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词条 Draft:Renewable energy in Australia
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  1. Renewable energy in Australian states and territories

     Australian Capital Territory  New South Wales  Northern Territory  Queensland  South Australia  Tasmania  Victoria  Western Australia 

  2. Australian renewable energy resources

     Installed capacity  Hydro-electricity  Unexploited resources 

  3. Australian renewable energy sectors

     Biofuels  Biomass  Geothermal energy  Hydropower  Ocean power  Photovoltaics  Solar thermal power  Solar water heating  Wind power 

  4. Renewable technology development in Australia

  5. Government policies and initiatives

     Fossil fuel subsidies  Solar power rebates  Renewable Energy Equity Fund  Low Emissions Technology and Abatement  Renewable energy targets  Emissions Trading Scheme  Feed in Tariff  Solar Cities 

  6. Renewable energy in the community

     Greenhouse mafia  World Solar Challenge 

  7. List of renewable energy power stations in Australia

  8. List of Australian renewable energy organisations

  9. See also

  10. Further reading

  11. References

  12. External links

{{AFC submission|d|exists|Renewable energy in Australia|ns=118|u=GGByte|decliner=RoySmith|declinets=20190223120330|ts=20190223095822}}

Renewable energy in Australia became a serious issue of public contention in the period 2006-2007 culminating in Australia's ratification of the UN's Kyoto Protocol in December 2007 following the election of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. Although historically Australia has played a key role in research and commercialisation of renewable energy technologies{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} much of this is being exported to Europe, Asia and the US{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} with little representation of renewable energy in Australia's own energy mix{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}.

More recently, following the introduction of long term renewable energy targets more opportunities have been realised for deployment of new renewable energies{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}, such as wind power, photovoltaics, and solar thermal. Australia's renewable energy industries now span numerous energy sources and stages of commercialisation{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}.

Renewable energy technologies currently contribute about 6 per cent of Australia's total energy supply and some 8 per cent of Australia's electricity supply, with hydro-electricity by far the largest single contributor.[1]{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

Renewable energy in Australian states and territories

{{See also|Wind power in Australia|Solar hot water in Australia|Solar power in Australia|Hydroelectricity in Australia|Geothermal power in Australia|Biofuel in Australia}}{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

Australian Capital Territory

{{Main|Renewable energy in the Australian Capital Territory}}{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

New South Wales

{{Main|Renewable energy in New South Wales}}{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

Northern Territory

{{Main|Renewable energy in the Northern Territory}}{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

Queensland

{{Main|Renewable energy in Queensland}}{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

South Australia

{{Main|Renewable energy in South Australia}}{{See also|Wind power in South Australia}}

The South Australian government has been responsible for some key renewable energy policies which have been reproduced in at the national level and in several Australian states and territories. South Australia was the first Australian government to introduce Feed in Tariffs, renewable energy rebates and other environmental initiatives.

Wind Power South Australia has a large wind energy resource along the coastal regions in south-western South Australia, particularly the Eyre Peninsula. The majority of Australia's wind energy is produced in South Australian and exported to Victoria and New South Wales along great distances. Australia's renewable energy targets favour gross electricity generation rather than an integrated national approach to a renewable energy infrastructure and as a result investment into Australian wind energy has predominantly been invested in South Australia.

Wind power in South Australia is a fast growing industry with 388 MW of grid-connected wind farms installed at the end of 2006. South Australia is well suited to wind farms and more wind power is generated in South Australia than any other Australian state or territory. South Australia had 15 per cent of its electricity coming from wind farms by the end of 2007.[2] A further 263 MW of generating capacity (Hallett Wind Farm, 95 MW, Lake Bonney Wind Farm (stage 2), 78 MW, and Snowtown Wind Farm, 90 MW) is under construction.

