“Douglas Harbour”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Outer Harbour features two jetties, four piers, eleven berths, and an area designated for lifeboats.^[2] The piers are:

Traffic

By tonnage, the port's primary traffic is from the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company fleet.

In the vicinity of the Sea Terminal are the following stations/stops which facilitate passenger transport connections:

By connecting with the appropriate bus or tramway, sea passengers may also transfer to the Manx Electric Railway to points north.

History

The earliest record of infrastructure for the use of Douglas Harbour dates back to 1660.^[4]

From about 1800, many things happened to open up the island to more traffic.^[5] In 1760 construction of what amounted to a pier was begun, however it was wrecked in a severe storm before work was completed. Then the sides of the small Douglas River basin were shored up, and there was another try to extend some sort of protective structure out to sea;^[5] but this again failed. In 1787 the pier was reduced to rubble following a series of winter storms, and so for many years Douglas Harbour was fully exposed to easterly gales, whilst in the bay the perilous Conister Rock claimed many victims.^[5]

By 1815 sail was giving way to steam. The first steamer called at the island on its voyage from the Clyde to Liverpool, and in 1819 James Little opened the first steamship service to the island, with Douglas as a port of call between Liverpool and Greenock.^[5] A year later this service was augmented, with three ships appearing on the station - these being the Robert Bruce, the Superb and the Majestic..^[6] With the sailings of these vessels augmented by the arrival of the City of Glasgow, the full journey from the Mersey to the Clyde via Douglas could be made in 25 hours.^[5]

By 1833 passenger traffic had undergone a remarkable process of progressive development, and due to the imposition of the Passenger Tax accurate passenger records became available. In the 1830s arrivals at Douglas were under 100,000 but increased steadily throughout the century, peaking at over 650,000 by 1913.^[7]

Red Pier

Work on the Red Pier commenced in 1793 and was completed in 1801, the foundation stone being laid by John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl, following his appointment as Governor General of the Isle of Man.^[8]

Construction

The Red Pier was designed by George Steuart,^[8] a Scotsman who had long been under the patronage of the Dukes of Atholl, and who carried out a number of important commissions in the Island. The Red Pier, paid for by the British Treasury, cost £25,000 ({{Inflation|UK|25000|1801|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}. The pier was {{convert|530|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} long, and was driven out to the limit of low water, extending more than 50 yards beyond the end of the old wrecked pier which had preceded it.^[5]

The pier and its associated public buildings were constructed with stone imported from the Isle of Arran off the west coast of Scotland.^[8] The stone was a distinct reddish colour, and this gave rise to the pier's name. In its{{clarify|date=November 2017}} offices passenger arrivals and departures could be logged, and there could be checks for smuggled goods which in the early 19th century were commonplace between the Isle of Man and the United Kingdom. In addition to the construction of the pier there were also a courthouse and a temporary gaol.^[8]

Opening ceremony

The Red Pier was officially opened in 1801. The opening ceremony was led by the Duke of Atholl, who had laid the foundation stone in 1793. The construction was the first public works scheme to be carried out on the Isle of Man in many years,^[8] and the ceremony was said to have been an occasion for immense civic pride. Contemporary reports state that almost every inhabitant of the town attended; many took the opportunity to walk on the pier, which was then the nearest thing to a promenade in the town.^[8]

The Red Pier allowed passengers to disembark from a steamer more readily at high tide, but until 1871, passengers sometimes had to board rowing boats in order to be ferried to any vessel lying off.^[5] The reverse applied when they were disembarking. The scene could be chaotic, and quite often in winter, passengers would reach the Red Pier from the vessel soaking wet and exhausted.^[5]

Owing to its openness to swell generated by easterly winds, there were many shipwrecks in Douglas Bay and the surrounding area. This culminated in the heroic rescue of the crew of the SS St. George by Sir William Hillary and the crew of the Douglas lifeboat on 20 November 1830.

