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词条 Ilyushin Il-78
释义

  1. Design and development

  2. Operational history

  3. Variants

  4. Operators

     Former operators 

  5. Refuelling Capability

  6. Specifications (Il-78M)

  7. Refueling Capability

  8. See also

  9. References

     Notes  Bibliography 

  10. External links

{{short description|Soviet/Russian aerial refueling tanker}}{{Multiple issues|{{original research|date=August 2014}}{{Refimprove|article|date=October 2009}}{{Unreliable sources |reason=There are inconsistencies in the transferable fuel load numbers between the GlobalSecurity.org and Airforce-Technology.com pages.|date=December 2018}}
}}
name= Il-78image= File:Ilyushin Il-78M inflight.jpgcaption= An Il-78M of the Russian Air Force

}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type

type= Aerial refueling tankernational origin= Soviet Unionmanufacturer=Ilyushindesigner=first flight=26 June 1983introduced= 1984 (Il-78)retired=status= Active, in productionprimary user= Russian Air Forcemore users= Algerian Air Force
Indian Air Force
Pakistan Air Force		produced= 1984–presentnumber built= 53[1]unit cost =developed from = Ilyushin Il-76variants with their own articles=
}}

The Ilyushin Il-78 ({{lang-ru|Илью́шин Ил-78}}; NATO reporting name Midas) is a Soviet four-engined aerial refueling tanker based on the Il-76 strategic airlifter.

Design and development

The Il-78 tanker was developed and designed in the Ilyushin Aviation Complex in Russia. The main reason behind its development was an expansion of the transferable fuel load of an earlier version of tanker, the Il-76.[2]

The Il-78 has a total transferable fuel load of {{convert|85720|kg|||}}, which includes {{convert|28000|kg|||}} from a pair of {{convert|18230|L|adj=on||}} tanks in the freight hold. In comparison, the Il-76 has a capacity of only {{convert|10000|kg|||}}.[2]

Operational history

All Russian Air Force Il-78s are now part of the special 203rd "Orlovski" Regiment of aerial tankers, based at Dyagilevo (air base).{{cn|date=December 2018}}

Variants

Il-78
The Il-78 was the original production version with two removable fuselage tanks and a maximum transferable load of 85.72 tonnes (188,540 lb).
Il-78T
Alternative designation for Il-78 due to retention of all cargo handling equipment and convertible freight hold.[3]
Il-78M
The Il-78M entered service in 1987 as a dedicated tanker equipped with three permanent fuselage tanks, a higher gross weight of 210 tonnes, and no cargo door or cargo handling equipment. The cargo ramp is retained but non-functional. Total fuel capacity is 138 tonnes (303,600 lb), of which 105.7 tonnes (232,540 lb) is transferable.[4]
Il-78M-90A (Il-478)
An upgraded variant based on the Il-76MD-90A. The first prototype was rolled out on 29 November 2017 at the Aviastar-SP facility in Ulyanovsk.[5] It performed its maiden flight on 25 January 2018.[6]
Il-78ME
Export version of Il-78M.
Il-78MKI
Customized variant of the Il-78ME for the Indian Air Force. These Uzbekistan-built planes are fitted with Israeli fuel transfer systems and can refuel six-eight Sukhoi Su-30MKIs in one mission.[7][8]
Il-78MP
Multi-role aerial refuelling tanker/transport aircraft, with removable fuel tanks in cargo hold and UPAZ refuelling pods, for the Pakistan Air Force,[9][10] and Chinese Air Force.[11]