{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

Tasmania

{{Main|Renewable energy in Tasmania}}{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

Victoria

{{Main|Renewable energy in Victoria}}{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}Solar Systems is to build the world’s most advanced[3] photovoltaic (PV) heliostat solar concentrator power station in north-western Victoria. The 154 MW, A$420 million project, will generate 270,000 MWh per year, enough for more than 45,000 homes. It will aid in reducing salinity and create jobs during manufacture, construction and operation. It will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 400,000 tonnes per year.[3] Full commissioning is expected in 2013, with the first stage to be completed in 2010.[4]

Western Australia

{{Main|Renewable energy in Western Australia}}

Australian renewable energy resources

Installed capacity

At the end of 2006, Australia had 817 megawatts (MW) of installed wind power capacity,[5] mainly in South Australia. A 154 MW, A$420 million, solar photovoltaic power station is planned for Victoria.[6]

Initiatives are also being taken with ethanol fuel and geothermal energy exploration.[8]

Hydro-electricity

Unexploited resources

Australian renewable energy sectors

Biofuels

{{Main|Biofuel in Australia}}

Biofuels produced from food crops have become controversial as food prices increased significantly in mid 2008, leading to increased concerns about food vs fuel.

Ethanol fuel in Australia can be produced from sugarcane or grains and there are currently three commercial producers of fuel ethanol in Australia, all on the East Coast.

Legislation imposes a 10% cap on the concentration of fuel ethanol blends. Blends of 90% unleaded petrol and 10% fuel ethanol are commonly referred to as E10,[7] which is mainly available through service stations operating under the BP, Caltex, Shell and United brands. Not surprisingly, E10 is most widely available closer to the sources of ethanol production in Queensland and New South Wales.

In partnership with the Queensland Government, the Canegrowers organisation launched a regional billboard campaign in March 2007 to promote the renewable fuels industry. Over 100 million litres of the new BP Unleaded with renewable ethanol has now been sold to Queensland motorists.[7]

Biodiesel produced from oilseed crops or recycled cooking oil may be a better prospect than ethanol, given the nation’s heavy reliance on road transport, and the growing popularity of fuel-efficient diesel cars.[8]

Biomass

{{Main|Biofuel in Australia}}Biomass can be used directly for electricity generation, for example by burning sugar cane waste (bagasse) as a fuel for thermal power generation in sugar mills. It can also be used to produce steam for industrial uses, cooking and heating. It can also be converted into a liquid or gaseous biofuel.[9] Biomass for energy production was the subject of a federal government report in 2004.[10]

Geothermal energy

{{Main|Geothermal energy exploration in Central Australia|l1=Geothermal power in Australia}}Geothermal energy exploration in Central Australia involves finding vast blocks of "hot rocks" with fracture systems that could generate electricity through water being injected, circulated through the fractures, and being returned to surface as steam.[11]

South Australia has been described as "Australia's hot rock haven" and this emissions free and renewable energy form could provide an estimated 6.8% of Australia's base load power needs by 2030.[11] According to an estimate by the Centre for International Economics, Australia has enough geothermal energy to contribute electricity for 450 years.[12]

There are currently 19 companies Australia-wide spending $A654 million in exploration programmes in 141 areas. In South Australia, which is expected to dominate the sector's growth, 12 companies have already applied for 116 areas and can be expected to invest $A524 million (US$435 M) in their projects by the next six years. Ten projects are expected to achieve successful exploration and heat flows, by 2010, with at least three power generation demonstration projects coming on stream by 2012.[11]

A geothermal power plant is already generating 80 kW of electricity at Birdsville, in southwest Queensland.[18]

Hydropower

{{Main|:Category:Hydroelectric power plants in Australia|l1=Hydropower in Australia}}

Hydropower forms the bulk of renewable energy generation in Australia

Ocean power

Several technologies for harvesting the power of the ocean are under development, including a wave energy system being trialled by Oceanlinx at Port Kembla. Wave power is especially suitable for desalinating seawater.[18]

Photovoltaics

{{Main|Solar power in Australia}}

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology generates electricity from sunlight, and it can be used in grid-connected and off-grid applications.

The issue for the Australian photovoltaics industry today is that there is enormous market potential, built up through a natural competitiveness in Australian research and development, industry investment and government policy support. However, despite this, the industry is not yet self-sustaining and advantages gained to date could be lost.[13] A 2004 market report suggested that a partnership between government and industry is necessary:

"The PV industry cannot continue to actively invest in strategic industry development unless the Australian government is also committed to the journey. The industry ... requires policy and program support to assist it in bridging the gap to mainstream commercial competitiveness."[13]

Two recent projects which illustrate co-operation between industry and government are the solar power station planned for north-western Victoria, and the development of new solar cells.