Douglas Breakwater

Origins

However, due to bickering no plans were proceeded with and despite campaigning by the Island's press progress in any direction was slow. Much of this was to do with rival proposals for the construction of breakwaters at Peel and Ramsey both of which, as was the case with Douglas, would ultimately rely on approval and funding from the Admiralty. Plans for the Douglas Breakwater were amended by Capt. Vetch but again these were subject to differing opinions and despite the requisite monies being available from 1851 and a further report submitted in 1859, it was not until 1861 that a further set of plans submitted by James Abernethy were approved by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.^[10]

Battery Breakwater

The design incorporated landing berths with three platforms at different levels, adapted for loading and unloading at all stages of the considerable tidal range in Douglas with steps for the accommodation of passengers.^[10]

The rubble stone for the construction was to be procured near the site^[10] and the design lent heavily of the Abernethy's previous designs at Blyth, Northumberland, the breakwater at Falmouth, and the piers at Watchet, Bristol Channel and Port Natal, South Africa.^[10]

Two breakwaters were initially to be constructed, a southern one and a northern breakwater. The costs submitted were £54,000 ({{Inflation|UK|54000|1862|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} for the southern breakwater and £28,500 ({{Inflation|UK|28500|1862|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} for the northern breakwater. The estimated time for construction for both structures was two years.^[10]

This was later amended to construction of the southern breakwater only with the successful tender for the work received from Thomas Jackson of London and a final cost of £47,935 ({{Inflation|UK|47,935|1862|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} agreed.^[11]

Work began in earnest in August 1862, when the brig Thomas Black arrived from London with machinery and a cargo of timber. Work was also cleared to proceed for the breakwaters at Peel and Ramsey with the contract also carried out by Thomas Jackson and with James Abernethy providing the services of a resident engineer and assuming the role of engineer-in-chief himself.^[12]

Whilst work slowed during the winter of 1862-63 the schedule was maintained, however an un-seasonal bout of easterly storms in mid-May 1863 caused slight damage to the work on the breakwater, but this was quickly put right with little or no disruption to the time scale.

Concerns were expressed by Abernethy as construction continued that the length as initially proposed could effect vessels departing the port during periods of strong southeasterly wind, with particular concern being the chances of a sailing vessel drifting onto the Pollock Rock or St Mary's Isle. Consequently, the drawings were amended and the construction shortened by {{convert|250|ft|m|1|abbr=on}}.

During May 1864, serious damage was sustained to the breakwater after supporting timber frames gave way as a consequence of the weight of stone placed on them. This was attributed in a report commissioned by the Harbour Commissioners to non-compliance with certain terms of the specification relative to the stone filling and particularly from neglect to form a homogeneous rubble mound to the level of {{convert|15|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} below low water as the true base of the breakwater, hence the failure of the frames which were placed lower than 15 feet. The quality of the stone being used was also brought into question, with a request for sourcing a better quality in order to furnish the seaward face of the breakwater. In a letter to the Commissioners of the Isle of Man Harbours, Abernethy put forward a recalculated structure of a length of {{convert|700|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} and with a revised cost of completion being £33,705 (£2,891,548 in 2014), (£13,116) less than the original contract sum. In addition a cost was submitted for the improving the roadway to the breakwater. This was submitted at £850 (£72,921 in 2014).

The breakwater sustained significant damage in early February 1865, when a storm described as "unequalled in its fury and unexampled in its effects"^[13] pounded the structure washing away many of the timber frames which ended up strewn on Douglas shore.^[14]

This destruction led to serious questions being raised as to the design of the structure and of Abernethy's reputation. It was not until 7 March, that divers were able to inspect the base of the structure with their findings being that damage had been sustained as far as the 45th frame. The timber uprights had been snapped off however the rubble had not been displaced.^[15]

The breakwater was after this not continued with, as it was generally accepted that the calculations and more importantly the method of construction were wrong and that no benefit could be ultimately expected with its continuation.