Operators

{{ALG}}
  • Algerian Air Force – 4 Il-78 in service[13]
{{ANG}}
  • Angolan Ministry of Defence – 1 Il-78 ordered from Ukraine in 2001. Disposed of refueling equipment and rebuilt into the Il-76TD standard.[14]
{{CHN}}
  • Chinese Air Force – 3 Il-78MP in service[12]
{{IND}}
  • Indian Air Force – 6 Il-78MKI in service. The Indian Air Force refers to the aircraft as "MARS" (Mid Air Refuelling System) and has raised a new unit 78 Squadron. India is also considering procurement of six more Il-78 after scrapping deal with Airbus.[13]
{{LBY}}
  • Libyan Air Force – 1 Il-78E bought in 1989.[14] The aircraft wasn't seen airborne since 2005.[15]
{{PAK}}
  • Pakistan Air Force – 4 Il-78MP aircraft were ordered from Ukrainian surplus aircraft stocks, fitted with removable fuel tanks and UPAZ refuelling pods.[9][10] The first of the four aircraft was delivered in December 2009.[16][17] A total of four Il-78MPs have been delivered to the PAF as of May 2012.
{{RUS}}
  • Russian Air Force – 7 Il-78 and 12 Il-78M in service[18]{{vs|date=December 2018}}
    • 43rd Center for Combat Application and Training of Aircrew for Long Range Aviation – Dyagilevo (air base), Ryazan Oblast[19][20]
    • 203rd Guards Air Refuelling Regiment[21]

Former operators

{{USSR}}
  • Soviet Air Forces – aircraft were transferred to the Ukrainian Air Force after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
    • 106th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division – Uzyn Air Base, Kiev Oblast, Ukrainian SSR[22]
    • 409th Aviation Regiment of tanker aircraft[23]
{{UKR}}
  • Ukrainian Air Force – inherited 21 Il-78 aircraft after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since 1993, some of the aircraft were disposed of their refueling equipment and used as cargo aircraft, the other ones were sold to Algeria, India, Pakistan and China, where they are used for air refueling operations.[24][25]
    • 106th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division – Uzyn Air Base, Kiev Oblast[22]
    • 409th Aviation Regiment of tanker aircraft[23]
{{USA}}
  • In 2005, an Ukrainian Il-78 was bought by the North American Tactical Aviation Inc (NATA), an American private company with an aim to operate the aircraft for contracted refuelling to United States military by various companies. The aircraft latter passed under ownership of the Air Support Systems LLC and got an American civilian registration N78GF. Afterwards, it was mothballed at the North Texas Regional Airport, Texas for 2.5 years. In 2009, it departed from the airport with an Ukrainian crew hired by NATA and was heading to the Wittman Regional Airport, Wisconsin to refuel before leaving the U.S. airspace on the way to Pakistan. As a result of a restraining order, the aircraft was diverted to the Sawyer International Airport, Michigan where it is grounded until today. In 2010, the aircraft was purchased by the Temco Industries Inc and in 2012 it was acquired by the Bank of Utah Trustee.[26][27][28]

Refuelling Capability

Transferable Fuel Load in t[29][30][31]
DistanceIl-78Il-78M
1000 km 42 74
2000 km 24 56
3000 km 15 40

Specifications (Il-78M)

{{Aircraft specs
|ref= Ilyushin,[32] UAC,[33]
|prime units?=met


|crew=six
|capacity= Max 100,000 kg payload (T-6 military jet fuel)[34]
|length m=46.59
|span m=50.5
|height m=14.76
|wing area sqm=300
|empty weight kg=72,000
|max takeoff weight kg=210,000
|more general=

  • Special equipment: 3 x UPAZ-1M 'Sakhalin', (unifitsirovaniy podvesnoy agregat zaprahvki;— standardised suspended refuelling unit), refuelling pods; Two on pylons under the outer wings, and the third on the port side of the rear fuselage.
  • Fuel transfer rate: 900 to 2,200 liters/min


|eng1 number=4
|eng1 name=Aviadvigatel D-30 KP
|eng1 type=turbofan engines
|eng1 kn=118


|max speed kmh=850
|range km=7,300
|ceiling m=12,000
|thrust/weight=0.23
|

Refueling Capability

Transferable Fuel Load in t[29][30][31]
DistanceIl-78Il-78M
1000 km 42 74
2000 km 24 56
3000 km 15 40

