“Indiana University School of Medicine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Indiana University School of Medicine is a medical school and medical research center connected to Indiana University; its principal research and medical center is on the Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis campus in Indianapolis. The medical school awarded the Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree to its first class in 1907. With 1,409 M.D. Program students and 158 Ph.D. students in 2017, IU is among the largest allopathic medical schools in the United States.^[2]^[3] The school offers several joint-degree programs, including an MD/MBA, MD/MA, MD/MPH, and a National Institute of Health–designated Medical Scientist Training Program, a highly competitive subset of MD-PhD programs.

The school is a pioneer in cancer, immunology, alcohol, neuroscience, and diabetes research, among other specialities. Some of its more recent research discoveries that have received international acclaim include a curative therapy in testicular cancer used to treat patient Lance Armstrong; the development of echocardiography; identification of several genes linked to Alzheimer's disease; and the creation of inner ear sensory cells from pluripotent stem cells.^[4]^[5]^[6] The IU School of Medicine is home to the Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, a National Cancer Institute—designated Clinical Cancer Center.

Jay L. Hess, M.D., Ph.D., was named the tenth dean of the IU School of Medicine in 2013. In the 2017 U.S. News & World Report, rankings of the best graduate schools for medicine, the school ranked 41st in the nation for primary care and 45th for research out of about 150 medical schools.^[7] In the U.S. News & World Report rankings of the best hospitals, the Indiana University Health University hospital had seventeen nationally ranked clinical programs, which included pediatrics, diabetes and endocrinology, geriatrics, urology, neurology and neurosurgery, pulmonology, gastroenterology, and orthopedics. The Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health is nationally ranked in all ten designated specialties for children in the U.S. News & World Report.^[8]

History

The Indiana University School of Medicine has two founding dates. IU established a Department of Medicine at Bloomington in 1903, but the IU School of Medicine in Indianapolis traces its founding to 1908, following the resolution of a rivalry with Purdue University over which institution had the authority to establish a medical school in Marion County, Indiana.^[9] A year after the IU- and Purdue-affiliated schools were consolidated in 1908, the Indiana General Assembly authorized IU to operate a medical school in Marion County. The authorization meant that IU medical students could complete all four years of their medical training at IU facilities in Indianapolis, marking the beginning of its history in medical education and research.^[10]

Founding in Bloomington, 1903

In March 1903, William Lowe Bryan, the tenth president of Indiana University, proposed the formation of a Department of Medicine at IU Bloomington to the university trustees. The new department was established in May of the same year. The IU School of Medicine was admitted as a member of the American Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) in 1904. President Bryan hired doctor Burton D. Myers of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine as head of IU's Department of Anatomy in Bloomington.^[11]^[12] Myers later served as dean of the medical school in Bloomington from 1927 to 1940.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Founding in Indianapolis, 1908

In addition to its Department of Medicine in Bloomington, IU's leaders wanted to locate medical training facilities in Indianapolis. Their initial plan was to provide medical students with the first two years of coursework at Bloomington and the final two years at Indianapolis, where students would receive clinically-based training as part of their studies.^[12] Prior to 1908, due primarily to the high cost of establishing its own medical facilities in Indianapolis, IU attempted to merge with existing medical schools, but the effort was not successful.^[13]

Between 1905 and 1908 there continued to be a debate over which university, IU or Purdue, could establish a state-supported, four-year medical school at Indianapolis.^[14] In 1905, Purdue University's Medical Department joined with the Medical Department of the University of Indianapolis (the former Medical College of Indiana), the Central College of Physicians and Surgeons, and the Fort Wayne Medical College to form the Indiana Medical College, School of Medicine of Purdue University.^[15] Unable to merge with other existing institutions, IU organized a separate medical training facility in Indianapolis. In 1906 a group of IU supporters purchased the building that housed the former Central College of Physicians and Surgeons at 212 North Senate. The building became the site of the State College of Physicians and Surgeons, which offered clinical instructions to IU's third- and fourth-year medical students. State College enrolled 109 students in September 1906. In August 1907 the IU Board of Trustees agreed to a merger of the IU School of Medicine in Bloomington with the State College of Physicians in Indianapolis, but agreed to take financial responsibility for only the school's facilities in Monroe County (Bloomington). The first two years of training continued at Bloomington and the final two years of clinical training were held at the State College site in Indianapolis, with a doctor of medicine degree conferred by Indiana University.^[16]