An easterly storm with associated snow on the night of Saturday 5 January 1867, swept away the remaining portion of the breakwater leaving the structure completely demolished.^[16]

Battery Pier

After Abernethy's breakwater was destroyed, Governor Henry Loch commissioned more plans on behalf of the Isle of Man Government for a larger and more modern structure.^[17] Distinguished civil engineer John Coode was appointed to survey the area of Abernethy's breakwater and to submit his recommendations.^[17]

Surveys and charts

On 7 and 8 March 1867, Coode inspected the shores around Douglas,^[17] and gave directions for an accurate and detailed survey of the southern portions of Douglas Bay, together with tidal observations and a complete series of soundings, in order to prepare drawings and estimates for the new breakwater.^[17]

A particular concern was the port's exposure to easterly winds.^[17] The shore was inspected again in April. A report was placed before Tynwald on 10 June 1867;^[17] it detailed certain differences between Coode's findings in the vicinity of the Pollock Rocks and those of an Admiralty inspection of the same area in 1846. The comparison also encompassed the area around St Mary's Isle (Conister Rock).^[17]

Coode produced a detailed chart of the bay from Douglas Head to Bank's Howe; the Conister Rock area was surveyed in particular detail.^[17] The survey highlighted a difference in the depth of water near the ruined breakwater and also to the southeast of Conister Rock: the depth was measured to be some {{convert|6|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|9|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} deeper than shown on the 1846 Admiralty chart.^[17]

Functionality required

Coode submitted a detailed and comprehensive plan for the type of structure required, with emphasis on whether it would provide adequate shelter for the harbour and enable the regular and safe landing of passengers and mail, at all states of the tide and weather:^[17] steamers had to be able to come alongside during offshore winds. Adequate shelter for the fishing fleet was also a high priority. In the mid-19th century, fishing was an important part of the island's economy; the value of the boats and fishing gear of the Manx fleet had risen sharply from £52,380 ({{Inflation|UK|52380|1858|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} in 1858 to £63,482 in 1865 ({{Inflation|UK|63482|1865|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}.^[17] Provision also had to be made for the "insular trade" and also for trading vessels using that part of the Irish Sea.^[17] It was proposed that if the Manx Exchequer paid for the building work, then such vessels could be made to pay a "refuge toll" if they were not trading directly with the island, but just using the port facilities for shelter.^[17]

Recommendations

The areas of the different depths of water sheltered within the proposed work were to be:^[17]

There was to be a small lighthouse tower on the southeast end of the outer end of the landing pier,^[17] containing a powerful condensing apparatus so as to show a coloured light only in the lines of the entrances to the harbour. This enabled an accurate approach to be made at night for the first time.^[17]

As had been found when the earlier breakwater was built, the stone available from the adjacent quarry was not good enough to be used as the main facing stone. However, the quarry was again used, as this stone could still be used as foundation rubble stone.^[17] This base was laid to a depth of {{convert|15|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} below low water on the sea face and {{convert|12|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} below low water on the harbour face.^[17] Above this base work were to be laid massive concrete blocks, made with Portland cement^[17] and built so as to allow the free escape of water and air during heavy seas.^[17] This principle had been successfully used on several structures in the Mediterranean;^[17] it was the only safe, efficient, and reasonably economic form of construction for places such as Douglas, where there is deep water and a considerable tidal range, but no large material{{clarifyme|date=April 2018}} nearby.^[17]

The building work could not be allowed to hinder sea traffic to/from the port, as the island was enjoying the beginnings of a tourism boom^[17] and Douglas was the main port of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company.^[17] To avoid a clash, materials were conveyed by barges specially adapted for the purpose and towed by steam tugs.^[17]

Cost and construction time

It was proposed that building work would take seven years, with the costs detailed as:^[17]

Coode proposed that the rocks on the shore between the Battery Breakwater and the Fort Anne Jetty, as well as on the south face of Conister Rock, should be excavated down to a flat slope, so as to form "beaching grounds" for vessels including fishing boats.^[17]

It was generally accepted that easterly winds were quite dangerous in the port, especially in the entrance between the Red Pier and the Fort Anne Jetty.^[17] So Coode recommended that once the new western arm was finished, the eastern end of the Fort Anne Jetty was to be removed.^[17] Visiting steamers were increasing in size, and at that time still had to proceed to anchorage in Douglas Bay after disembarking their passengers.^[5]

A committee, presided over by the island's Lieutenant Governor, was formed to examine the plans submitted by Coode and to report their recommendations. The committee first sat on 12 June 1867,^[17] and reported its findings in November.^[17] They recommended that the plans be adopted except that the north arm should be dispensed with.^[17] They further recommended that £140,000 ({{Inflation|UK|140000|1867|r=-2|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}){{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}} was to be borrowed from the Public Works Loans Commissioners, upon the security of the island's revenue, under the Harbours and Passing Tolls Act, 1861. The loan was to be repaid over 50 years. The committee also recommended that the works be carried out as soon as the consent of the Board of Trade could be obtained.^[17]

