“Independence, California”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Independence is a census-designated place in Inyo County, California. Independence is located {{convert|41|mi|km|0}} south-southeast of Bishop,^[3] at an elevation of 3930 feet (1198 m).^[2] It is the county seat of Inyo County, California. The population of this census-designated place was 669 at the 2010 census, up from 574 at the 2000 census.

Geography

The tiny village of Independence is bisected by U.S. Route 395, the main north-south highway through the Owens Valley.

The Sierra Nevada mountains to the west lie within the John Muir Wilderness Area. Onion Valley, one of the principal entry routes to the John Muir Wilderness, is accessed via the Onion Valley road which heads directly west out of Independence. This trail takes hikers to Kings Canyon/Sequoia National Parks which protect the Sierra Nevada west of the divide between the Owens Valley on the east and the rivers which drain into the San Joaquin Valley to the west.

Independence is a popular resupply location for hikers trekking the 2,650 mile long Pacific Crest Trail which extends from the Mexican border to Canada along the crest of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges. The highest pass along the entire trail, 13,153 foot (4009 m) Forester Pass, is directly west of Independence.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Independence covers an area of {{convert|4.9|sqmi|km2}}, over 99% of it land.

Climate

Independence, as well as most of the Owens Valley, has a high desert climate with hot summers and cool winters. January temperatures range from an average high of {{convert|54.0|F}} to an average low of {{convert|27.4|F}}. July temperatures range from an average high of {{convert|97.6|F}} to an average low of {{convert|63.9|F}}. The highest recorded temperature was 115 °F (46 °C) in June 2017.^[4] The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-5|F|C}} on January 9, 1937. There are an average of 97.7 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 88.1 days with lows of 32 °F (0 °C) or less. Annual precipitation averages only {{convert|5.82|in}}. The most precipitation in one month was {{convert|23.9|in}} in February 1904. The most precipitation in 24 hours was {{convert|5.27|in}} on December 6, 1966. Snowfall varies greatly from year to year, averaging only {{convert|5.5|in|cm}}. The most snow in one month was {{convert|112.0|in|cm}} in February 1904.^[5]

History

Charles Putnam founded a trading post at the site in 1861.^[3] It became known as Putnam's, and later Little Pine from the Little Pine Creek.^[3]

Independence began as the US Army Camp Independence (two miles north of the current town) established by Lieutenant Colonel George S. Evans on July 4, 1862. Colonel Evans established the camp at the request of local settlers who feared Indian hostilities. The camp was soon closed, but was re-established as Fort Independence when hostilities resumed in 1865. The fort was finally abandoned in 1877, and it is currently a reservation for the Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians.^[6]

Independence became the seat of Inyo County in 1866 when its chief competitor for the honor, a mining camp called Kearsarge, disappeared under an avalanche.^[7]

Museums

The Eastern California Museum with extensive collections, exhibits, and programs; is located at 155 North Grant Street in Independence.^[9]^[10]

The home of author Mary Austin, the author of The Land of Little Rain, is preserved as a museum located at 235 Market Street in Independence.

Library

Demographics

2010

The 2010 United States Census^[13] reported that Independence had a population of 669. The population density was 137.4 people per square mile (53.0/km²). The racial makeup of Independence was 493 (73.7%) White, 6 (0.9%) African American, 98 (14.6%) Native American, 8 (1.2%) Asian, 1 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 28 (4.2%) from other races, and 35 (5.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 93 persons (13.9%).

The Census reported that 603 people (90.1% of the population) lived in households, 8 (1.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 58 (8.7%) were institutionalized.

There were 301 households, out of which 57 (18.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 131 (43.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 20 (6.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 8 (2.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 13 (4.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 122 households (40.5%) were made up of individuals and 47 (15.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00. There were 159 families (52.8% of all households); the average family size was 2.70.

The population was spread out with 100 people (14.9%) under the age of 18, 54 people (8.1%) aged 18 to 24, 117 people (17.5%) aged 25 to 44, 259 people (38.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 139 people (20.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.2 males.

There were 389 housing units at an average density of 79.9 per square mile (30.8/km²), of which 301 were occupied, of which 210 (69.8%) were owner-occupied, and 91 (30.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 5.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 410 people (61.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 193 people (28.8%) lived in rental housing units.

2000

As of the census^[14] of 2000, there were 574 people, 272 households, and 161 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 143.6 people per square mile (55.4/km²). There were 342 housing units at an average density of 85.6 per square mile (33.0/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.9% White, 3.5% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 3.3% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. 7.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 272 households out of which 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.8% were non-families. 35.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.72.

In the CDP, the population was spread out with 22.1% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 30.8% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,500, and the median income for a family was $45,781. Males had a median income of $41,736 versus $29,688 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,535. About 4.2% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.0% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

In the state legislature, Independence is in {{Representative|casd|8|fmt=sdistrict}},^[15] and {{Representative|caad|26|fmt=adistrict}}.^[16]

See also

Notes

1. ^{{Cite US Gazetteer|2010|places|CA}}
2. ^¹{{gnis|1658811}}
3. ^¹²³{{California's Geographic Names|1172}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca4232|title=INDEPENDENCE, CALIFORNIA - Climate Summary|website=wrcc.dri.edu|access-date=2017-09-29}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca4232|work=Independence, California (044232)|title=Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary|publisher=Western Regional Climate Center|accessdate=2011-01-14}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=2954|title=Camp Independence Marker|work=Historical Marker Database|id=California Historical Marker No. 349|accessdate=2011-01-15}}
7. ^Inyo County Supervisor Jim Bilyeu quoted in The Los Angeles Times 15 July 2007
8. ^[https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/100399 The Hall of Valor Project-John Kirk Singlaub]
9. ^The Eastern California Museum website, accessed 6/20/2010
10. ^Independence, CA, Places of Interest, The Eastern California Museum {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123105536/http://www.independence-ca.com/eastern-california-museum.shtml |date=2009-11-23 }}, accessed 6/20/2010
11. ^Inyo County Free Library
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2016}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0636350|title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Independence CDP|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=July 12, 2014}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=September 11, 2013 |df= }}
15. ^{{Cite web |url=http://senate.ca.gov/senators |title=Senators |accessdate=April 11, 2013 |publisher=State of California}}
16. ^{{Cite web |url=http://assembly.ca.gov/assemblymembers |title=Members Assembly |accessdate=April 11, 2013 |publisher=State of California}}
17. ^{{Cite GovTrack|CA|8|accessdate=April 11, 2013}}