“IND Eighth Avenue Line”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The IND Eighth Avenue Line is a rapid transit line in New York City, United States, and is part of the B Division of the New York City Subway. Opened in 1932, it was the first line of the Independent Subway System (IND), and the Eighth Avenue Subway name was also applied by New Yorkers to the entire IND system.^[4]^[5]^[6]

The line runs from 207th Street in Inwood south to an interlocking south of High Street in Brooklyn Heights, including large sections under St. Nicholas Avenue, Central Park West, and Eighth Avenue. The entire length is underground, though the 207th Street Yard, which branches off near the north end, is on the surface. Flying junctions are provided with the IND Concourse Line, IND Sixth Avenue Line, and IND Queens Boulevard Line.

Most of the line has four tracks, with one local and one express track in each direction, except for the extreme north and south ends, where only the two express tracks continue. Internally, the line is chained as Line "A", with tracks A1, A3, A4, and A2 from west to east,^[7] running from approximately 800 at the south end^[8] to 1540 at the north end (measured in feet).^[9]

The whole line is served at all times by the A train, which runs express except during late nights. The C provides local service south of 168th Street while the A runs express. In addition, the B provides weekday local service and the D full-time express service between the Concourse Line (145th Street) and Sixth Avenue Line (59th Street–Columbus Circle) junctions, and the E runs local from the Queens Boulevard Line junction at 50th Street south to World Trade Center. The A, C, and E are colored {{NYCS const|color|blue}} on signs because they run via Eighth Avenue through Midtown Manhattan, while the B and D are {{NYCS const|color|orange}} since they use the Sixth Avenue Line through Midtown Manhattan.^[10]

Extent and service

The following services use part or all of the Eighth Avenue Line.^[11] The trunk line's bullets are colored {{NYCS const|color|blue}}:

The Eighth Avenue Line begins as a two-track subway under Broadway at 207th Street in Inwood. A flying junction just to the south brings two tracks from the 207th Street Yard between the main tracks, merging after Dyckman Street. The subway leaves Broadway to pass under Fort Tryon Park to the north end of Fort Washington Avenue, which it follows to roughly 175th Street before turning southeast under private property.^[9]

The small 174th Street Yard lies under Broadway, with two tracks exiting to the south under that roadway.^[9] When the George Washington Bridge was designed in the 1920s, provisions were made for a lower deck that would carry these two tracks north from the yard and across the bridge, as well as two commuter rail tracks.^[12]^[13] However, when the lower level was added in 1962, it instead carried a roadway.

The two main tracks from Fort Washington Avenue enter Broadway near 172nd Street, curving and running underneath a public school (PS173M) at 174th Street, and other private property, and the yard tracks in a double-decker tunnel. A few blocks later, the lower tracks separate to straddle the yard tracks at 168th Street. The local/express split begins here, with the local tracks coming from the yard and the express tracks coming from Inwood. Contrary to standard practice, the two local tracks are in the center and the two express tracks are on the outside. Except during late nights, the local service (C) ends at 168th Street, reversing direction on the yard tracks; the A runs to 207th Street at all times, express except during late nights. South of 168th Street, the express (outer) tracks lower below the local tracks, forming another double-decker tunnel, this time under St. Nicholas Avenue.^[9]

North of 145th Street, the lower (express) tracks rise into the center, and the three-track IND Concourse Line enters St. Nicholas Avenue below the four-track Eighth Avenue Line. 145th Street is a two-level transfer station, with two island platforms on each level. To the south, the Concourse Line tracks rise and merge with the Eighth Avenue Line, carrying the B onto the local tracks and the D onto the express tracks. The resulting four-track line continues south under St. Nicholas Avenue and Eighth Avenue (Frederick Douglass Boulevard), which becomes Central Park West at 110th Street.^[9]

Most of the line under Central Park West is built on two levels with both local tracks to the west and only local stations. The two northbound tracks are above the two southbound tracks. Approaching 59th Street–Columbus Circle, where Central Park West becomes Eighth Avenue, the subway again spreads out into a single four-track level.^[9]

A flying junction south of 59th Street takes B and D trains east under 53rd Street, merging with two tracks from 57th Street to become the four-track IND Sixth Avenue Line. The two-track IND Queens Boulevard Line, also in 53rd Street, curves south into a lower level of the 50th Street station, and merges to the south, taking E trains onto the local tracks. An unused southbound-only lower level at 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal was formerly accessed only from the southbound track from the Queens Boulevard Line. Plans for the 7 Subway Extension required partially demolishing the lower level to make room for the new IRT Flushing Line tracks.^[9]