The proposals were warmly received by local fishermen, as was evident in a letter of late November to the Isle of Man Times.^[18]

Opposition to the scheme

Despite the committee's favourable reporting, there was some opposition to the scheme. At a public meeting at St Johns on Tuesday 26 November 1867, it was moved that further engineering evidence should be sought in order to verify Coode's report.^[19] This did ultimately lead to a further examination of the calculations and costs, was which undertaken by John Hawkshaw.

Concern had been expressed that the harbour, and in particular the landing pier extending from the Pollock Rocks (later to become the Victoria Pier) would still be very open in strong SE winds. Coode undertook to amend his design in early 1868, and this was then subjected to inspection by Hawkshaw.

There was also some difference of opinion on whether the southern end of the breakwater should begin at a point to the east or the west of Port Skillion. Hawkshaw's report was completed on 24 February 1868 and laid before Tynwald on 4 March. Hawkshaw largely agreed with Coode's earlier calculations, and fully agreed with Coode's method of construction. One small difference of opinion was that Hawkshaw recommended a slight amendment of the line of the breakwater at the northeast end. In a letter to Tynwald, Coode cited his work on a similar structure at Alderney as well as emphasising Hawkshaw's agreement with the costings and calculations, and reaffirming that the materials recommended would be adequate to withstand the frequent winter storms.

Nevertheless, there was still strong opposition to the construction. Just as had been the case since Sir William Hillary's initial proposal, various suggestions continued to be made, resulting in plenty of argument. This culminated in a petition signed by 182 people: 25 ship owners, 51 master mariners, 10 pilots and 96 other mariners.^[20]

A music hall song was even devised, sung to the tune of Sweet Kitty Clover and entitled The Breakwater Dilemma.^[21]

One of the most vocal critics of the proposal was Rev W. B. Christian. He felt that an enormous outlay was to be made without satisfactory assurance that the plan was the best available. Governor Loch worked tirelessly to convince those who still questioned the proposal; he met Rev Christian and put the engineering facts to him in what was described as an affective and conciliatory manner.^[22]

Christian's concern was reasonable: Coode was also working on building a breakwater at Port Erin, and Coode himself admitted that the methods used were shown to be failing in their practicality and application.^[23]

The Port Erin Breakwater was to be dogged by allegations of shoddy construction and design, and it was damaged by gales more than once. Governor Loch persuaded a reluctant Tynwald to grant £13,000 for necessary repairs as a result of damage sustained in 1868, with the repairs to be completed by 1870. However the breakwater was again damaged in 1882 and was finally destroyed in 1884, after having cost the island a total of £45,600.

Part of the allegations levelled at the breakwater at Port Erin centred around the rubble base of the structure, which Coode had constructed at 15 feet (4.6 m) and which was the same as he intended to carry out at Douglas. The local press published many accusations about Coode's reputation, and it was even said Coode had misled Tynwald.^[23]

Construction starts; some minor setbacks

Despite these setbacks, work was cleared to proceed, starting with the re-opening of the nearby quarry, and work on a road beneath the old two-gun battery connecting to the South Quay. Work also started on arm "B" of the main structure.

As work proceeded, the only setback was an accident in December 1872. The foreman, named Johnson, who lived locally at Fort William Rd, Douglas, was carrying out his duties on the edge of the large gantry which had been constructed, when he missed his foothold and fell onto the rocks some 30 feet below. He sustained injuries to his ribs, but he survived.^[24] There was another accident in September 1873, when Henry Holden, a labourer, of South Quay, ran into a winch and was knocked unconscious. He was taken home and treated by a doctor.^[25]

On New Year’s Eve 1874 the Battery Pier sustained damage during a south-easterly gale which continued into New Year’s Day. Afterwards, John Coode visited the island and inspected the damage on 5 January.

