“Ifrane”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ifrane (Berber: Ifran, ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ; {{lang-ar|إيفران}}) is a city in the Middle Atlas region of Morocco (population 73,782 in November 2014).^[2] The capital of Ifrane Province in the region of Fès-Meknès, Ifrane is located at an elevation of {{convert|1665|m|abbr=on}}.^[3] In Tamazight, the regional Berber language, "ifran" means caves.

The modern town of Ifrane was established by the French administration in 1928 during the protectorate era for their administration due to its Alpine climate. Ifrane was conceived as a “hill station” or colonial type of settlement. It is a resort town set high up in the mountains so that Europeans can find relief from the summer heat of tropical colonies. Ifrane is also a popular altitude training destination.^[4]

The first permanent settlement of the area dates to the 16th century, when the Sharif of Sîdî 'Abd al-Salâm established his community in the Tizguit Valley, seven km downstream from the present town. Ifrane is a colonial “hill station”, and a “garden city”. It is also an “imperial city”, a mountain resort, a provincial administrative center, and a college town.

History

The first permanent settlement of the area dates to the 16th century, when a sharîf by

the name of Sîdî ‘Abd al-Salâm established his community in the Tizguit Valley, seven

km downstream from the present town. In Tamazight, the regional Berber language, yfran

means “caves”. Sîdî ‘Abd al-Salâm’s village, called Zaouiat Sidi Abdeslam (or simply the

zâwiyah), consisted at first of cave dwellings hollowed out of the limestone valley wall. Only

in the last fifty years or so have its inhabitants built houses aboveground. The caves which

now lie under these houses are still used as mangers for animals and for storage.

By the mid-17th century Sîdî ‘Abd al-Salâm’s zâwiyah was well enough established to

receive an extensive iqtâ’, or land grant, from the ‘Alâwî sultan Mûlây Rashîd b. Muhammad.

The iqtâ’ extended from upstream of present Ifrane down the Tizguit valley all the way to El

Hajeb escarpment. Late in the 19th century agro-pastoral groups of the Amazigh Senhadja Beni

M’guild and Zenata the Ait Seghrouchen, crossing the Middle Atlas from the upper Moulouya Plain, started

grazing their herds of sheep and goats on the surrounding plateau. The livelihood of the zâwiyah was based on irrigated agriculture on the valley

The agricultural plots were held as private property (mulk) but the grazing land was

under collective tribal jurisdiction (j’maa). The tribally organized populations of the Ifrane-

Azrou area submitted to colonial rule after a period of resistance (1913–1917). Resistance

Modern history

The modern town of Ifrane was established by the French administration in 1929 on land expropriated from the inhabitants of the zâwiya. The town was to be a "hill station," a cool place for colonial families to spend the hot summer months, and it was initially planned according to the "garden city" model of urban design then in vogue. The plan called for chalet-type summer homes in the Alpine style, laid out among gardens and curving tree-lined streets. A royal palace was also built for Sultan Muhammad b. Yûsuf. The town's first public buildings consisted of a post office and a church. Moreover, a penitentiary was built which served as a POW camp during World War II.

As elsewhere in Morocco, a shanty town called Timdiqîn soon grew up next to the colonial establishment. It housed the Moroccan population (maids, gardeners, etc.) that serviced the French vacationers. Timdiqîn was separated from the colonial garden city by a deep ravine. After independence the French properties in the original garden city were slowly bought up by Moroccans. The town was enlarged and endowed with a mosque, a municipal market and public housing estates. Furthermore, the shanty neighborhood of Timdiqîn was rebuilt with proper civic amenities.

In 1979 Ifrane became the seat of the administrative province of the same name and some government services were established. In 1995 Al Akhawayn University, an English-language, American-curriculum public university opened and this has helped re-launch Ifrane as a desirable destination for domestic tourism. Consequently, Ifrane continues to develop as both a summer and winter resort. Old chalets in the center of town are being demolished and replaced with condominium complexes, while vacation centers and gated housing estates are springing up on the outskirts.