Solar thermal power

{{Main|Solar power in Australia}}

There are no large large scale solar thermal power stations in Australia, although the country has significant research, development and commercialisation efforts.[14]

CSIRO's National Solar Energy Centre in Newcastle, NSW houses a 500 kW (thermal) solar central receiver system used as a research and development facility.[15]

The Australian National University (ANU) has worked on dish concentrator systems since the early 1970s and early work lead to the construction of the White Cliffs solar thermal station. In 1994, the first 'Big Dish' 400 m2 solar concentrator was completed on the ANU campus. In 2005, Wizard Power Pty Ltd was established by Canberra investor Tony Robey in order to take the Big Dish technology to commercial deployment.[14] Wizard Power will construct a pilot power station at Whyalla to demonstrate a next-generation Big Dish design together with a chemical energy storage system using ammonia.[16]

Research activities at the University of Sydney and University of New South Wales have spun off into Solar Heat and Power Pty Ltd (now Ausra), which is currently building a major project at Liddell Power station in the Hunter Valley. The CSIRO Division of Energy Technology has opened a major solar energy centre in Newcastle that has a tower system purchased from Solar Heat and Power and a prototype trough concentrator array developed in collaboration with the ANU.[14]

Cloncurry, a north-west Queensland town, has been chosen as the site for an innovative $31 million (including a $7 million government grant) solar thermal power station. The 10 MW solar thermal power station would deliver about 30 million kilowatt hours of electricity a year, enough to power the whole town. Ergon Energy will develop the project which should be running by early 2010.[17][18]

Solar water heating

{{Main|Solar hot water in Australia}}

During the 1950s, Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) carried out world leading research into flat plate solar water heaters. A solar water heater manufacturing industry was subsequently established in Australia and a large proportion of the manufactured product was exported. Four of the original companies are still in business and the manufacturing base has now expanded to 24 companies. Despite an excellent solar resource, the penetration of solar water heaters in the Australian domestic market is only about 5%, with new dwellings accounting for most sales.[19]

Wind power

{{Main|Wind power in Australia}}

A typical wind turbine can meet the energy needs of up to 1000 homes. Wind power in Australia is clean and renewable and, at the end of 2006, there were 27 wind farms operating in Australia with an installed electricity generation capacity of 817 MW.[20]

The technology is proven, fast to build and economical compared with other renewable energy technologies.[21] However, wind power may be unpredictable and difficult to store for use when most needed.[22]

Renewable technology development in Australia

Photovoltaics

{{Main|Photovoltaic engineering in Australia}}

The Australian Research Council (ARC) plays a key role in advancing technology development in Australia. The ARC sponsors two research groups which are both credited internationally with significant advances in photovoltaic technology development. The ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Silicon Photovoltaics and Photonics is based at UNSW and hold records for high performance photovoltaic devices, the ARC Centre of Excellence for Solar Energy Systems is based at ANU also is credited with many technology advances including SLIVER and Dye Sensitized solar cells.

Government policies and initiatives

{{See also|Energy policy of Australia|Mitigation of global warming in Australia}}

Under the leadership of Prime Minister John Howard Australia had been reluctant to ratify the United Nations' Kyoto Protocol due to concerns of reduced competitiveness with the US and China[23]. In December 2007 under the leadership of newly elected Prime Minister Kevin Rudd Australia ratified the agreement and is expected to meet its target of an 8% increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Australia is one of the countries most at risk from the effects of climate change. Australia is also one of the worlds largest exporters of coal and a powerful lobby group, unofficially known as the Greenhouse Mafia has made attempts to side rail public debate on the issue of climate change through threats of severe economic detriment.

Fossil fuel subsidies

{{See also|Greenhouse Mafia}}

Australian governments provide substantial financial support for the production and use of fossil fuels through direct payments, favourable tax treatment and other actions. These subsidies keep the cost of fossil fuel energy artificially low and make it harder for renewable energy to compete.