The Harbour Commissioners had made a preliminary inspection; they found that the heavy seas had damaged and disturbed the concrete blocks under the low water mark, thus taking away the support of the upper concrete work on the outer sea wall, and causing it to slip off. Three of the uprights which supported the framing were carried away, and two of the cross-timbers of the staging had been broken.^[26]

Coode found that a portion of the wall just above low water mark, about {{convert|16|ft|2|in|m|1|abbr=on}} long, had become detached and had been carried inwards. Also a portion of the adjoining blocks for a depth of two courses had become displaced, but were not damaged. However below this and down to the foundation course remained undisturbed. In addition, three piles of the tramway staging were broken off.^[26]

The repairs were calculated to cost £600, but provision had been made for such repairs in the original costings.^[26]

Completion

Workings on the breakwater continued sporadically through 1876, 1877 & 1878 with work at times appearing to be at a standstill.^[27]Part of the reason for this was the construction of the Victoria Pier the foundations of which required rectifying and thereby accounting for the majority of the labour force. By the beginning of 1879 only 120 blocks were required to complete the breakwater, along with approximately 70 yards of parapet walling.^[28]

Despite the delays work was concluded at the end of July, 1879, the construction of a small lighthouse on the seaward end of the structure being the final part of the work.

The official opening of the Battery Pier took place on Friday August 29, 1879.^[30]

King Edward VIII Pier

Construction

The need for increased passenger facilities had been identified as early as 1904, however such works were continually postponed due to the ongoing costs of various schemes for harbour protection.

In early 1930 it was decided that further improvement works were required in the port,^[31]^[8] and it was decided to extend the old Red Pier in order to accommodate larger vessels at all states of the tide; the cost of the work was estimated at £262,000.^[32] But before construction could start, parts of the existing structure had to be demolished. Demolition of the old Red Pier Head, and the fine Georgian era lighthouse was scheduled together with the head of the Fort Anne Jetty.^[33] The improvements consisted of extending the Red Pier by {{convert|400|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} and widened to {{convert|70|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}.^[34] A considerable feature of the work was the construction of an openwork viaduct of reinforced concrete {{convert|50|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} wide, which crossed Circus Beach to the rear of the Isle of Man Steam Packet Company warehouses and the Imperial Hotel and joined the Victoria Pier at its base.^[34]

The structural alterations to the Fort Anne Breakwater consisted of the removal of the rounded end and the erection of timbered dolphins running parallel with the extended Red Pier, to fend off shipping from the shoal water from the Fort Anne beach.^[35]

Dredging took place either side of the Red Pier extension to give a depth of {{convert|15|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} at low water of an ordinary spring tide, thus providing additional deep water berths on the north and south sides of the extension.^[36]

Work continued through the early 1930s and was completed by 1936. On completion this extended structure was to bear the name of the then sovereign and Lord of Mann, King Edward VIII, and is the only public facility in the British Isles to be named in his honour.^[8]

The official opening of the King Edward VIII Pier took place on Saturday 23 May 1936. The ceremony was performed by the then Home Secretary, Sir John Simon accompanied by the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man, Sir Montague Butler. Numerous civic dignitaries were in attendance and included Harols Matthews, Secretary of the Isle of Man Harbour Commissioners.

Victoria Pier

With the growth of tourism from the 1860s onwards, it became increasingly apparent that the Red Pier could not handle the volume of traffic using the port and in addition therefore a facility would be required which would allow steamers to discharge their passenger, alongside the pier, at any state of the tide. The Victoria Pier was constructed to allow this to occur, and officially opened on 1 July 1872.

Radar Installation

History was made at Douglas Harbour on Friday February 27, 1948, when the port became the first in the world to be equipped with Radar.^[37].