}}

See also

{{aircontent|
|related=
  • {{annotated link|Ilyushin Il-76}}

|similar aircraft=
  • {{annotated link|Vickers VC10}}
  • {{annotated link|Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker}}
  • {{annotated link|McDonnell Douglas KC-10 Extender}}

|lists=
|see also=
}}

References

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|publisher=AeroTransport Data Bank |url=http://www.aerotransport.org |title=Il-78 Production Numbers}}
2. ^1 {{cite web |title=IL-78 Midas Air-to-Air Refuelling / Transport Aircraft |url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/ilyushin-il-78/ |publisher=Airforce Technology |accessdate=27 December 2018}}
3. ^IL-78 Midas Air-to-Air Refuelling / Transport Aircraft, Russia{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=August 2016}}
4. ^{{cite book|first1=Yefim |last1=Gordon |first2=Dmitriy |last2=Kommissarov |title=Ilyushin Il-76, Russia's Versatile Airlifter|year=2002|publisher=Midland|isbn=1-85780-106-7}}
5. ^{{cite journal|url=https://bmpd.livejournal.com/2977891.html |title=В Ульяновске выкачен первый самолет-заправщик Ил-78М-90А |publisher=bmpd.livejournal.com |date=30 November 2017 |accessdate=1 December 2017}}
6. ^{{cite news |quote=The maiden flight of the new Ilyushin Il-78M-90A aerial refuelling tanker for the Russian Aerospace Forces (VKS) took place on 25 January. The 35-minute flight took place out of the Aviastar-SP production facility located in Ulyanovsk, approximately 600 km east of Moscow. |publisher=Jane's Information Group |url=http://www.janes.com/article/77387/russia-marks-maiden-flight-of-il-78m-90a-tanker |title=Russia marks maiden flight of Il-78M-90A tanker |first=Gareth |last=Jennings |date=January 26, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite news|title=IAF to get 5th IL-78 refueller soon|first=Amit |last=Mukherjee|publisher=The TImes of India|date= September 29, 2004|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IAF-to-get-5th-IL-78-refueller-soon/articleshow/867031.cms?flstry=1}}
8. ^http://www.indian-military.org/air-force/support/air-to-air-refuellers/9-ilyushin-il-78mki-midas.html{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
9. ^1 {{cite news|title=Pakistan Eyes Boost in Transport, Lift|first=Usman|last=Ansari|date=3 November 2008|publisher=Defense News|url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3801474}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
10. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Pakistan-Receiving-IL-78-Refueling-aircraft-05191/|title=Pakistan Receiving IL-78 Refuelling aircraft |date=2008-12-08|publisher=Defense Industry Daily|accessdate=2009-07-24}}
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://mil.huanqiu.com/mlitaryvision/2014-03/2731072.html|title=中国空军急需空中奶妈 新曝伊尔-78非最强版 |date=2014-03-27|publisher=www.huanqiu.com|accessdate=2014-03-27}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://sinodefence.com/transport-tanker-aircraft/|title=Transport / Tanker Aircraft|publisher=SinoDefence|accessdate=2014-04-23|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417002238/http://sinodefence.com/transport-tanker-aircraft/|archivedate=2014-04-17|df=}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://in.rbth.com/economics/defence/2016/08/02/india-considers-buying-russian-il-78-after-ending-airbus-deal_617119|title=India considers buying Russian IL-78 after ending Airbus deal|first=|last=Sputnik|date=2 August 2016|work=rbth.com|accessdate=2 August 2016}}
14. ^1 {{cite web |last = |first = |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-world-air-forces-maintaining-strength-443655/|title = World Air Forces 2018 |work= |publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 2018 |doi = |accessdate= 16 December 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://russianplanes.net/reginfo/6288|title=Ильюшин Ил-78 Бортовой №: 5A-DLL|website=russianplanes.net|accessdate=28 January 2019}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Pakistan-Receiving-IL-78-Refueling-aircraft-05191/|title=Pakistan Receiving IL-78 Refueling aircraft |date=2008-12-08|publisher=Defense Industry Daily|accessdate=2009-07-24}}