[24]

The government's tax and spending policies are distorting the energy market, increasing end use of fossil fuels, increasing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the profitability of mining fossil fuels.[24]

Solar power rebates

The federal rebate scheme for solar power encompasses three distinct industries with separate funds for each.

The Remote Renewable Power Generation Programme (RRPGP) was established in 2000 to displace off-grid diesel generation using photovoltaics. The programme was initially funded with AU$ 205 million over ten years and was extended in 2006 with AU$ 123 million to 2011. The programme offers up to 50% of the capital expenditure for renewable energy projects which replace diesel generators.

The Photovoltaic Rebate Programme (PVRP), established in 2000 is designed to increase the uptake of grid connected photovoltaic systems. The programme offers funding of $8 per watt to a maximum of AU$ 8,000 for residential customers or up to 50% for schools and community buildings to a maximum system size of 2 kWp. The programme initially offered $5.50 per watt which was later reduced to $4, in 2007 the rebate was increased to $8 per watt and in 2008 means testing was introduced which limited the offer to households with a combined income of less than AU$ 100,000. The initial reduction in the rebate was designed to prolong the programme and widen its reach{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}. Critics have argued that rebate was increased to $8 to create hype in the 2007 election campaign and that the means test is unreasonable, a more appropriate measure would be to reduce the rebate back to $4{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}.

Solar hot water rebates were introduced in 2007 to replace electric water heating systems. Grants of up to AU$ 1,000 are offered to hot water systems provided they replace an electric heating system and produce 20 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs).

Renewable Energy Equity Fund

Low Emissions Technology and Abatement

Renewable energy targets

{{See also|Mandatory renewable energy targets}}

In 2001 the Australian government introduced the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET) which is a market based incentive to encourage the deployment of renewable energy technologies. The mandate forces wholesale buyers of electricity to purchase a certain percentage from renewable sources. The scheme is accredited through Australian National Energy Market (NEM) with Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) being issued for renewable energy generation at a rate of 1 REC per 1 MWh of renewable energy generation.

MRET was first introduced by Prime Minister John Howard to increase Australia's renewable energy capacity to 9,500 GWh/year by 2010 and maintain that level of generation until 2020. By mid 2006 sufficient renewable energy had been installed or was under construction to meet the MRET target for 2010. In 2008 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd proposed the reformed Renewable Energy Target (RET) which will increase the target to 9,500 GWh by 2010 and 60,000 GWh by 2020. It is intended that the RET will replace other state wide schemes under a single national scheme.

The reformed RET scheme is currently undergoing public consultation and is expected to be implemented by mid 2009. Combined with basic energy efficiency measures a target of 20% will produce 45,000 GWh of new renewable energy capacity, $33 billion in new investment, 16,600 new jobs, and 69 million tonnes reduction in electricity sector greenhouse gas emissions.[25]

The RET is expected to play a key role in Australia's proposed Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) whereby increased renewable energy capacity will reduce the need for high carbon prices in the first decade of the scheme. Australia's dependence on coal fired electricity generation is a major barrier to the ETS. The RET will ensure that in the period 2010-2020 the emissions cap can remain relatively unrestrictive while the phase out of the RET in 2020-2030 is can be replaced by tighter emissions caps enforced by the ETS.

Emissions Trading Scheme

{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

Feed in Tariff

{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}

Solar Cities

{{Main|Solar Cities in Australia}}

The Australian Solar Cities programme was established to demonstrate the viability of sustainable living in Australian urban centres. The AU$ 75 million programme is designed to engage with all levels of community, industry and government to develop an integrated approach and viable strategies to manage the environmental challenges of climate change. Presently the programme is running in Adelaide, Alice Springs, Blacktown, Central Victoria and Townsville, with plans to expand to Coburg and Perth. Key strategies include:

  • Installation of solar energy systems including photovoltaics and solar hot water.
  • Promotion of energy efficiency initiatives and community education.
  • Wide deployment of smart electricity meters to trial new approaches to electricity pricing.
  • Discount pricing and low interest loans for renewable energy systems.