To resolve their ongoing dispute, IU and Purdue leaders, along with their supporters, sought approval from the Indiana General Assembly to operate their own schools of medicine in Marion County. In April 1908, IU and Purdue officials reached an agreement. The resolution consolidated the medical department at IU Bloomington with the State College of Physicians and the Indiana Medical College, School of Medicine of Purdue University, at Indianapolis and retained the name of the IU School of Medicine^[17] On February 26, 1909, the state legislature formally authorized Indiana University to operate a medical school in Marion County. With the finalized agreement between IU and Purdue, the two separate medical schools in Indianapolis were consolidated, marking the second founding of the Indiana University School of Medicine in 1908. The state legislature's authorization in 1909 allowed IU to operate its own medical school in Marion County and enabled IU's medical students to complete all four years of their medical education in Indianapolis.^[18]

Early leadership and enrollment

Doctor Allison Maxwell agreed to serve as the first dean of the four-year IU School of Medicine in Indianapolis in April 1908; he remained as its dean until 1911. Maxwell led the fledgling school through a difficult time when financial budgets were an issue and the consolidation of IU's and Purdue's medical school faculties in Indianapolis and Bloomington was completed. The combined faculty would support the four-year medical school at Indianapolis and maintain the two-year, pre-clinical coursework at Bloomington. In addition to Maxwell, other leaders in the IU School of Medicine's early history were drawn from Johns Hopkins University, including Charles P. Emerson, a graduate of Johns Hopkins in 1899, who was appointed as the second dean of the IU School of Medicine in 1911 and served in that role until 1931.^[19]

Willis D. Gatch, who had received an M.D. from Johns Hopkins, became the third dean of the medical school in 1932. (In 1909, Gatch had invented the Gatch adjustable hospital bed, which used a crank to raise and lower the patient's head and feet.^[20]) John D. VanNuys, a 1936 graduate of the IU School of Medicine, became its fourth dean in 1947.^[21]

George Bond, one of the IU School of Medicine's first faculty members, was initially employed at Johns Hopkins and may have been the first individual to operate an electrocardiograph in the nation.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Amelia R. Keller, department of pediatrics, was the sole woman on the clinical faculty of the IU Medical School in Indianapolis after the school's consolidation with the Indiana Medical College in 1908.^[21]

IU graduated its first class of twenty-seven students and conferred its first Doctor of Medicine degree in May 1907. The first graduation of the consolidated IU School of Medicine and the Indiana Medical College students took place the following year. The IU School of Medicine’s first black student, Clarence Lucas, graduated in 1908; Lillian Mueller became its first woman graduate in 1909.^[22]

The Flexner Report

Flexner also made a recommendation for the progress of the school: "In order to make the school attractive to highly qualified students, it will be necessary (1) to employ full-time men in the work of the first two years, (2) to strengthen the laboratory equipment, (3) greatly improve the organization and conduct of the clinical courses."^[24] The IU School of Medicine was one of a few of medical schools in the nation at the time to receive a positive evaluation from Flexner, primarily because of its strong emphasis on college preparatory coursework in the sciences prior to enrolling in medical school and its additional training in the basic sciences as part of its medical school curriculum.^[25]^[26]

Early facilities

In its early years in Indianapolis, the IU School of Medicine used the former Central College of Physicians and Surgeons facilities, erected in 1902 and located at the corner of Market Street and Senate Avenue. After the consolidation of the IU School of Medicine with the State College of Physicians and Surgeons and the Indiana Medical College in 1908, the medical school used the former Indiana Medical College's facilities for about ten years while it secured financing to construct new medical school buildings. Several of the medical school's early buildings in Indianapolis were erected in the 1910s and 1920s on property that would eventually become the site of the IU Medical Center on the present-day IUPUI campus.^[27]

