“Distortion (economics)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A distortion is "any departure from the ideal of perfect competition that therefore interferes with economic agents maximizing social welfare when they maximize their own".^[1] A proportional wage-income tax, for instance, is distortionary, whereas a lump-sum tax is not. In a competitive equilibrium, a proportional wage income tax discourages work.^[2]

In perfect competition with no externalities, there is zero distortion at market equilibrium of supply and demand where price equals marginal cost for each firm and product. More generally, a measure of distortion is the deviation between the market price of a good and its marginal social cost, that is, the difference between the marginal rate of substitution in consumption and the marginal rate of transformation in production. Such a deviation may result from government regulation, monopoly tariffs and import quotas, which in theory may give rise to rent seeking. Other sources of distortions are uncorrected externalities,^[3] different tax rates on goods or income,^[4] inflation,^[5] and incomplete information. Each of these may lead to a net loss in social surplus.^[6]

See also

Notes

1. ^Alan Deardorff. "Distortion", Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics.
2. ^Stephen D. Williamson (2010). "Sources of Social Inefficiencies," Macroeconomics, 3rd Edition.
3. ^Agnar Sandmo (2008). "Pigouvian taxes." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
4. ^•Louis Kaplow (2008). "optimal taxation," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
   • Louis Kaplow (2008). "income taxation and optimal policies," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
   • Alan J. Auerbach (2008). "taxation of corporate profits," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
5. ^S. Rao Aiyagari, R. Anton Braun, Zvi Eckstein (1998). "Transaction Services, Inflation, and Welfare," Journal of Political Economy, 106(6), pp. 1274-1301 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050521012313/http://www.econ.umn.edu/~eckstein/research/Aiya-Braun-Eckstein.pdf |date=May 21, 2005 }} (press +).
6. ^• T. N. Srinivasan (1987). "distortions," A Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 865-67.
   • Joel Slemrod (1990). "Optimal Taxation and Optimal Tax Systems," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 4(1), p [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1942838 p. 157]-178.