The Middle Atlas Mountains consist mostly of a series of limestone plateaus. Not far from Ifrane in the Middle Atlas is Cèdre Gouraud Forest. These plateaus receive

considerable precipitation—averaging about 1100/1200 ml/year in Ifrane—and are naturally

wooded, with scrub oak forests alternating with cedar. The Middle Atlas lies in the center

of Morocco and constitutes its natural water tower, as many of the country’s most important

river systems: the Moulouya, the Sebou, the Bou Regreg, and the Oum Rbia originate in

it. Historically, however, despite its centrality, the Middle Atlas has been an “empty quarter.”

Though the area was regularly crossed by traders, and though the alpine summer pasture

was used by herders, the harsh climate and relatively poor soils long impeded permanent

human settlement. Today the Middle Atlas is still one of the least densely populated parts

of Morocco, even when compared to other mountainous regions such as the High Atlas

A small fort overlooking Oued Tizguit (now part of the palace precinct) had already been built

during the period of military conquest in order to secure the Fez to Khenifra road across the

mountains. The gently rolling landscape, with fresh springs and wildflowers, was judged

to have potential as a summer resort for colon families from the Saïss Plain, Meknes

and Fez. Fifty hectares of agricultural land upstream from the zâwiyah, in an area

originally designated as Tourthit, or “garden,”was expropriated for the project.

Ifrane was conceived as a “hill station” or colonial type of settlement. It is

a resort town set high up in the mountains so that Europeans can find relief from the

summer heat of tropical colonies. The British were the first to develop this type of resort in

India, the best known of which is Simla in the Himalayas which served as their “summer

capital.” The French built similar hill stations in Indochina, such as Dalat established in 1921.

Ifrane was not the only hill station to be built in Morocco. The French also built one in neighboring Immouzer, as well as at Oukaimeden in the High Atlas. Hill stations

families, and they are often designed in such a way as to remind their foreign inhabitants of

their distant homelands. The architectural style adopted is imported from the mother

country in order that the place look like “little England” or “douce France.” This is

the case in Ifrane where various mountain styles such as “maison basque” “Jura”

and “Savoy” were used. Moreover, trees and flowering plants were also imported

from the European home country. This too was intended to heighten the appearance

and feeling of home. In Ifrane, lilac trees, plane trees (platanes), chestnut trees

(marronniers and châtaigniers) and linden trees (tilleuls) were all imported for this

"Garden City"

Ifrane was planned according to the “garden city” model of urban design, fashionable in Western Europe between the two world wars.^[5] The concept of the garden city was developed in Britain as a model of social reform to solve the problems of 19th century industrial cities. By the 1920s however it had lost its social purpose to become an urban design type. Garden cities required low density housing consisting of fully detached or semi-detached single family homes surrounded by gardens.

In order to break with industrial-era grid plans, garden cities were always laid out with curving tree-lined streets. In fact, most garden cities were affluent suburbs, not true cities in their own right. They catered to the tastes of the upper middle classes who could afford to own a private automobile and property in the suburbs. They gave the illusion of county life, with village-type architecture, curvy streets and lots of trees, to people who in reality worked in big cities. Ifrane’s initial garden city plan was designed in 1928 in Rabat by the Services Techniques of the Bureau de Contrôle des Municipalités, a division of the Direction des Affairs Politiques.

The 1928 plan - for the neighborhood known as Hay Riad today - had typical garden city features: curvy streets named for flora (Rue des lilas, Rue des tilleuls, etc.), and chalet-style houses. Houses could occupy only 40% of plots; the rest had to be planted as a garden. Moreover,large parts of the center of the town consisted of public gardens. Some of the original architecture can still be seen, especially in the neighborhood around the town hall and the Perce Neige Hotel. The summer homes built by the colons were designed by many of the same architects who built the European parts of Casablanca and Rabat. Whereas the European architecture in these big cities was innovative and intentionally modern, Ifrane’s houses were built in traditional European styles and resembled those in the suburbs of contemporaneous French cities.

Ifranes’s first public buildings were a post office and a Catholic church. The church, consecrated in 1939, was designed by Paul Tournon (1881–1964), a recipient of the prestigious Prix de Rome who had also designed the Sacré Coeur Church in Casablanca. The resort function of the new town was consolidated with the building of a number of hotels. Ifrane’s first flagship hotel was the Balima, which was demolished in the 1980s. The other main hotel was the Grand Hôtel, which has recently been refurbished. A royal palace was also built for Sultan Muhammad b.Yûsuf.

