词条 | Inayat Khan |
释义 |
| honorific prefix = Hazrat | name = Inayat Khan {{nq|عنایت خان}} | birth_name = Inayat Rehmat Khan Pathan | birth_date = 5 July 1882 | birth_place = Baroda, Bombay Presidency, British India | death_date = 5 February 1927 (age 44) | death_place = New Delhi, British India | spouse = Pirani Ameena Begum | profession = Musician, Pir, Saint | religion = Islam | denomination = Inayati | creed = Sufism | jurisprudence = Inayati | children = Vilayat, Hidayat, Noor, Khair-un-Nissa Inayat Khan | title = Pir of Dances of Universal Peace | successor = Vilayat | image = Hazrat Inayat Khan 1916.jpg }}{{Infobox saint | name = Inayat Khan {{nq|خان عنایت}} | venerated_in = Inayati | major_shrine = Universal Sufi Temple, Netherlands | image = Soefietempel Katwijk.jpg | caption = Tomb of Hazrat Inayat Khan. }}{{EngvarB|date=June 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}{{Universal Sufism}} Hazrat Inayat Rehmat Khan Pathan (Urdu: {{nq|حضرت عنایت رحمت خان پٹھان}}) (5 July 1882 – 5 February 1927) was the founder of the Sufi Order in the West in 1914 (London) and teacher of Universal Sufism. He initially came to the West as a Northern Indian classical musician, having received the honorific "Tansen" from the Nizam of Hyderabad, but he soon turned to the introduction and transmission of Sufi thought and practice. Later, in 1923, the Sufi Order of the London period was dissolved into a new organization, formed under Swiss law, called the "International Sufi Movement". His message of divine unity (Tawhid) focused on the themes of love, harmony, and beauty. He taught that blind adherence to any book rendered religion devoid of spirit. Branches of Inayat Khan's movement can be found in the Netherlands, France, England, Germany, the United States, Canada, Russia and Australia. In his various written works, such as the Music of Life[1] and The Mysticism of Sound and Music,[2] Inayat Khan interlocks his passion for music with his Sufi ideologies making a compelling argument for music as the harmonious thread of the Universe. Life"Hazrat" is an honorific title meaning, roughly, "honorable." Inayat Khan's full name was Inayat Rehmat Khan Pathan.[3] He was born in Baroda to a noble family. On his paternal side (made of mystics and poets) he descended from Pashtuns of Afghanistan initially settled in Sialkot, Punjab,[4][5]. His maternal grandfather, Ustad Maula Bakhsh Khan (1833–1896), called the 'Beethoven of India',[6][7] founded, thanks to the local ruler Maharaja Sayajirao, Gyanshala, an academy of Indian music, and in fact the first of its kind in India,[8] in Vadodara (nowadays serving as the Faculty of Performing Arts, Maharaja Sayajirao University). Inayat Khan's maternal grandmother (wife of Maula Bakhsh Khan), Qasim Bibi, was a granddaughter of Tipu Sultan, the famous eighteenth century ruler of Mysore.[9]Primarily he represented the Chishti Order of Sufism, having received initiation into the Nizamiyya sub-branch of that order from Shaykh Muhammed Abu Hashim Madani, but was also initiated into the Suhrawardiyya, Qadiriyya and Naqshbandi. His spiritual lineage (Silsila), as compiled by Pir Zia Inayat Khan,[10] follows a traditional lineage from Ali ibn Abi Talib, through Abu Ishaq Shami (d. 940), the founder of the Chishti order, to Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi (d. 1356). With the Shaykh's encouragement, he left India in 1910 to come to the West, traveling first as a touring musician and then as a teacher of Sufism, visiting three continents. Eventually he married Ora Ray Baker (Pirani Ameena Begum), a second-cousin of Christian Science founder Mary Baker Eddy[11][12][13][14] and whose half-brother was the well-known American yogi Pierre Bernard,[15][16] from New Mexico, and they had had four children; Noor-un-Nisa (1914), Vilayat (1916), Hidayat (1917) and Khair-un-Nissa (1919). The family settled in Suresnes near Paris. In 1922, during a summer school, Inayat Khan had a spiritual experience in the South Dunes in Katwijk, The Netherlands. He immediately told his students to meditate and proclaimed the place holy. In 1969 the Universal Sufi Temple was built there. Khan returned to India at the end of 1926 and there chose the site of his tomb, the Nizamuddin Dargah complex in Delhi where the founder of the Nizami Chishtiyya, Shaykh Nizamuddin Auliya (died 1325), is buried. Khan died shortly after, on 5 February 1927. Foundational principlesInayat Khan set forth ten principles that formed the foundational principles of his Universal Sufism:[17]
Inayat Khan's emphasis on spiritual liberty led many contemporary Westerners to think that his brand of Sufism is not inherently intertwined with Islam, although his followers continue to perform Zikr. There is a precedent of masters of the Chishti and some other orders not requiring non-Muslim followers to convert to Islam. The number of non-Muslim Sufis before the twentieth century, however, was usually relatively few.[18] CriticismSOE instructors investigating the family background of his daughter Noor had very negative things to say about Inayat Khan and saw his influence on his children as detrimental to them.[19]BibliographyBooks
Articles
MusicOnce a classical musician, Hazrat Inayat Khan let go of his greatest attachment-his musical career- to become a Sufist Master, as is the tradition in Sufism.[20] Immersing himself in the Sufist ideology, he found a link between his former life as a musician and his new journey along the spiritual path. Khan saw harmony as the "music of the spheres" which linked all mankind and had the ability to transcend one's spiritual awareness. Inayat Khan's most influential and well known book, The Music of Life, is the definitive collection of Hazrat Inayat Khan's teachings on sound, presenting his vision of the harmony which encompasses every aspect of our lives. He explores the science of breath, the law of rhythm, the creative process, and both the healing power and psychological influence of music and sound. "What makes us feel drawn to music is that our whoIe being is music; our mind and our body, the nature in which we live, the nature that has made us, all that is beneath and around us, it is all music. We are close to all this music, and live and move and have our being in music. The mystery of sound is mysticism; the harmony of life is religion. The knowledge of vibrations is metaphysics, the analysis of atoms is science, and their harmonious grouping is art. The rhythm of form is poetry, and the rhythm of sound is music. This shows that music is the art of arts and the science of all sciences; and it contains the fountain of all knowledge within itself." "Music should be healing; music should uplift the soul; music should inspire. There is no better way of getting closer to God, of rising higher towards the spirit, of attaining spiritual perfection than music, if only it is rightly understood." – Quote from The Music of Life Below are some recordings of Inayat Khan's performances during his years as an Indian Classical Musician. It is important to note that although he is the founder of Western Sufism and a musician, the music in these recordings is not associated with Sufi Music – the religious music associated with Sufism.
