin before his death, but only three were ultimately used in the film. Tim Rice ultimately joined the project and completed the score and songs with Alan Menken. Rice later went on to collaborate with Elton John and Hans Zimmer for The Lion King after ABBA had turned down the offer to write songs for the film. Between the two in-house productions, Disney diversified in animation methods and produced The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) with former Disney animator Tim Burton.[20]Thanks to the success of the early films of the Renaissance era, Disney management was able to allocate sufficient money to bring Feature Animation back from its ten-year exile to Glendale. A 240,000-square-foot building designed by Robert A. M. Stern opened across the street from the main Disney lot in Burbank on December 16, 1994. In 1995, Disney partnered with Pixar to create Toy Story, Disney's first fully computer-animated film. The next Disney animated film, 1995's Pocahontas, opened to mixed reviews, though it still earned $346 million worldwide and garnered two Academy Awards for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score and Best Original Song for "Colors of the Wind."[21] The following year, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Disney's first animated film produced at a budget over $100 million, opened to better reviews than Pocahontas, but a lower total box office of $325 million. Both films feature composer (now serving only as lyricist to Menken's music) Stephen Schwartz. When Hercules, released in 1997, earned $252 million—$73 million less than Hunchback—at the box office, news media began to openly suggest that Disney animation was on a downward trend of their animated film releases. Although it gained more positive criticism than Pocahontas and The Hunchback of Notre Dame, it was still vulnerable to competition from companies such as DreamWorks and Pixar.[22][23] All three films featured songs by Alan Menken. Disney's next film, Mulan, with a score by Jerry Goldsmith and songs by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel, came out in 1998 and earned $304 million at the worldwide box office, restoring the commercial and critical standing of Disney's output. The release of Tarzan is retrospectively seen as the end of the Renaissance era.[24][25] With songs by Phil Collins, Tarzan won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "You'll Be in My Heart,"[26] and became Disney's most commercially successful film since The Lion King, earning $448 million at the box office and widespread positive reviews. Tarzan was also Disney's most expensive animated feature to that date at $130 million, much of which went to developing new processes such as the computer-assisted background painting technique known as "Deep Canvas". It was also the first film since the start of the Renaissance era that was written, developed and produced at the studio's new home in Burbank; all the other films had either been made entirely in Glendale or had started development in Glendale and moved with the studio to Burbank. 1985–1997: Success in television animationWhile achieving success in animation motion pictures, Disney created huge strides in television as well during this time period. After 30 years of resisting offers to produce television animation, Disney finally relented once Michael Eisner, who had a background in TV, took over. The first TV cartoons to carry the Disney name, CBS' The Wuzzles and NBC's Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears, both premiered in the fall of 1985. Breaking from standard practice in the medium, the productions enjoyed substantially larger production budgets than average, allowing for higher-quality writing and animation, in anticipation of recouping profitably in rerun syndication. While The Wuzzles only lasted a season, The Gummi Bears was a sustained success with a six-season run. In 1987, the TV animation division adapted Carl Barks' Scrooge McDuck comic books for the small screen with the syndicated hit DuckTales. Its success spawned a 1990 theatrical film entitled Treasure of the Lost Lamp and an increased investment in syndicated cartoons. The result of this investment was The Disney Afternoon in 1990, a two-hour syndicated television programming block of such animated shows as Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (1989–91), TaleSpin (1990–91), Darkwing Duck (1991–93, also airing on ABC), Goof Troop (1992–94, also airing on ABC), Bonkers (1993–94), and the critically-acclaimed and still-popular Gargoyles (1994–97). TV animation also brought some animated feature film characters to Saturday morning, including The Little Mermaid and Aladdin both on CBS. ReceptionCritical and public responseMost of the films Disney released in the Renaissance era were well-received, as in the film critic site Rotten Tomatoes, four out of the first five—The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, and The Lion King—have the best critical reception (with over 90% positive reviews) and are referred to among critics as the "big four",[27] while Pocahontas has the lowest reception of Disney's Renaissance films (with 57% of positive reviews).