Renewable energy in the community

Marketing strategies of private companies, and government policies, influence the commercialisation process. Survey results suggest that there is considerable public support for the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Australia.[26]

Survey results suggest that there is considerable public support for the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Australia. In one recent survey, 74% of respondents favoured a "greenhouse strategy based mainly on

energy efficiency and renewable energy, and 19% favoured an "approach that focuses mainly on nuclear power and clean coal technologies."[27]

The Australian results from the 1st Annual World Environment Review were based on a survey of 1,007 Australian men and women. They were published on 5 June 2007, and these are the main findings pertaining to renewable energy and energy efficiency:[28]

  • Eighty six per cent of Australians polled are concerned about climate change. Twelve per cent are not concerned (40% are very concerned and 46% are fairly concerned).
  • Eighty eight per cent of Australians think that the Government should do more to increase the use of solar power. Seventy eight per cent say the government should do more to boost wind power, 58% hydro power, 50% tidal power, and 38% geothermal power. (Despite the push from the Federal Government on the nuclear power issue, nuclear power is the least popular alternative. Only 25% think that the Government should do more to increase its use).
  • Eighty four per cent of Australians surveyed think that the Australian Government should make it easier for people to buy renewable electricity.
  • Eighty nine per cent think that all electricity should contain a minimum 25% of power generated from renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power. Only 3% disagree.
  • Eighty two per cent think that the Australian Government should make it easier for people to buy solar panels.
  • Eighty per cent think that the Australian Government should make it easier for people to buy energy efficient products, such as energy-saving light globes, water-saving shower heads and insulation etc.
  • Eighty five per cent of Australians surveyed think that the Government should raise national fuel efficiency standards for cars and light trucks.
  • Eighty seven per cent think that the Government should do more to increase the number of cars that don’t use petrol.

Greenhouse mafia

{{Main|Greenhouse mafia||Guy Pearce}}

The Greenhouse Mafia is the unofficial name of the alleged anti-climate change propagandist group operating behind the scenes in Australia. The term was first coined by ex-Liberal Party member Guy Pearce in his book High and Dry: John Howard, Climate Change and the Selling of Australia's Future which labels many influential figures in Australian government and business. Guy Pearce has made very serious allegations against Australian polluting industries and political figures relating to manipulation of Australian media, industry groups and government research institutes in the climate change debate.

Leaked minutes from a 2004 meeting between leaders of energy intensive industries and the Australian government describe how both groups were worried that mandatory renewable energy targets were working too well and were "market skewed" towards wind power.[29] Dr Mark Diesendorf has suggested that the Howard Government tried to stop the development of wind power, the lowest-cost, new, renewable electricity source, until such time as coal-fired power stations with CO2 capture and sequestration and possibly nuclear power stations are available.[30] In 2006 after the MRET target had been reached several Federal Government Ministers spoke out against several wind farm proposals.[31]

World Solar Challenge

{{Main|World Solar Challenge}}

The World Solar Challenge is a biannual solar car race from Darwin to Adelaide. Beginning in 1987 the race was developed to promote research into solar energy and sustainable transport and has attracted some of the world's most prominent automotive and technology organisations. By 2007 entrants into the race were limited by the South Australian speed limit of 110 km/h and it was deemed that the goal of building solar cars to cross the continent at vehicular speeds had been met. The focus of the race has now shifted to more practical concepts for solar vehicles which it is hoped will form the basis of mainstream solar transport.

List of renewable energy power stations in Australia

{{See also|List of wind farms in Australia|List of wind farms in New South Wales|List of wind farms in Queensland|List of wind farms in South Australia|List of wind farms in Tasmania|List of wind farms in Victoria|List of wind farms in Western Australia}}
Location State Type Capacity (MW) Built Owner Status Coordinates
Wattle PointSAWind91----
Lake BonneySAWind80.5----
Mount MillarSAWind70----
Cathedral RocksSAWind66----
CanundaSAWind48----
Starfish HillSAWind34.5----