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Hazrat Inayat|title=The music of life|date=2005|publisher=Omega Press|location=New Lebanon, N.Y.|isbn=9780930872380|edition=Omega uniform ed., 1988.}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Hazrat Inayat|title=The mysticism of sound and music|date=1996|publisher=Shambhala|location=Boston [u.a.]|isbn=9781570622311|edition=1. Shambhala}} 3. ^Susheela Misra, Great masters of Hindustani music, Hem Publishers (1981), p. 106 4. ^Vilayat Inayat Khan, The Message in Our Time: The Life and Teaching of the Sufi Master, Pir-O-Murshid Inayat Khan, Harper & Row (1978), p. 28 5. ^Zia Inayat-Khan, A Hybrid Sufi Order at the Crossroads of Modernity: The Sufi Order and Sufi Movement of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan, ProQuest (2006), p. 80 6. ^Elisabeth Keesing, Inayat Khan: A Biography, East-West Publications Limited (1974), p.95 7. ^Carol Ann Sokoloff in Inayat Khan, The Mysticism of Sound, Ekstasis Editions (2002), p. 11 8. ^Carol Ann Sokoloff in Inayat Khan, The Mysticism of Sound, Ekstasis Editions (2002), p. 9 9. ^Parvati Raghuram, Tracing an Indian Diaspora: Contexts, Memories, Representations, SAGE Publications India (2008), p. 241 10. ^Silsila / Shajara – The Chain of Spiritual Transmission 11. ^Edward E. Curtis, The Columbia Sourcebook of Muslims in the United States, Columbia University Press (2009), p. 47 12. ^Phillip Gowins, Practical Sufism: A Guide to the Spiritual Path Based on the Teachings of Pir Vilayat Inayat Khan, Quest Books (2010), p.6 13. ^{{citation | last1 = Melton | first1 = J. Gordon | authorlink1 = J. Gordon Melton | title = Religious leaders of America | publisher = Gale Research | year = 1999 | location = Detroit, Michigan | edition = 2 | page = 299 | isbn = 0810388782 | oclc = 41000889}} 14. ^{{citation | last1 = Melton | first1 = J. Gordon | authorlink1 = J. Gordon Melton | last2 = Clark | first2 = Jerome | authorlink2 = Jerome Clark | last3 = Kelly | first3 = Aidan A. | authorlink3 = Aidan A. Kelly | title = New Age Encyclopedia | publisher = Gale Research | year = 1990 | location = Detroit, Michigan | page = 442 | isbn = 0810371596 | oclc = 20022610}} 15. ^Zia Inayat-Khan, A Hybrid Sufi Order at the Crossroads of Modernity: The Sufi Order and Sufi Movement of Pir-o-Murshid Inayat Khan, ProQuest (2006), p. 79 16. ^Jean-François Mayer, Les nouvelles voies spirituelles: enquête sur la religiosité parallèle en Suisse, L'age D'homme (1993), p. 168 17. ^In The Spiritual Message of Inayat Khan, Volume I – The Way of Illumination, VOLUME I – I – 1 at wahiduddin.net 18. ^Carl Ernst and Bruce Lawrence, Sufi Martyrs of Love, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, p.142. {{ISBN|1-4039-6027-5}}. 19. ^Shrabani Basu in Spy Princess {{ISBN|978-0-930872-79-3}} p. 92 20. ^{{cite web|title=Khan Introduction|url=https://inch.com/~ari/hik3.html|website=inch.com}} External links
14 : 1882 births|1927 deaths|Chishtis|Indian Sufis|Gujarati people|Indian people of Pashtun descent|Founders of new religious movements|Sufi mystics|Sufi psychology|Universalists|Ināyati Sufis|Indian music|People from Vadodara|Indian emigrants to France |
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