The installation was officially opened by the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man, Air Vice Marshal Geoffrey Bromet. The occasion attracted world wide interest, with the ceremony being photographed and filmed.^[38]

The number of passengers being handled at the port at that time numbered approximately 1.5 million and the installation provided enhanced safety. The Radar mast was of a lattice design and stood at {{convert|60|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} and was installed by Cossar AeroSpace.^[39]

Hazards

Connister Rock, also known as St Mary's Isle, is a small islet immediately to the north of the harbour. It is completely submerged at high tide, and cannot be seen during stormy, night, or other low visibility conditions. The islet caused many shipwrecks until the Tower of Refuge was built on it.^[40]

References

1. ^Ramsey Courier, Friday, March 05, 1948; Page: 3
2. ^¹²{{cite web| title = New Douglas Harbour Map| url = http://www.gov.im/transport/harbours/ports/Image.gov?id=5888| work = Douglas Harbour| publisher = Isle of Man Government Harbours Division| year = 2009| accessdate = 24 August 2009| quote =}}
3. ^¹{{cite web|author=Department of Tourism & Leisure |title=Douglas Depot |url=http://www.iombusandrail.info/depots-douglas.html |publisher=Isle of Man Government |year=2008 |accessdate=26 August 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412113900/http://www.iombusandrail.info/depots-douglas.html |archivedate=12 April 2009 }}
4. ^{{cite web |title = Harbours history |url = http://www.gov.im/about-the-government/departments/infrastructure/harbours/harbours-history |publisher = Isle of Man Government |accessdate = 7 September 2013 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140410155614/http://www.gov.im/about-the-government/departments/infrastructure/harbours/harbours-history/ |archivedate = 10 April 2014 |df = dmy-all}}
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸Island Lifeline. Connery Chappell, (1980)
6. ^Journal of The Manx Museum, Friday, January 01, 1971; Page: 29
7. ^Mona's Herald, Tuesday, May 26, 1936; Page: 6
8. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷http://www.manxradio.com/radioplayer/od/7384/
9. ^Manx Sun. Friday October 2nd, 1835
10. ^¹²³⁴Manx Sun. Saturday January 18th, 1862.
11. ^Manx Sun. Saturday May 24th, 1862.
12. ^Manx Sun. Saturday January 21st, 1863.
13. ^Manx Sun. Saturday February 4th, 1865
14. ^Manx Sun. Saturday February 4th, 1865
15. ^Mona's Herald. Wednesday March 8th, 1865.
16. ^Mona's Herald. Wednesday January 9th, 1867.
17. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²²³²⁴²⁵²⁶²⁷²⁸²⁹³⁰³¹³²³³³⁴³⁵³⁶Mona's Herald. Wednesday June 19th, 1867.
18. ^Isle of Man Times Saturday November 30, 1867
19. ^Mona’s Herald Wednesday November 27th, 1867
20. ^Mona’s Herald 25-03-1868
21. ^Mona’s Herald 08.04.1868
22. ^Mona’s Herald 08-04-1868
23. ^¹Manx Sun 27-06-1868
24. ^Mona’s Herald 11-12-1872
25. ^Mona’s Herald 20-09-1873
26. ^¹²Mona’s Herald. 07-01-1875
27. ^Isle of Man Times, Saturday, February 22, 1879; Page: 4
28. ^Isle of Man Times, Saturday, February 22, 1879; Page: 4
29. ^Manx Sun, Saturday, July 12, 1879; Page: 21
30. ^Manx Sun, Saturday, August 30, 1879; Page: 20
31. ^Isle of Man Examiner. Friday, February 07, 1930; page 1
32. ^Isle of Man Examiner Friday, February 7, 1930; Page 6
33. ^Isle of Man Examiner Friday, February 07, 1930; page 1
34. ^¹Isle of Man Examiner Friday, February 7, 1930; page 6
35. ^Isle of Man Examiner Friday, February 7, 1930; Page 6
36. ^Isle of Man Examiner Friday, February 7, 1930; Page 6
37. ^Ramsey Courier, Friday, March 05, 1948; Page: 3
38. ^Ramsey Courier, Friday, March 05, 1948; Page: 3
39. ^Ramsey Courier, Friday, March 05, 1948; Page: 3
40. ^{{cite web| title = St Mary's Isle| url = http://www.isleofman.com/places/coast/islands/st-marys-isle/| publisher = Manx Telecom| accessdate = 7 September 2013}}

Description

Traffic

History

Red Pier

Construction

Opening ceremony

Douglas Breakwater

Origins

Battery Breakwater

Battery Pier

Surveys and charts

Functionality required

Recommendations

Cost and construction time

Opposition to the scheme

Construction starts; some minor setbacks

Completion

King Edward VIII Pier

Construction

Victoria Pier

Radar Installation

Hazards

References

External links