Box office performance
Impact on other studiosThe success of the Disney Renaissance attracted the attention of many animation studios and film studios. Major film studios established new animation divisions such as Fox Animation Studios and Warner Bros. Feature Animation to replicate Disney's success by turning their animated films into Disney-styled musicals.[55] However, most attempts met with largely mixed to negative reviews from critics and poor box office results, with Thumbelina, Quest for Camelot, A Troll in Central Park and The Swan Princess being major examples. On the other hand, a few films did come close in terms of matching the critical and financial success. Examples include Anastasia (produced by 20th Century Fox) and The Prince of Egypt (produced by DreamWorks Animation). AwardsNine of the ten films in the Disney Renaissance were nominated for Academy Awards, most notably Beauty and the Beast which became the first animated film ever to be nominated for Best Picture, six of which won at least one Academy Award; and eight of the films were nominated for Annie Awards, with seven of them winning at least one:
MusicSoundtracks
English singles
See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.decentfilms.com/articles/quovadisdisney |title=Disney: Notes on the end of the Disney Renaissance| publisher = decentfilms.com |accessdate=August 26, 2008}} 2. ^{{cite news |first=Claudia|last=Puig|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2010-03-26-beauty26_ST_N.htm|title='Waking Sleeping Beauty' documentary takes animated look at Disney renaissance| work = USA Today|date=March 26, 2010|accessdate=July 6, 2011}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Pallant|first1=Chris|title=Demystifying Disney: A History of Disney Feature Animation|date=2011|publisher=Continuum Publishing|location=New York|isbn=9781441150462|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOCoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|accessdate=January 13, 2017}} 4. ^{{cite web | work=Cataroo| title=Don Bluth Ireland|url=http://www.cataroo.com/DBireland.html| accessdate=November 5, 2009}} 5. ^{{cite web | work=Don Bluth Official Website | title=Biography|url=http://www.donbluth.com/hstry/dnsbio.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303085821/http://donbluth.com/hstry/dnsbio.html|archivedate=March 3, 2009| accessdate=December 5, 2009}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cataroo.com/DBbio.html | title=Don Bluth Biography | accessdate=September 13, 2009}} 7. ^{{cite book|first=James|last=Stewart|title=DisneyWar|year=2005|pp=94|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=0-684-80993-1|authorlink=James B. Stewart}} 8. ^(2006) Treasures Untold: The Making of Disney's 'The Little Mermaid [Documentary featurette]. Bonus material from The Little Mermaid: Platinum Edition DVD. Walt Disney Home Entertainment. 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/mpaarating.htm?rating=G&yr=1989&p=.htm | title=1989 Yearly Box Office for G-Rated Movies | publisher=Internet Movie Database | work=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=July 29, 2010}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|accessdate=September 28, 2011}} 11. ^{{cite video|people=Hahn, Don |title=Waking Sleeping Beauty |medium=Documentary film|publisher=Stone Circle Pictures/Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|location=Burbank, California |date=2009}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://films.estefanfilms.com/beautybeast.htm | title=Beauty and the Beast - Film Archives | publisher=The Film Archives.com | accessdate=January 13, 2009}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101414/awards | title=Beauty and the Beast (1991) - Awards | publisher=IMDB | accessdate=January 8, 2010}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1992|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|accessdate=September 28, 2011}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=1992&p=.htm | title=1992 Yearly Box Office Results | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=January 8, 2010}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=1994&p=.htm | title=1994 Yearly Box Office Results | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=January 8, 2010}} 17. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=animation.htm |title = Highest-grossing animated films| publisher = Box Office Mojo |accessdate=December 24, 2009}} 18. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1993|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|accessdate=September 28, 2011}} 19. ^1 {{cite web|title=The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1995|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|accessdate=September 28, 2011}} 20. ^{{cite news|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|title='Nightmare Before Christmas' Turns 20: From Shameful Spawn To Disney's Pride|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2013/10/15/how-the-nightmare-before-christmas-went-in-20-years-from-shameful-offspring-to-disneys-favorite-son/|accessdate=December 14, 2013|newspaper=Forbes|date=October 15, 2013}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=The 68th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1996|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|accessdate=September 28, 2011}} 22. ^{{cite web|last=Hicks |first=Chris |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/604591/Is-Hercules-a-weakling-Not-by-a-long-shot.html |title=Is `Hercules' a weakling? Not by a long shot |publisher=Deseret News |date=August 10, 1997 |accessdate=August 21, 2014}} 23. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/10/business/hercules-is-too-weak-to-lift-disney-stock.html | work=The New York Times | first=Geraldine | last=Fabrikant | title=Hercules Is Too Weak to Lift Disney Stock | date=July 10, 1997}} 24. ^{{cite book|last1=Pallant|first1=Chris|title=Demystifying Disney: A History of Disney Feature Animation|date=2011|publisher=Continuum Publishing|location=New York|isbn=9781441150462|page=95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zOCoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} 25. ^{{cite book|last1=Booker|first1=M. Keith|title=Disney, Pixar, and the Hidden Messages of Children's Films|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=9780313376726|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jD9_0jxVmqUC&pg=PA65|accessdate=December 24, 2014}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=The 72nd Academy Awards (2000) Nominees and Winners|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/72nd-winners.html|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|accessdate=September 28, 2011}} 27. ^{{Cite book|title=Roger Ebert's Video Companion|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=1997|publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=786|language=en}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_little_mermaid_1989/|title=The Little Mermaid|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=November 20, 2014}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rescuers_down_under/|title=The Rescuers Down Under|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=March 23, 2009}} 30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/beauty_and_the_beast_1991/|title=Beauty and the Beast|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=February 6, 2015}} 31. ^{{citeweb|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/beauty-and-the-beast-1991|title=Beauty and the Beast|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=February 24, 2017}} 32. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|url=https://www.cinemascore.com/|title=Cinemascore|publisher=CinemaScore|accessdate=May 25, 2016}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1042582-aladdin/|title=Aladdin|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=February 6, 2015}} 34. ^{{citeweb|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/aladdin|title=Aladdin|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=February 24, 2017}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_lion_king/|title=The Lion King|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=October 11, 2008}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-lion-king|title=The Lion King|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=July 19, 2008}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1063452-pocahontas/|title=Pocahontas|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=October 11, 2008}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/pocahontas|title=Pocahontas|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=July 19, 2008}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1073037-hunchback_of_notre_dame/|title=The Hunchback of Notre Dame|accessdate=October 11, 2008}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1078028-hercules/|title=Hercules|accessdate=November 20, 2014}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mulan/|title=Mulan|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=July 19, 2008}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/mulan|title=Mulan|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=September 12, 2008}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/tarzan/|title=Tarzan|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=November 20, 2014}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/tarzan|title=Tarzan|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=July 19, 2008}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=littlemermaid.htm | title=The Little Mermaid (1989) | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=December 10, 2009}} 46. ^{{cite web | url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=rescuersdownunder.htm | title=The Rescuers Down Under (1990) | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=December 10, 2009}} 47. ^{{cite web | url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=beautyandthebeast.htm | title=Beauty and the Beast (1991) | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=May 4, 2012}} 48. ^{{cite web | url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=aladdin.htm | title=Aladdin (1992) | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=December 10, 2009}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lionking.htm | title=The Lion King (1994) | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=January 24, 2012}} 50. ^{{cite web | url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pocahontas.htm | title=Pocahontas (1995) | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=December 10, 2009}} 51. ^{{cite web | url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=hunchbackofnotredame.htm | title=The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=December 10, 2009}} 52. ^{{cite web | url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=hercules.htm | title=Hercules (1997) | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=December 10, 2009}} 53. ^{{cite web | url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mulan.htm | title=Mulan (1998) | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=December 10, 2009}} 54. ^{{cite web | url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=tarzan.htm | title=Tarzan (1999) | publisher=Box Office Mojo | accessdate=December 10, 2009}} 55. ^{{cite book|last=Koenig|first=David|title=Mouse Under Glass: Secrets of Disney Animation & Theme Parks|edition=2nd edition, Kindle |date=2011|publisher=Bonaventure Press|chapter= 8}} External links
9 : 1980s in film|1990s in film|American animated films|American films|Disney animation|Disney jargon|Disney Renaissance|1980s in American cinema|1990s in American cinema |
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