In February 1912, IU acquired property on West Michigan Street, near the Indianapolis City Hospital, to erect the Robert E. Long Hospital. Construction on the new teaching hospital began in 1912. Although its cornerstone was laid on November 1, 1912, the Great Flood of 1913 delayed the building’s opening until 1914. Long Hospital was dedicated on June 15, 1914, and admitted its first patients the following day. Emerson Hall, another early medical school building, was constructed about {{convert|200|ft|m}} northeast of Long Hospital and completed in the fall of 1919 at a cost of $257,699.^[28]

The cornerstone of the Riley Hospital for Children was laid on October 7, 1923, and dedicated on October 7, 1924. The hospital, named in honor of Hoosier poet James Whitcomb Riley, was erected north of Long Hospital. The James Whitcomb Riley Association (later known as the Riley Children's Foundation) hoped to raise an initial $250,000 in funding to add to the state's appropriation. By 1923 it had received $911,518 in pledges from more than 30,000 citizens,^[29] including $45,000 in donations from a mass fundraising event.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} Significant additions to the hospital were built over the years, including three in the 1930s: a Kiwanis Unit, dedicated in 1930; a Rotary Unit, dedicated in 1931; and a hydrotherapy pool in 1935.^[30]

Another of the medical school's early teaching hospitals was the William H. Coleman Hospital for Women. Erected west of Long Hospital and dedicated on October 20, 1927, Coleman Hospital’s total cost was about $300,000. Other early buildings erected on the medical school campus in Indianapolis included the Ball Residence for Nurses, dedicated on October 7, 1928;^[30] Myers Hall, built in 1937; and Fesler Hall, built in 1939.

The school's medical research building was expanded in 1947 with a five-year grant from the Riley Children's Foundation.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} The VanNuys Medical Sciences Building opened in 1958.^[31]

Curriculum

The Indiana University School of Medicine has received national and international recognition{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} for its curriculum. In 2003, it was one of ten medical schools nationwide chosen by the American Medical Association to develop new methods of teaching professionalism to doctors.^[32] In order to ensure that its educational process more accurately reflected its commitment to graduating caring and competent physicians, the Indiana University School of Medicine initiated a competency curriculum in 1999.

To model and support the moral, professional, and humane values expressed in the new formal competency-based curriculum, the IU School of Medicine simultaneously implemented a school-wide "relationship-centered care initiative" to address its informal curriculum.^[33]

In 2016 the IU School of Medicine implemented a new curriculum to better prepare students to meet the challenges of a complex, ever-evolving healthcare environment. The new curriculum honors the legacy curriculum, while reflecting and supporting changes in delivery models, readying students to practice medicine in a team-based interdisciplinary setting.^[34]

Hospitals and facilities

Clinical training

The IU medical school helps train interns and residents in 92 medical and surgical specialties. Students train under the supervision of faculty and staff at:

Most of the teaching hospitals are within walking distance of, or adjacent to, the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis campus. Methodist Hospital and the Larue Carter Hospital are located a few miles from the main campus. Methodist Hospital is connected to the main IU Medical Center campus by means of the Indiana University Health People Mover, an elevated people mover system.

Campuses

The school's main facilities are located on the campus of Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) in Indianapolis, Indiana. In addition, the school maintains eight regional centers on college campuses throughout the state at Bloomington, Muncie, Fort Wayne, South Bend, Terre Haute, Evansville, West Lafayette, and Gary.^[37]

First- and second-year medical students attend classes at either the main campus at IUPUI in Indianapolis (approximately half of the class) or at one of the eight regional centers. In the past, third- and fourth-year students spent the last two years of medical school at the IUPUI campus. More recently, clinical clerkships have been added to regional campuses, where students may choose to spend their third and fourth year of study.^[38]

The VanNuys Medical Sciences Building at the IUPUI campus houses the DNA Tower sculpture by Dale Chihuly.