Ifrane is thus an “imperial” city in that it houses a palace and benefits from royal patronage.One final institution of Ifrane’s early years worthy of mention is the penitentiary which no longer exists, and the site, across from the Police Academy and the new police Commissariat, has been redeveloped as a summer camp for the Ministry of Justice. The penitentiary served as a Prisoner of War camp during World War II. The popular story of the origin of Ifrane’s lion sculpture involves an Italian inmate of this prison sculpting the lion out of an outcrop of limestone, however this is not true as the lion dates from at least 1936 thus predating World War II.^[6]

The garden city hill station high in the Middle Atlas was always going to be an illusion of suburban middle class France. The colonial reality of the place was manifest in two ways. First of all the inhabitants of Zaouiat Sidi Abdeslam, the original owners of the land on which the town was built, were never properly compensated for their loss. Secondly, the town plan was incomplete. Provisions were made for the housing and infrastructure of colonial home-owners, but not for the Moroccan maids, gardeners or guards who worked for them. Finding no housing in the official allotments, these people had to build their own houses some distance away, across a ravine north of the town. As elsewhere in Morocco at the time, a shantytown thus grew up next to the colonial town. This is the origin of Timdiqin (officially called Hay Atlas).

Climate

Because of its elevation, the town experiences snow during the winter months and a cool climate during the summer.^[7]

Located in the Atlas Mountains, and affected by the cold north Atlantic current, Ifrane has an oceanic climate with continental influence, or a warm-summer Mediterranean climate in the Köppen climate classification. The climate shifts from cold in winter to warm days in the summer months. The nights can be severely cold in winter. Although it usually drops below freezing point, the "real feel" is usually -9/10 lower than the real temperature. The winter highs rarely exceed {{convert|10|C|F|1}} in December–February.

Owing to the city’s elevation and proximity to the north Atlantic Ocean, rainfall is very heavy whenever frontal systems affect the region. Precipitation patterns follow the classic Mediterranean range, from October to April. The city also receives high snowfall starting as early as October and lasting well into spring season. The annual average temperature does not exceed 11 °C.

Ifrane holds the record of the lowest temperature ever observed in Africa: {{convert|-23.9|C|F}} on February 11, 1935.^[7]

Flora and fauna

Ifrane’s biodiversity is unique. Its fauna and flora contain rare yet mostly endangered species. Animals to be found in the vicinity include the threatened Barbary macaque.^[9] Among the local tree species are the native Atlas cedar, scrub oak and the introduced London plane.

Ifrane’s fauna is rich and diverse. Some of the mammals’ species that can be seen in region include:^[10]

Ifrane is also well-known for its pisciculture (fish farming) stations. Ras el Ma forest has a trout-breeding station in which you can watch trouts in their breeding basins. Moreover, Ifrane has a varied range of insects and amphibians.

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|title=recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004|url=http://www.hcp.ma/Recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html|publisher=Haut commisariat au plan|accessdate=28 October 2011}}
2. ^¹ "Population of Ifrane, Morocco", 2008, webpage: -->2543394/ifrane MB-ifrane].
3. ^¹ "Climatological Information for Ifrane, Morocco", Hong Kong Observatory, 2003, web: -->mor_al/infrane_e.htm HKO-Ifrane].
4. ^Egan, E. Notes from higher grounds: an altitude training guide for endurance athletes, Kukimbia Huru Publishing
5. ^Robin Gauldie, Morocco
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://ifranelionhistory.bloxode.com/|title=bloxode.com|publisher=}}
7. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/africa-lowest-temperature |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-10-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925014334/http://wmo.asu.edu/africa-lowest-temperature |archivedate=2015-09-25 |df= }}
8. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/FM/60160.TXT| title = Ifrane Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = March 16, 2015}}
9. ^C. Michael Hogan, 2008)
10. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/fol117596/synthese_invent_biodiv_pnifrane_2007.pdf/download/en/1/synthese_invent_biodiv_pnifrane_2007.pdf?action=view|title=Inventaire de la Biodiversité|last=|first=|date=December 25, 2006|website=Clearing House Mechanism on Biodiversity of Morocco|publisher=|access-date=}}