17. ^{{cite news|publisher=GEO Pakistan |title=First aircraft tanker arrives in Pakistan: PAF |date=December 19, 2009 |url=http://www.geo.tv/12-19-2009/55073.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416080659/http://www.geo.tv/12-19-2009/55073.htm |archivedate=April 16, 2010 |df= }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://russianplanes.net/regsearch/?search=Ил-78&setyp=&sefactory=&airline=&airline2=&status=&status2=&therearephotos=&date=|title=russianplanes.net наша авиация|website=russianplanes.net|accessdate=16 December 2018}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/division/schools/43tsbppls.htm|title=43rd Center for Combat Employment and Retraining of Personnel DA|website=ww2.dk|accessdate=28 January 2019}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vitalykuzmin.net/Military/43TsBPiPLS/|title=43rd Center for Combat Application and Training of Aircrew for Long Range Aviation|website=vitalykuzmin.net|accessdate=28 January 2019}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/regiment/bap/203gvtbap.htm|title=203rd Guards Orlovskiy Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment|website=ww2.dk|accessdate=28 January 2019}}
22. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/division/bad/106tbad.htm|title=106th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division im. 60th anniversary SSSR|website=ww2.dk|accessdate=28 January 2019}}
23. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/regiment/bap/409apsz.htm|title=409th Aviation Regiment of tanker aircraft|website=ww2.dk|accessdate=28 January 2019}}
24. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://bmpd.livejournal.com/2102432.html|title=Судьба украинских самолетов-заправщиков Ил-78|website=bmpd.livejournal.com|date=3 September 2016|accessdate=28 January 2019}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.airwar.ru/history/locwar/xussr/il78ukr/il78_ukraine.html|title=Ил-78 на Украине|website=airwar.ru|accessdate=28 January 2019}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/ukraine/il-78.htm|title=Il-78M Midas Ukraine|website=globalsecurity.org|date=|accessdate=16 December 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://flightaware.com/resources/registration/N78GF|title=N78GF Aircraft Registration|website=flightaware.com|date=|accessdate=16 December 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=78GF&x=0&y=0|title=FAA Registry for N78GF|website=registry.faa.gov|date=|accessdate=16 December 2018}}
29. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.uac-ta.ru/productsall/2009-11-02-11-30-36/-78.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-11-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BvyWBPFR?url=http://www.uac-ta.ru/productsall/2009-11-02-11-30-36/-78.html |archivedate=2012-11-04 |df= }}
30. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ilyushin.org/aircrafts/special_aircraft/319/|title=Ил-78МКИ - ОАО "Ил"|author=|date=|work=ilyushin.org|accessdate=2 August 2016}}
31. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ilyushin.org/aircrafts/special_aircraft/317/|title=Ил-78 - ОАО "Ил"|author=|date=|work=ilyushin.org|accessdate=2 August 2016}}
32. ^ Ilyushin.
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.uac-ta.ru/productsall/2009-11-02-11-30-36/-78.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-11-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6BvyWBPFR?url=http://www.uac-ta.ru/productsall/2009-11-02-11-30-36/-78.html |archivedate=2012-11-04 |df= }}UAC.
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/il-78.htm|title=Il-78 MIDAS|first=John|last=Pike|date=|work=globalsecurity.org|accessdate=2 August 2016}}

Bibliography

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite book|last=Gordon|first= Yefim|title= OKB Ilyushin: a history of the design bureau and its aircraft |year=2004|publisher= Ian Allan|isbn= 1-85780-187-3}}
{{refend}}{{aviation.ru}}

External links

{{Commons category|Ilyushin Il-78}}
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20050207150416/http://www.aviation.ru/Il/#78 Il-78 at aviation.ru]
  • Museum of 203 regiment {{ru icon}}
  • Role of IL-78 strategic tanker in Pakistan Air Force www.PAFwallpapers.com
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090716130710/http://www.indian-military.org/air-force/support/air-to-air-refuellers/9-ilyushin-il-78mki-midas.html IL-78MKI Midas at indian military database]
{{Ilyushin aircraft}}

6 : Ilyushin aircraft|Soviet military tanker aircraft 1980–1989|Quadjets|High-wing aircraft|T-tail aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1983
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