Enrollment

As of 2017 the total in-state and out-of-state ratio of IU medical students is 1,445 to 534. There were 7,206 applicants for the 2017–18 academic year. The average GPA of the first-year class in 2017 was 3.75; the average MCAT score was 509.^[2]

The IU medical school offers several combined degree programs: the MD-PhD, MD-MBA, MD-MPH, and MD-MA. The MD-MBA is in conjunction with the Kelley School of Business. The MD-PhD program, which offers full-tuition and stipend to students accepted into the program for all years of training, is one of forty medical schools to be designated an MSTP by the National Institute of Health. Typically, about five students a year are accepted into the MD-PhD program at IU.^[39] MD-PhD students can choose to conduct research with faculty at either the medical school or at Purdue University.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Research

Discoveries at IUSM

With $302.3 million in research grants and contracts, including $46 million from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid as part of the $685 million federally funded Transforming Clinical Practice Initiative.^[40] The IU School of Medicine is the home of a National Cancer Institute—designated Clinical Cancer Center, and the only National Institute of Health—funded viral vector production facility for clinical grade therapeutics.^[41] Also notable is the range of research institutes and centers.

The school was first in developing the use of echocardiography, a heart imaging technique using ultrasound. In the 1960s, Mori Aprison discovered the inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine. Dr. Paul Stark, another neuroscientist and faculty member at IUSM, led the clinical team at Eli Lilly and Company in the development of Prozac, a widely prescribed antidepressant. In 1984, IUSM established the first DNA "bank" in the world; blood samples from clients were used to extract DNA which could indicate the genetic risk for certain illnesses and conditions. The school researchers also discovered the use of cord blood as an alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells and pioneered their use in the clinic. In the early 1990s, the School was one of the first institutions to study the use of computer systems in reducing the costs of healthcare management.^[42]

The school is known for establishing a curative therapy for testicular cancer. Patients from around the world, including form Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong, have traveled to the Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center in Indianpolis to receive this therapy and comprehensive care. The school has been a pioneer in establishing a cure for Fanconi Anemia (a precancerous condition in children), specific radiation therapy techniques, techniques in a type of nerve-sparing surgery for urological cancers, the development of drugs to stimulate blood cell production, and novel drug therapies for breast cancer. Researchers at the medical school also discovered the cancer-fighting agent in Tamoxifen.^[43]^[44] In 2011, the school announced plans for an institute specializing in personalized medicine, which would pursue an individualized and genomics-based approach to treating cancer, pediatrics, and obstetrics.^[45]

In addition, the "IU School of Medicine is a leader in the research, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury and mild traumatic brain injury, known also as concussion."

^[46] In 2012, federal officials designated the IU School of Medicine and the Rehabilitation Hospital of Indiana as a Traumatic Brain Injury Model System site, identifying it as a national leader in TBI-related care and research. As one of sixteen sites in the United States, the federally-funded center received a five-year, $2 million grant to research and treat traumatic brain injury and its impact on the lives of patients and their families.^[47] The center offers "the highest level of comprehensive and multidisciplinary rehabilitation care" and adds to the "national capacity for high-quality treatment and research for people with TBI."^[46] The IU School of Medicine is also a leading member of the NCAA and the U.S. Department of Defense CARE Consortium, a $30 million initiative to study concussions among student athletes and use that knowledge to improve safety and health of athletes, military service members and the general public. CARE Consortium research includes exploration of post-concussive symptoms; the performance and psychological health of student athletes; and the analysis of data related to biomechanical, clinical, neuroimaging, neurobiological and genetic markers of injury. This work represents the largest and most comprehensive concussion study to date.{{citation needed |date=January 2018}}