List of Australian renewable energy organisations

BP SolarBP Solar has been involved in solar power since 1973 and runs production facilities in the United States, Spain, India and Australia. BP Solar is involved in the commercialisation of a long life deep cycle lead acid battery ideally suited to the storage of electricity for renewable remote area power systems (RAPS), jointly developed by the CSIRO and Battery Energy.[32]
Edwards Solar Hot WaterEdwards first began manufacturing water heaters in Australia in 1963. Edwards is now an international organisation which is a leader in producing hot water systems for both domestic and commercial purposes using solar technology. Edwards exports to Asia, the Pacific, the Americas, Europe, Africa and the Middle East.[33]
Origin EnergyOrigin Energy is active in the renewable energy arena, and has spent a number of years developing several wind farms in South Australia, a solar cell business using technology invented by a team led by Professor Andrew Blakers at The Australian National University, with 75W modules to be released soon.[34] and Geothermal power, with Origin's geothermal investment coming from a minority shareholding stake in Geodynamics.[35]
Pacific HydroPacific Hydro is an Australian company that specialises in electricity generation using renewable energy. Its focus is on hydroelectricity and windpower.
SolahartSolahart manufactured its first solar water heater 50 years ago, and products currently manufactured by Solahart include thermosiphon and split system solar and heat pump water heaters. These are marketed in 70 countries

around the world and overseas sales represent 40% of total business. Solahart enjoys a market share of 50% in Australia.[36]

Solar SystemsSolar Systems is a leader in high concentration solar photovoltaic applications,[37][38] and the company is preparing to build the world's largest photovoltaic Solar power station in Victoria, Australia.[39][40] This project will use innovative concentrator dish technology.

Solar Systems has already completed construction of three concentrator dish power stations in the Northern Territory, which together generate 720kW and 1,555,000 kWh per year. This represents a saving of 420,000 litres of diesel fuel and 1550 tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions.[41]

Wind ProspectWind Prospect developed the 46 MW Canunda Wind Farm in South Australia, which was commissioned in March 2005. A second South Australian wind farm, Mt Millar Wind Farm, was commissioned in January 2006 and this provides a further 70 MW of generation. More recently, a third wind farm has reached financial close for Wind Prospect in South Australia. This is the 95 MW Hallett Wind Farm which is expected to be fully commissioned late in 2008.

See also

{{Portal box|Energy|Australia|Environment}}
  • Centre for Energy and Environmental Markets
  • Clean Energy Future Group
  • Effects of global warming on Australia
  • Garnaut Climate Change Review
  • Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy
  • Hugh Saddler
  • List of Australian renewable energy topics
  • List of renewable energy topics by country
  • Martin Green (professor)
  • Renewable energy commercialization
  • The Natural Edge Project
  • Mitigation of global warming in Australia
{{Renewable energy by country}}

Further reading

  • Australian Conservation Foundation (2007). A Bright Future: 25% Renewable Energy for Australia by 2020 27 pages.
  • Australian Government (2007). Australian Government Renewable Energy Policies and Programs 2 pages.
  • CSIRO (2007). Climate Change in Australia: Technical Report 148 pages.
  • CSIRO (2007). Rural Australia Providing Climate Solutions 54 pages.
  • Diesendorf, Mark (2007). Paths to a Low Carbon Future 33 pages.
  • ICLEI Oceania (2007). Biodiesel in Australia: Benefits, Issues and Opportunities for Local Government Uptake 95 pages.
  • New South Wales Government (2006). NSW Renewable Energy Target: Explanatory Paper 17 pages.
  • Office of the Renewable Energy Regulator (2006). Mandatory Renewable Energy Target Overview 5 pages.
  • Renewable Energy Generators Australia (2006). Renewable Energy – A Contribution to Australia’s Environmental and Economic Sustainability 116 pages.
  • The Natural Edge Project, Griffith University, ANU, CSIRO and NFEE (2008). Energy'>Transformed: Sustainable Energy Solutions for Climate Change Mitigation 600+ pages.