The four-track line continues south under Eighth Avenue to 14th Street, where it turns southeast under Greenwich Avenue and south under Sixth Avenue, above the four-track IND Sixth Avenue Line. The two-level West Fourth Street–Washington Square station allows easy transfers between the two lines. Just to the south are track connections between the local tracks of each line, not used by current normal service patterns. The Sixth Avenue Line turns east into Houston Street after passing the connections.^[9]

The four tracks continue south under Church Street, with two separate but connected stations at World Trade Center at the end of the local tracks and Chambers Street on the express tracks. The two express tracks turn east under Fulton Street, crossing the East River through the Cranberry Street Tunnel into Cranberry Street in Brooklyn. Cranberry Street leads to High Street, from which the line turns south into Jay Street, straddled by the two-track IND Sixth Avenue Line from the Rutgers Street Tunnel. The Eighth and Sixth Avenue Lines end, becoming the IND Fulton Street Line and IND Culver Line, at crossovers (currently unused) allowing trains to switch between the two, located between High Street and Jay Street–MetroTech. Both the A and C trains continue along the Fulton Street Line.^[9]

History

Planning and construction

As early as March 1918, soon after the BMT Broadway Line opened to Times Square–42nd Street, plans were being considered for an extension beyond the stubs at 57th Street (which was not yet open) to the Upper West Side and Washington Heights via Central Park West (Eighth Avenue).^[17] On August 3, 1923, the New York City Board of Estimate approved the Washington Heights Line, an extension of the Broadway Line to Washington Heights. The line was to have four tracks from Central Park West at 64th Street under Central Park West, Eighth Avenue, Saint Nicholas Avenue, and private property to 173rd Street, and two tracks under Fort Washington Avenue to 193rd Street. South of 64th Street, one two-track line would connect to the Broadway Line stubs at 57th Street, and another would continue under Eighth Avenue to 30th Street at Penn Station, with provisions to continue downtown.^[18]^[19]

Mayor John Hylan instead wanted to build an independent subway system, operated by the city. The New York City Board of Transportation gave preliminary approval to several lines in Manhattan, including one on Eighth Avenue, on December 9, 1924. The main portion of the already-approved Washington Heights Line—the mostly-four track line north of 64th Street—was included, but was to continue north from 193rd Street to 207th Street. South of 64th Street, the plan called for four tracks in Eighth Avenue, Greenwich Avenue, the planned extension of Sixth Avenue, and Church Street. Two tracks would turn east under Fulton Street or Wall Street and under the East River to Downtown Brooklyn.^[20]^[21]

A groundbreaking ceremony was held at St. Nicholas Avenue and 123rd Street on March 14, 1925.^[22] Most of the Eighth Avenue Line was dug using a cheap cut-and-cover method, where the street above was excavated. Still, the construction of the line was difficult, as it had to go under or over several subway lines. At 59th Street–Columbus Circle, workers had to be careful to not disrupt the existing IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line overhead. 42nd Street, the longest station along the line at {{Convert|1115|ft|m}}, was expected to be a major express station with large platforms, so the platforms were staggered away from each other in order to avoid going under property lines. Additionally, several workers died in cave-ins during construction.^[23]

In the summer of 1926 the Board of Transportation held a public hearing and agreed upon the details of the construction of the subway line under Church Street. As part of the construction of the line, Church Street was widened from being {{Convert|40|feet|meters}} wide to being {{Convert|90|feet|meters}} wide to accommodate the subway underneath and was connected with a southern diagonal extension of Sixth Avenue, which was {{Convert|100|feet|meters}}. Had the street not been widened the construction would have cost an additional $7 million for the construction of a two-level subway structure. In January 1929, the city paid money awarded to adjacent property owners for property taken and awarded contracts for {{Convert|15|feet|meters}}-wide sidewalks and a {{Convert|60|feet|meters}}-wide roadway. The sidewalks had been {{Convert|10|feet|meters}} wide and the roadway had been {{Convert|20|feet|meters}} wide. New buildings were built on the west sides of Church Street. The east side of the street was not affected by the construction. $9,631,760 was awarded to 161 property owners whose property had been taken.^[24] 168,888 square feet of land had to be acquired to widen Church Street between Park Place and Canal Street.^[25]

In 1926 construction began on the extension of Sixth Avenue south from Carmine Street to Canal Street, to allow for the construction of the Eighth Avenue Line (which runs under the street south of Eighth Street), and to provide access to the Holland Tunnel.^[26]^[27] The construction of the extension was completed in 1930.^[28] The city condemned entire lots, displacing 10,000 people,^[29] to build the extension and used leftover land for parks.