Research centers, institutes and groups

Notable alumni and faculty

Notes

1. ^Hess, the IU medical school's tenth dean, succeeded D. Craig Brater, who retired in 2013. See: {{cite web| author= | title =Jay L. Hess, MD PhD | work = | publisher =Indiana University School of Medicine | date = | url =https://medicine.iu.edu/faculty/6512/hess-jay/ | format = | accessdate =January 26, 2018}} See also: {{cite web| author= | title =D. Craig Brater, MD | work = | publisher =Critical Path Institute | date =June 17, 2013 | url =https://c-path.org/people/craig-brater-md/ | format = | accessdate =January 26, 2018}}
2. ^¹²³{{cite web |url=https://mednet.iu.edu/MasterDocLibrary/IUSM-Fact-Sheet.pdf |title=Indiana University School of Medicine Fact Sheet 2017-18 |accessdate=30 January 2018}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Table B-1.2: Total Enrollment by U.S. Medical School and Sex, 2013-2014 through 2017-2018|url=https://www.aamc.org/download/321526/data/factstableb1-2.pdf|publisher=Association of American Medical Colleges|accessdate=30 January 2018}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nypcancerprevention.com/issue/11/cancer_prevention/feature/armstrong.shtml|title=How Lance Armstrong Beat Cancer|access-date=2011-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328034636/http://www.nypcancerprevention.com/issue/11/cancer_prevention/feature/armstrong.shtml|archive-date=2012-03-28|dead-url=yes|df=}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://alzheimersnewstoday.com/2015/10/14/study-finds-novel-gene-associated-alzheimers-disease-development/|title=Study Finds Novel Gene Associated With Alzheimer's Disease Development|publisher=Alzheimer's News Today|date=14 October 2015|accessdate=23 January 2018}}
6. ^{{cite journal|title=Generation of inner ear sensory epithelia from pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture | pmc=3739998 | pmid=23842490 | doi=10.1038/nature12298 | volume=500 | year=2013 | journal=Nature | pages=217–21 | last1 = Koehler | first1 = K. R. | last2 = Mikosz | first2 = A. M. | last3 = Molosh | first3 = A. I. | last4 = Patel | first4 =D. | last5 = Hashino | first5 = E.}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=Best Medical Schools: Primary Care|publisher=U.S. News|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/primary-care-rankings/page+1|accessdate=23 January 2018}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Indiana University Health University Hospital|publisher=U.S. News|url=http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/in/iu-health-academic-health-center-6420020|accessdate=23 January 2018}} See also: See also: {{cite web| author= | title =Indiana University Health University Hospital | work = | publisher =U.S. News | date = |url=https://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/in/riley-hospital-for-children-at-iu-health-PA6420020| format = | accessdate =January 23, 2018}}
9. ^Burton D. Myers, "A History of Medical Education in Indiana" in {{cite book | author=Dorothy Ritter Russo, ed. | title =One Hundred Years of Indiana Medicine, 1849–1949 | publisher =Indiana Medical Association |chapter=VIII| series = | volume = | edition = | year =1949 | location =Indianapolis | pages=63–64 | url = | OCLC=14676916}}
10. ^Myers, pp. 79–80.
11. ^Myers, pp. 63–64, 71, 74.
12. ^¹{{cite book | author=Ralph D. Gray| title =IUPUI–The Making of an Urban University | publisher =Indiana University Press | series = | volume = | edition = | year =2003 | location =Bloomington | page=13 | url = | isbn =9780253342423}}
13. ^IU's relationship with the Indiana Medical College, organized in Indianapolis in 1869, was dissolved in 1876; other early efforts to establish a training facility in Indianapolis also failed. A proposed merger with the Central College of Physicians and Surgeons, organized in Indianapolis in 1873, did not materialize in 1903, and no agreement was reached to merge with the Medical College of Indiana in 1904. See Myers, pp. 62, 71–73.
14. ^IU believed that under a legislative act approved on February 15, 1838, it had the authorization to provide instruction in medicine, as well as other professional fields, but the development of a four-year, state-supported medical school was delayed due to lack of sufficient funding. See Gray, pp. 14–16, and Myers, pp. 63–64.
15. ^The Indiana Medical College offered training in the former Medical College of Indiana's facilities on Senate Avenue. The building that housed the Central College of Physicians and Surgeons was sold. See Myers, pp. 63–64; 74–75.