References

1. ^How solar ran out of puff Sydney Morning Herald, 17 April 2007.
2. ^The Natural Edge Project (2007).Benefits of Distributed Generation to Supply Base Electricity Demand
3. ^Solar Systems. Solar systems projects
4. ^Solar Systems. Solar systems facts sheet: the technology
5. ^Global Wind Energy Council,Global wind energy markets continue to boom – 2006 another record year
6. ^1 Australia advances with solar power The Times, 26 October 2006.
7. ^1 Queensland Government. Ethanol case studies
8. ^The biofuels promise: updated thinking Ecos, Oct-Nov 2006.
9. ^http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/renewable/recp/biomass/index.html
10. ^http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/04-031sum.html
11. ^1 2 3 Big energy role for central Australia’s hot rocks Mineweb, 2 May 2007.
12. ^Scientists get hot rocks off over green nuclear power Sydney Morning Herald, 12 April 2007.
13. ^1 Australian Business Council for Sustainable Energy. The Australian Photovoltaic Industry Roadmap p. 1.
14. ^1 2 Lovegrove, Keith and Dennis, Mike. Solar thermal energy systems in Australia International Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 63, No. 6, December 2006, p. 797.
15. ^'CSIRO Gets Sun Smart at the National Solar Energy Centre', June 2008, http://www.csiro.au/places/SolarEnergyCentre.html
16. ^'Solar Power Station for Australia', The Warren Centre, Aug 2007, http://www.warren.usyd.edu.au/bulletin/NO51/ed51art6.htm
17. ^Cloncurry to run on solar power: Bligh
18. ^Australian town to run on solar power in 2 years
19. ^Lovegrove, Keith and Dennis, Mike. Solar thermal energy systems in Australia International Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 63, No. 6, December 2006, p. 793.
20. ^1 2 Energy superpower or sustainable energy leader? (PDF) Ecos, Oct-Nov 2007.
21. ^Australian Greenhouse Office, National code for wind farms: A discussion paper May 2006.
22. ^Wind not the answer to our needs The Age, 30 December 2005.
23. ^Australian Government (2004). Securing Australia's Energy Future
24. ^1 {{cite paper|first=Christopher|last=Riedy|title=Subsidies that Encourage Fossil Fuel Use in Australia|version=Working Paper CR2003/01|publisher=University of Technology, Sydney Institute for Sustainable Futures|url=http://www.isf.uts.edu.au/publications/CR_2003_paper.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-07-05}}
25. ^Australian Conservation Foundation (2007). A Bright Future: 25% Renewable Energy for Australia by 2020
26. ^Australians Reject Nuclear Energy Angus Reid Global Monitor, 25 June 2007.
27. ^Australians Reject Nuclear Energy Angus Reid Global Monitor, 25 June 2007.
28. ^First Annual World Environment Review Poll Reveals Countries Want Governments to Take Strong Action on Climate Change Global Market Insite, 5 June 2007.
29. ^Minutes of a meeting of the Low Emissions Technology Advisory Group (LETAG) with the Australian Government 6 May 2006.
30. ^Diesendorf, Mark (2007). Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, p. 109.
31. ^Diesendorf, Mark (2007). Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, p. 107.
32. ^Wind energy round the clock
33. ^Edwards solar hot water
34. ^Origin Energy. SLIVER technology facts sheet
35. ^Geodynamics. Geodynamics: Power from the earth
36. ^Solahart Industries
37. ^Solar Systems.Solar Systems wins National Engineering Excellence award
38. ^Solar technologies reaching new levels of efficiencies in Central Australia ABC Radio Australia, 12 November 2006.
39. ^Solar Systems to Build A$420 million, 154MW Solar Power Plant in Australia
40. ^Solar Systems. Solar Systems home page
41. ^Solar Systems. Solar systems projects

External links

  • Australia no shining star of renewable energy
  • Renewable energy commercialisation in Australia
  • Map of Renewable energy power stations
  • Australia: Renewable Energy Opportunities Down Under
  • MRET policy 'stills wind farm plans'
  • Generation from canals as part of water management in southern New South Wales
  • Green energy market unviable: Vestas
  • Energy giant backs 20% renewables The Sydney Morning Herald, 30 August 2007.
  • Cool wind blows for investors
  • Riches in energy harvesting, farmers told
  • Greens unveil farm renewable energy plan
  • Renewable energy revolution for NSW cane growers
  • Suntech Power to Seek Investment Opportunities in Australia
  • Coalition calls for 'solar continent'
  • Australian breakthrough snapped up - by eager Americans
  • Sun's rays alone 'can power Australia by 2030'
Category:Renewable energy in AustraliaCategory:Science and technology in AustraliaCategory:Climate change in AustraliaRenewable energy in Australia
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