The stations on the line were built with {{Convert|600|feet|meters}} long platforms, but they had provisions to lengthen them to {{Convert|660|feet|meters}} to accommodate eleven-car trains.^[30]{{Rp|70}} Four of the express stations (at Fulton, 14th, 42nd, and 59th Streets) were built with long mezzanines so that passengers could walk the entire length of the mezzanines without having to pay a fare. It was proposed to develop the mezzanines of these four stations with shops, so that they would become retail corridors, similar to the underground mall of the under-construction Rockefeller Center.^[23]

Early operation

The majority of the Eighth Avenue Line, from Chambers Street north to 207th Street, was opened to the public just after midnight on September 10, 1932 after three days of operation on a normal schedule but without passengers.^[31] The Cranberry Street Tunnel, extending the express tracks east under Fulton Street to Jay Street–Borough Hall in Brooklyn, was opened for the morning rush hour on February 1, 1933.^[32] The Jay–Smith–Ninth Street Line opened on March 20, 1933, extending the line beyond Jay Street–Borough Hall.^[33]

When the subway opened in 1932, express (A) and local (AA) trains served the line; expresses did not run during late nights or Sundays.^[31] Expresses and late night/Sunday locals were sent south into Brooklyn in February 1933,^[32] and, when the IND Concourse Line opened on July 1, 1933,^[34] the C was added to the express service, while all locals became CC trains to the Concourse Line, forcing A trains to run local north of 145th Street.^[35] The E was added to the local tracks south of 50th Street on August 19, 1933, when the IND Queens Boulevard Line opened.^[36] The final major change came on December 15, 1940, when the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened. The AA was brought back as a non-rush hour local service, becoming the BB and switching to the Sixth Avenue Line at 59th Street–Columbus Circle during rush hours. The CC was kept only during rush hours to provide local service south past 59th Street. Additionally the C became a rush hour-only service, replaced by a full-time D over the express tracks between the Concourse and Sixth Avenue Lines.^[37] The AA was discontinued on December 11, 1988^[38] and the B and C's northern terminals were swapped on March 1, 1998.^[39] This created the pattern that has remained to this day, with five services during normal hours: the A express, B part-time local via Sixth Avenue (then BB), C local (then AA and CC), D express via Sixth Avenue, and E local from Queens.

Later years

In 1953, the platforms were lengthened at Spring Street and Canal Street to {{Convert|660|feet|meters}} to allow E trains to run eleven car trains. The E and F began running eleven-car trains during rush hours on September 8, 1953. The extra train car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. The lengthening project cost $400,000.^[40]

A report for the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation looking at the Lower Manhattan Rail Link, an idea to connect Lower Manhattan with the Long Island Rail Road and JFK International Airport, presented several alternatives that would utilize the Cranberry Street Tunnel instead of building a new East River Tunnel. These alternatives would have required that C trains be rerouted through the Rutgers Street Tunnel.^[41]

The 2015–2019 MTA Capital Plan called for five of the Eighth Avenue Line's stations, along with 28 others, to undergo a complete overhaul as part of the Enhanced Station Initiative. The stations receiving renovations are 34th Street–Penn Station, 72nd Street, 86th Street, Cathedral Parkway–110th Street, and 163rd Street–Amsterdam Avenue. Updates would include cellular service, Wi-Fi, USB charging stations, interactive service advisories and maps, improved signage, and improved station lighting.^[42]^[43]^[44]

IND Worth Street Line

The IND Worth Street Line was a proposed major expansion of the IND Eighth Avenue Line. The line would have branched off of the line's local tracks at the intersection of Church Street and Franklin Street to the south of the Canal Street station and would have turned southeast into Worth Street. This route would have traveled in a two-track tunnel. It would have probably stopped at Foley Square (Lafayette and Centre Streets, on the north side of Federal Plaza), Chatham Square (with a possible connection to the Second Avenue Subway), Rutgers Street–East Broadway (with a connection to the IND Rutgers Street Line), and a station in the Lower East Side (possibly Pitt Street and Grand Street). This portion would have been about {{Convert|1.95|miles|km}} long and would have cost about $13,000,000.^[45] Crossing to Williamsburg, the line was to have stops at Havemeyer Street and Union Avenue, the latter of which would have had connections to the IND Crosstown Line and a major junction to the IND Houston Street Line, the IND Utica Avenue Line, and a connection to the Rockaways.^[45]