16. ^Myers, pp. 75–76; Gray, pp. 13, 15–16.
17. ^Gray, pp. 14–16; Myers, pp. 63–64, and 74.
18. ^Myers, pp. 79–80.
19. ^Gray, p. 17; Myers, pp. 79–81, 87.
20. ^Myers, p. 81. See also: {{cite web| author=| title =Founders and Early History | work = | publisher =Indiana University School of Medicine | date = | url =https://medicine.iu.edu/about/history// | format = | accessdate =7 December 2017}}
21. ^¹Myers, p. 88.
22. ^Myers, pp. 75–76; Gray, p. 16.
23. ^{{Citation | author=Abraham Flexner | year=1910 | title=Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report to the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | series=Bulletin No. 4. | publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching | location=New York City | page=221 | oclc=9795002 | url=http://archive.carnegiefoundation.org/pdfs/elibrary/Carnegie_Flexner_Report.pdf | accessdate=23 January 2018 }}
24. ^Flexner, "Medical Education in the United States and Canada," pp. 221–22.
25. ^Gray, p. 16. See also: Flexner, "Medical Education in the United States and Canada," pp. 28, 72, and 75.
26. ^{{cite web|author=Andrew H. Beck|publisher=Journal of the American Medical Association|date=4 May 2004|url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/291/17/2139.full |title=Flexner Report on Medical Schools |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301112130/http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/291/17/2139.full |archivedate=1 March 2011 |accessdate=6 December 2017}}
27. ^Gray, p. 18; Myers, pp. 81–83.
28. ^Gray, pp. 17–18; Myers, pp. 83–84.
29. ^Gray, p. 19; Myers, pp. 84–85.
30. ^¹Myers, pp. 85–86.
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iu.edu/~centen/index.php4|title=Founding and Early History|publisher=Indiana University School of Medicine|accessdate=7 December 2017}}
32. ^{{cite book |title= Professionalism in Medicine: Critical Perspectives |author1=Wear, Delese |author2=Aultman, Julie |year=2006 |publisher=Springer |isbn=0-387-32726-6 |pages=275 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMThDJjRl6kC&vq=indiana&dq=isbn:0387327266|accessdate=22 July 2011}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fetzer.org/resources/resource-detail/?resource_id=2005 |title= The Relationship-Centered Care Initiative |accessdate=16 September 2013}}
34. ^{{cite web| author= | title =Curriculum FAQ | work = | publisher =Indiana University School of Medicine | date = |url=https://medicine.iu.edu/education/md/curriculum/faq/| format = | accessdate =6 December 2017}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=Indiana University School of Medicine|url=http://www.ampathkenya.org/our-partners/consortium-members/iu-profile/|work=Our Partners|publisher=AMPATH|accessdate=2 September 2013}}
36. ^{{cite web|title=About Us |url=http://iuhealth.org/ball-memorial/about/|publisher=Ball Memorial Hospital|accessdate=2 September 2013}}
37. ^{{cite web| author= | title =Statewide Campus System | work = | publisher =Indiana University School of Medicine | date = | url = https://medicine.iu.edu/education/campuses/| format = | accessdate =6 December 2017}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://medicine.iu.edu/files/8313/8150/1910/IUSM_Fact_Sheet_2013_.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204051321/http://medicine.iu.edu/files/8313/8150/1910/IUSM_Fact_Sheet_2013_.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-04 |df= }} See also: {{cite web| author= | title =MD Education | work = | publisher =Indiana University School of Medicine | date = | url = https://medicine.iu.edu/education/campuses/indianapolis/md-program/ | format = | accessdate =6 December 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Training/InstPredoc/PredocInst-MSTP.htm |title=NIH MSTPs |deadurl=yes |accessdate=16 September 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905080104/http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Training/InstPredoc/PredocInst-MSTP.htm |archivedate=5 September 2013 |df= }}
40. ^{{cite web| author= | title =Transforming Clinical Practice Initiative | work = | publisher =Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services | date =27 November 2017 |url=https://innovation.cms.gov/initiatives/Transforming-Clinical-Practices/ | format = | accessdate =6 December 2017}}
41. ^{{cite web |url=http://grad.medicine.iu.edu/degree-programs/combined-degrees/mdphd/curriculum/ |title=IUSM Research Centers Overview |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328025841/http://grad.medicine.iu.edu/degree-programs/combined-degrees/mdphd/curriculum/ |archivedate=28 March 2012 |accessdate=16 September 2013}}
