| 词条 | Divergence problem |
| 释义 |
The divergence problem is an anomaly from the field of dendroclimatology, the study of past climate through observations of old trees, primarily the properties of their annual growth rings. It is the disagreement between the temperatures measured by the thermometers (instrumental temperatures) and the temperatures reconstructed from the latewood densities or, in some cases, widths of tree rings in the far northern forests. While the thermometer records indicate a substantial late 20th century warming trend, many tree rings from such sites do not display a corresponding change in their maximum latewood density. In some studies this issue has also been found with tree ring width.[2] A temperature trend extracted from tree rings alone would not show any substantial warming since the 1950s. The temperature graphs calculated in these two ways thus "diverge" from one another, which is the origin of the term. DiscoveryThe problem of changing response of some tree ring proxies to recent climate changes was identified in Alaska by {{harvnb|Taubes|1995}} and {{harvnb|Jacoby|d'Arrigo|1995}}. Tree ring specialist Keith Briffa's February 1998 study showed that this problem was more widespread at high northern latitudes, and warned that it had to be taken into account to avoid overestimating past temperatures.[3] ImportanceThe deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record. The wide geographic and temporal distribution of well-preserved trees, the solid physical, chemical, and biological basis for their use, and their annual discrimination make dendrochronology particularly important in pre-instrumental climate reconstructions. Tree ring proxies are essentially consistent with other proxy measurements for the period 1600–1950. Before around AD 1600, the uncertainty of temperature reconstructions rises due to the relative paucity of data sets and their limited geographic distribution. As of 2006, these uncertainties were considered too great to allow conclusion on whether the tree ring record diverges from other proxies during this period. In more recent studies evidence suggested that the divergence is caused by human activities, and so confined to the recent past, but use of affected proxies can lead to overestimation of past temperatures, understating the current warming trend.[2] Possible explanationsThe explanation for the divergence problem is still unclear, but is likely to represent the impact of some other climatic variable that is important to modern northern hemisphere forests but not significant before the 1950s. Rosanne D'Arrigo, senior research scientist at the Tree Ring Lab at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, hypothesises that "beyond a certain threshold level of temperature the trees may become more stressed physiologically, especially if moisture availability does not increase at the same time." Signs suggestive of such stress are visible from space, where satellite pictures show "evidence of browning in some northern vegetation despite recent warming." [4] Other possible explanations include that the response to recent rapid global warming might be delayed or nonlinear in some fashion. The divergence might represent changes to other climatic variables to which tree rings are sensitive, such as delayed snowmelt and changes in seasonality. Growth rates could depend more on annual maximum or minimum temperatures, especially in temperature limited growth regions (i.e. high latitudes and altitudes). Another possible explanation is global dimming due to atmospheric aerosols.[2] In 2012, Brienen et al. proposed that the divergence problem was largely an artefact of sampling large living trees.[5] References1. ^{{cite journal |first1=K.R. |last1=Briffa |authorlink1=Keith Briffa |first2=F.H. |last2=Schweingruber |first3=P.D. |last3=Jones |first4=T.J. |last4=Osborn |first5=I.C. |last5=Harris |first6=S.G. |last6=Shiyatov |first7=E.A. |last7=Vaganov |first8=H. |last8=Grudd |title=Trees tell of past climates: but are they speaking less clearly today? |journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B |volume=353 |issue=1365 |pages=65–73 |date=29 January 1998 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1998.0191 |pmc=1692171 |url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/353/1365/65.short}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite journal | last = D'Arrigo | first = Rosanne| last2=Wilson | first2=Rob | last3=Liepert | first3=Beate | last4=Cherubini | first4=Paolo | title = On the 'Divergence Problem' in Northern Forests: A review of the tree-ring evidence and possible causes | journal = Global and Planetary Change | volume = 60 | issue = 3–4| pages = 289–305 | publisher = Elsevier | year = 2008 | url = http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~liepert/pdf/DArrigo_etal.pdf | doi = 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.03.004 | accessdate = |bibcode = 2008GPC....60..289D }} 3. ^{{Harvnb|Briffa|Schweingruber|Jones|Osborn|1998}}, {{harvnb|d'Arrigo|Wilson|Liepert|Cherubini|2008}} 4. ^{{cite news |first=Moises |last=Velasquez-Manoff |title=Climategate, global warming, and the tree rings divergence problem |newspaper=Christian Science Monitor |date=December 14, 2009 |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/print/content/view/print/268803}} 5. ^{{cite journal |author1=Brienen R.J.W. |author2=Gloor E. |author3=Zuidema P.A. |title=Detecting evidence for {{CO2}} fertilization from tree ring studies: The potential role of sampling biases |journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles |volume=26 |pages=GB1025 |year=2012 |doi=10.1029/2011GB004143 |url= |bibcode=2012GBioC..26B1025B}} }}
| last1 = Taubes | first1 = G. | title = Is a Warmer Climate Wilting the Forests of the North? | doi = 10.1126/science.267.5204.1595 | journal = Science | volume = 267 | issue = 5204 | page = 1595 | date = 17 March 1995 | pmid = 17808119 | pmc = |bibcode = 1995Sci...267.1595T }}.
| last1 = Jacoby | first1 = G. C. | last2 = d'Arrigo | first2 = R. D. | doi = 10.1029/95GB00321 | title = Tree ring width and density evidence of climatic and potential forest change in Alaska | journal = Global Biogeochemical Cycles | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 227 | date = June 1995 | pmid = | pmc = | quote=The recent increase in temperatures combined with drier years may be changing the tree response to climate |bibcode = 1995GBioC...9..227J }}.
External links
{{DEFAULTSORT:Divergence Problem}} 2 : Paleoclimatology|Dendrology |
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