In March 1930, public hearings were held by the Board of Transportation concerning the construction and planning of this line.^[46] At the March 12 hearing, the project's construction was endorsed by east side civic organizations.^[47] In June 1930, the Board of Estimate approved the construction of the line, and in July Chairman Delaney sent letters to 450 real estate owners outlining the planned route and requested their consent for the construction of the project, of which the Board needed 50%.^[48] On August 23, 1930, bids on the construction of the connection (bellmouths) between the Eighth Avenue LIne and the proposed Worth Street Line were put up for bid by the Board of Transportation. These bellmouths were constructed to allow work on the Worth Street Line to be done without interrupting service on the Eighth Avenue Line. This route was expected to the first line of the IND Second System to be built. At the time it was anticipated that the line would open a year or so after the completion of the Eighth Avenue Line under the East River to Brooklyn.^[49] However, the construction of the line was delayed due to the city's lack of funding after 1932. The Board of Transportation resumed efforts to build the line after a study of existing conditions in the area was completed, and on the basis that funding would be provided from government and private sources. The plans were truncated to a three-stop crosstown line entirely within Manhattan. Stops would have been located at Foley Square, Rutgers Street, and Lewis Street. The Lewis Street stop, located in the Lower East Side, would have been the line's terminal. Construction was expected to begin in 1937 and be complete by 1944.^[50] In 1938 the cost of the line was pegged by the Board of Transportation to be $16,730,000.^[51]

Even though these bellmouths were never used and the line was never completed, the bellmouths are still visible south of Canal Street adjacent to the local tracks. Other provisions were built in anticipation of the construction of the line. A large open space above the platform level at the East Broadway station on the Sixth Avenue Line was intended to become a two-track station. Above the tunnel north of the Broadway station on the Crosstown Line, a six-track station shell was partially completed. This station would have provided service to the IND Worth Street and the Houston Street Lines.^[52]{{Clear}}

Gallery

Station listing

Notes

References

1. ^{{NYCS const|stationinformation}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://mta.info/nyct/facts/ridership/ridership_sub.htm |title=Average weekday subway ridership |author=MTA |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=April 2, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328023018/http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ridership/ridership_sub.htm |archivedate=March 28, 2014 |df= }}
3. ^{{cite news|title=New Subway Link Opens Wednesday|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/01/29/archives/new-subway-link-opens-wednesday-independent-line-will-offer-express.html|work=New York Times|date=January 29, 1933|page=3}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/10/08/archives/old-jamaica-farm-divided-for-homes-builders-will-open-initial-group.html|title=Old Jamaica Farm Divided for Homes|last=|first=|date=October 8, 1939|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 29, 2018|page=153}}: "the property is near the Woodhaven Boulevard station of the Eighth Avenue subway"
5. ^{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B14FD3C581B7B93C3AA178AD85F478485F9|title=Delaney Assails Transit Sitdowns|last=|first=|date=January 31, 1943|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 29, 2018|page=26}}: "the Jamaica inspection barn of the Eighth Avenue Subway System, in Kew Gardens, Queens"
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7. ^{{cite map|publisher=New York City Transit Authority Maintenance of Way Department|url=http://images.nycsubway.org/pdf/sixthave-west4th.pdf|title=General Signal Arrangement, Sta. 943+00 to Sta. 971+50|edition=November 15, 1968}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/abandoned/court.html|title=Abandoned Stations: Court St, and Hoyt-Schermerhorn Sts platforms|author=Brennan|first=Joseph|date=2002|website=Abandoned Stations|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=April 19, 2007}}
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹{{NYCS const|trackref|trackbook3}}
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11. ^{{NYCS const|serviceguide}}
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45. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/09/16/archives/100-miles-of-subway-in-new-city-project-52-of-them-in-queens.html|title=100 MILES OF SUBWAY IN NEW CITY PROJECT; 52 OF THEM IN QUEENS; Transportation Board Gives Out Routes of Second System to Cover Four Boroughs. $438,400,000 COST TO BUILD Second Av. Trunk Line to Be Hub, Linking With Bronx and New River Tubes to East. ROCKAWAYS TO BE SERVED Project's Sponsors See Network Touching All Sections Now in Need of Rapid Transit. Big Items Not in Cost Estimate. East Side Belt Line. NEW SUBWAY UNIT TO HAVE 100 MILES Four New Routes in Bronx. Queens Gets Most Mileage. Main Manhattan-Bronx Line. 163d St.-Lafayette Avenue Line. East-West Bronx Line. New Brooklyn Lines. To Serve Rockaway. Queens Cross Connections. For Easterly Queens.|last=|first=|date=September 16, 1929|website=The New York Times|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 2, 2018}}
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