| 词条 | Imperial Fascist League |
| 释义 |
| name = Imperial Fascist League | native_name = | native_name_lang = | lang1 = | name_lang1 = | lang2 = | name_lang2 = | lang3 = | name_lang3 = | lang4 = | name_lang4 = | logo = Emblem of the Imperial Fascist League.svg | logo_size = 110px | caption = Emblem of the Imperial Fascist League | colorcode = black | abbreviation = | leader = | president = | chairperson = | general_secretary = | first_secretary = | secretary_general = | presidium = | secretary = | spokesperson = | founder = Arnold Leese | leader1_title = Director-General | leader1_name = Arnold Leese | leader2_title = | leader2_name = | leader3_title = | leader3_name = | leader4_title = | leader4_name = | leader5_title = | leader5_name = | slogan = St George Our Guide! | founded = 1929 | legalised = | dissolved = 1939 | merger = | split = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | headquarters = | newspaper = | think_tank = | student_wing = | youth_wing = | wing1_title = | wing1 = | wing2_title = | wing2 = | wing3_title = | wing3 = | membership_year = | membership = | ideology = National Socialism Anti-Semitism Fascism (Initially) | position = Far-right | religion = | national = | international = Nazi Germany | european = | europarl = | affiliation1_title = | affiliation1 = | colors = | anthem = | symbol = | flag = | country = United Kingdom }} The Imperial Fascist League (IFL) was a British fascist political movement founded by Arnold Leese in 1929 after he broke away from the British Fascists. It included a blackshirted paramilitary arm called the Fascists Legion, modeled after the Italian Fascisti. The group espoused anti-Semitism and the dominance of the 'Aryan race' in a 'Racial Fascist Corporate State', especially after Leese met Nazi Party propagandist Julius Streicher, the virulently racist publisher of Der Stürmer; the group later indirectly received funding from the Nazis. Although it had only between 150 and 500 members at maximum, its public profile was higher than its membership numbers would indicate. After the IFL turned down a merger with the British Union of Fascists in 1932, due to policy differences, the BUF mounted a campaign against the IFL, physically breaking up its meetings and fabricating phony plans that showed the IFL planning to attack the BUF's headquarters, which were passed on to the British government. The Imperial Fascist League went into a steep decline upon the outbreak of World War II, after Leese declared his allegiance to "King and country", to the displeasure of pro-German members. Nevertheless, Leese was interned under wartime security regulations, and the IFL was not reformed after the war. OriginsLeese had originally been a member of the British Fascists and indeed had been one of only two members ever to hold elected office for them (as a councillor in Stamford).[1] However he split from the BF around 1927 and decamped to London where in 1929 he established both the IFL and its organ The Fascist.[1] The Fascists Legions, a blackshirted paramilitary arm, was soon added under the command of Leslie H. Sherrard.[2] The group initially advocated such policies as corporatism, monetary reform and the removal of citizenship from Jews.[2] It had no more than 500 members[3] and may have had as few as 150.[4] The group was initially led by Brigadier-General Erskine Tulloch although real power lay with Leese, who was confirmed as Director-General in 1932.[5] Henry Hamilton Beamish, head of The Britons, served as vice-president of the IFL and was a regular speaker at the movement's events.[6] National SocialismThe IFL soon shifted away from Italian fascism (it originally used the fasces as its emblem) after Leese met Nazi Party propagandist Julius Streicher in Germany. Soon anti-Semitism became the central theme of IFL policy and its new programme, the 'Racial Fascist Corporate State', stressed the supremacy of the 'Aryan race'.[7] The IFL altered its flag so that it featured the Union Flag superimposed with the swastika.[3] As a result of this conversion the IFL enjoyed a higher profile than its membership might suggest, in large part due to the funding it received from Nazi Germany paid through the English correspondent for the Völkischer Beobachter Dr. Hans Wilhelm Thost.[3] Indeed, by the mid-1930s the IFL had turned against the Italian model so much that it denounced Benito Mussolini as a "pro-Semite", claiming that the Second Italo-Ethiopian War had been organised by Jews.[8] Arrival of the BUFIn 1932 Robert Forgan approached the IFL and suggested that they should merge into Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists but the offer was declined.[9] Leese rejected any overtures from Mosley due to the latter's initial reluctance to make anti-Semitism a central theme, leading to Leese dismissing Mosley as a "kosher fascist".[10] He even dubbed the BUF the "British Jewnion of Fascists" over the issue.[11] One of their biggest differences was the fact that the IFL held a biological view of anti-Semitism, the belief that the Jews were inherently inferior as a race, in contrast to the BUF, whose eventual adoption of anti-Semitism was framed in ideas about the Jews' supposed undue influence at the top echelons of society.[12] By 1933 the BUF decided to act against the renegade IFL, with Blackshirts attacking a number of meetings. This campaign culminated in an incident in Great Portland Street, when fifty Blackshirts disguised as communists invaded the stage to attack Leese, before causing considerable damage to the hall in an attempt to force a large repair bill onto the IFL.[13] The BUF even passed fabricated evidence of an IFL plot to attack its headquarters to the Home Office.[14] By 1939, with the IFL's influence diminished, the rivalry had cooled to the point where the BUF bookshop in Canterbury was prepared to stock IFL pamphlets.[15] Although rejecting a merger with the BUF, the IFL was linked to the Nordic League through Commander E. H. Cole, a staunch advocate of the Russian Czarist hoax The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, who served as chancellor of the League as well as being a leading IFL member.[16] Before long both Leese and P. J. Ridout also became members of this group, membership of which encompassed most shades of far right activity.[17] DeclineThe outbreak of the Second World War caused the small group to fall apart as Leese declared loyalty to King and country and renamed the group the Angles Circle but this stance was rejected by some pro-German members such as Tony Gittens, Harold Lockwood and Bertie Mills.[18] It proved to be academic however as in 1940 Leese was interned under Defence Regulation 18B and although he continued to be politically active after the war the IFL was not reformed.[19] His formation of the National Workers Movement in 1948 meant the final end for the IFL.[20] See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^1 Benewick, p. 44 Bibliography2. ^1 Benewick, p. 45 3. ^1 2 Dorril, p. 203 4. ^Thurlow, p. 64 5. ^Thurlow, p. 71 6. ^Thurlow, p. 70 7. ^Benewick, pp.45-6 8. ^Griffiths, p. 100 9. ^Dorril, p. 194 10. ^Dorril, p. 204 11. ^Thurlow, p. 75 12. ^Benewick, pp. 22-3 13. ^Dorril, p. 262 14. ^Dorril, p. 276 15. ^Benewick, p. 278 16. ^Dorril, p. 425 17. ^Dorril, p. 426 18. ^Thurlow, p. 170 19. ^Benewick, pp. 46-7 20. ^Thurlow, p. 248
External links
7 : Political parties established in 1929|Political parties disestablished in 1940|Fascist parties in the United Kingdom|Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom|Far-right politics in the United Kingdom|1929 establishments in the United Kingdom|1940 disestablishments in the United Kingdom |
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