42. ^{{cite journal|author=Time Hilchey|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/20/technology/study-of-computerized-care-finds-big-patient-and-hospital-savings.html|title=Study of Computerized Care Finds Big Patient and Hospital Savings | journal=The New York Times | date=20 January 1993}}
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cancer.iu.edu/about/milestones.php |title=IUSM Cancer Research Milestones |accessdate=16 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918195036/http://www.cancer.iu.edu/about/milestones.php |archive-date=18 September 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
44. ^{{cite journal|author=Andrew Pollack |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/business/worldbusiness/30iht-30gene.18988974.html?pagewanted=2&sq=genetic%20tests%20offer%20promise&st=Search&scp=3 |title=Genetic Tests Offer Promise of Personalized Medicine |journal=The New York Times |date=30 December 2008 |accessdate=16 September 2013}}
45. ^{{cite web|author=Walter Jessen |url=http://www.highlighthealth.com/health-news/iu-announces-plans-for-a-personalized-medicine-institute/ |title=IU Announces Plans for a Personalized Medicine Institute|date=22 February 2011|accessdate=16 September 2013}}
46. ^¹{{cite web| author= | title =Center and Institutes: Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Center | work = | publisher =Indiana University School of Medicine | date =|url=http://medicine.iu.edu/research/centers-institutes/traumatic-brain-injury-model-system/| format = | accessdate =7 December 2017}}
47. ^{{cite web| author=| title =The Traumatic Brain Injury Model System Centers Program | work = | publisher =National Data and Statistical Center | date = | url =https://www.tbindsc.org/StaticFiles/Documents/TBIMS_Center_Description.pdf | format =pdf | accessdate =26 January 2018}}
48. ^{{cite web| author=| title =Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases | work = | publisher =Indiana University School of Medicine | date = | url =http://cdmd.indiana.edu | format = | accessdate =6 December 2017}}
49. ^"The Regenstrief Institute conducts research to improve health care by optimizing the capture, analysis, content, and delivery of the information needed by patients, their providers and policy makers and conducts interventional studies designed to measure the effect of the application of this research on the efficiency and quality of health care." See {{cite web |url=http://www.regenstrief.org/ |title=Regenstrief Institute |publisher=Regenstrief Institute |accessdate=16 September 2013}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2017/06/29/jerome-adams-new-u-s-surgeon-general |title=Jerome Adams nominated as new U.S. surgeon general|date=29 June 2017|website=STAT|accessdate=28 January 2018}} See also: {{cite news|author=Susan Scutti |title=Dr. Jerome Adams confirmed as surgeon general |publisher=CNN|date=4 August 2017 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/04/health/jerome-adams-surgeon-general-confirmation/index.html |accessdate=26 January 2018}}
51. ^University of Arizona News name=moffitt>Moffitt Center biographyUA med school dean leaving after 7 months, Arizona Daily Star, July 10, 2002
52. ^{{cite web| author= | title =John P. Donohue, M.D. | work = | publisher =The Indianapolis Star | date =7 September 2008 | url =https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/indystar/obituary.aspx?n=john-p-donohue&pid=144881738 | format = | accessdate =26 January 2018}}
53. ^¹{{cite web|title=Five honored with Herman B Wells Visionary Award|publisher=Indiana University|url=http://newsinfo.iu.edu/OCM/releases/HermanBAward.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219030705/http://newsinfo.iu.edu/OCM/releases/HermanBAward.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=19 February 2013|date=15 November 2001|accessdate=17 February 2013}}
54. ^{{cite journal |url=http://jop.ascopubs.org/content/1/4/167.full |title=An Interview with Lawrence Einhorn, MD: Testicular Cancer—Don't Settle for the Status Quo | journal = Journal of Oncology Practice | volume =1 | issue =4 | page=167 | publisher =American Society of Clinincal Oncology | location = | date = |accessdate=16 September 2013}}
55. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=91861432 |title=Jill Taylor's Stroke of Insight |accessdate=16 September 2013}}