| 词条 | Indian pitta |
| 释义 |
| name = Indian pitta | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Indian pitta (Pitta brachyura) Photograph by Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg | image_caption = | genus = Pitta | species = brachyura | authority = (Linnaeus, 1766) | synonyms = Corvus brachyurus {{small|Linnaeus, 1766}}[1] }} The Indian pitta (Pitta brachyura) is a passerine bird native to the Indian subcontinent. It inhabits scrub jungle, deciduous and dense evergreen forest. It breeds in the forests of the Himalayas, hills of central and western India, and migrates to other parts of the peninsula in winter. Although very colourful, it is usually shy and hidden in the undergrowth where it picks insects on the forest floor. It has a distinctive two note whistling call which is heard at dawn and dusk.[3] It is considered Least Concern on the IUCN Red List as its range is very large.[2] TaxonomyThe Indian pitta was first known in England after an illustration by an Indian artist was sent by Edward Bulkley to James Petiver and given the name of "Ponnunky pitta" (in Telugu: పొనంగిపిట్). This illustration was included by William Derham at the end John Ray's posthumous Synopsis methodica avium which was published in 1713.[3] The bird was again described and illustrated by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 and the English naturalist George Edwards in 1764.[4][5] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[6] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition he included the Indian pitta, cited the earlier publications and coined the binomial name Corvus brachyura.[7] Linnaeus specified the type location as "Moluccis" (Maluku Islands) and "Zeylona" (Sri Lanka). The Maluku Islands is an error as the Indian pitta does not occur there.[8] The genus Pitta was erected by the French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in 1816 from the Telugu word for "small bird".[9] The specific epithet brachyura combines the classical Greek words brakhus "short" and oura "tail".[10][11] DescriptionThe Indian pitta is a small stubby-tailed bird that is mostly seen on the floor of forests or under dense undergrowth, foraging on insects in leaf litter. It has long, strong legs, a very short tail and stout bill, with a buff coloured crown stripe, black coronal stripes, a thick black eye stripe and white throat and neck. The upperparts are green, with a blue tail, the underparts buff, with bright red on the lower belly and vent. The bird hops on the ground to forage and has been known to get trapped in ground traps meant for small mammals.[12] It has been suggested that the width of the coronal stripe may differ in the sexes.[13] It is more often heard than seen and has a distinctive loud two-note whistle wheeet-tieu or wieet-pyou or sometimes, a triple note hh-wit-wiyu. They have a habit of calling once or twice, often with neighbouring individuals joining in, at dawn or dusk leading to their common name of "Six-O-Clock" bird in Tamil.[14] When calling the head is thrown back and the bill is pointed upwards.[15] Pittas are among the few Old World suboscine birds. The Indian pitta is the basal member of a distinct clade that includes many of the Oriental species.[16] It forms a superspecies with the fairy pitta (P. nympha), mangrove pitta (P. megarhyncha) and blue-winged pitta (P. moluccensis).[17] EtymologyThe name pitta comes from the Telugu word meaning "small bird".[15] Local names in India are based on the colours and their behaviours such as the time of calling and these include Hindi: Naorang, Punjabi: Nauranga (=Nine colours), Bengali: Shumcha, Cachar: Dao bui yegashi, Gujarati: Navaranga or Hariyo; Tamil: Kaachul, Aru-mani kuruvi (=6-O'Clock bird), Kathelachi, Thotta kallan; Telugu: Polanki pitta, Ponnangi pitta; Malayalam: Kavi; Kannada: Navaranga and Sinhalese: Avichchiya.[18] The Sinhalese interpretation of its call is that the bird is complaining about the theft of its dress by a peacock: “Evith giya, evith giya, ayith kiyannam, methe budun buduwana vita ayith kiyannam,” which translates as: “Came and went! Came and went! I’ll still be complaining when the next Buddha comes! I’ll still be complaining!”[19] DistributionIndian pittas breed mainly in the Himalayan foothills from the Margalla hills northern Pakistan in the west[20] to at least Nepal and possibly up to Sikkim in the east. They also breed in the hills of central India and in the Western Ghats south to Karnataka.[24][21] They migrate to all parts of peninsular India and Sri Lanka in winter. Exhausted birds may turn up inside homes.[15] They are rare in the drier regions of India.[22] Ecology and behaviourIndian pittas roost in trees.[23] They feed on insects and other small invertebrates that they usually pick up from the ground or leaf litter. They have also been noted to take kitchen food scraps from the ground.[24] They breed during the south-west monsoon from June to August, with peaks in June in central India, and in July in northern India.[25] The nest is a globular structure with a circular opening on one side built on the ground or on low branches. It is made up of dry leaves and grasses. The clutch is four to five eggs which are very glossy white and spherical with spots and speckles of deep maroon or purple.[15][23] Avian malaria parasites have been noted in the species.[26] Five out of thirteen birds in an ectoparasite survey were found to have the tick, Haemaphysalis spinigera.[27]Their seasonal movements associated with the rains have not been well studied.[28] References1. ^{{cite journal|author=Dickinson, E.C.|author2=R.W.R.J. Dekker|author3=S. Eck|author4=S. Somadikarta|last-author-amp=yes|year=2000|title= Systematic notes on Asian birds. 5. Types of the Pittidae|journal=Zool. Verh. Leiden |volume=331|pages=101–119|url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/record/219439|format=PDF}} 2. ^1 {{cite iucn |title=Pitta brachyura |author=BirdLife International |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |publisher=IUCN |date=2012 |volume=2018 |page=e.T22698681A93696932 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22698681/93696932 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22698681A93696932.en}} 3. ^{{ cite book | last1=Ray | first1=John | author1-link=John Ray | last2=Derham | first2=William | author2-link=William Derham | year=1713 | chapter=Avium Maderaspatanarum| title=Joannis Raii Synopsis methodica avium | language=Latin | location=London | publisher=Impensis Gulielmi Innys | page=195 | chapter-url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6355465 }} 4. ^{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés | volume=Volume 2 | language=French, Latin | pages=316-318, Plate 31 | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36011564 }} 5. ^{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | year=1764 | title=Gleanings of Natural History, Exhibiting Figures of Quadrupeds, Birds, Insects, Plants &c | volume=Volume 3 | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author | page=242, Plate 324 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50176497 }} 6. ^{{cite journal |last=Allen | first=J.A. | author-link=Joel Asaph Allen | year=1910 | title=Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=28 | pages=317–335 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/handle/2246/678}} 7. ^{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume=Volume 1, Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | page=158 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946354 }} 8. ^{{ cite book | editor-last=Traylor | editor-first=Melvin A. Jr | author-link=Melvin Alvah Traylor Jr. | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=Volume 8 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=324 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14501101 }} 9. ^{{cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9745205x/f48.image|title=Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Elementaire|last=Vieillot|first=Louis Jean Pierre|publisher=Deterville/self|year=1816|location=Paris|page=42, Num. 137|language=French|author-link=Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot}} 10. ^{{cite web | last=Jobling | first=J.A. | year=2019 | title= Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/definition/brachyura-brachyuros-brachyurum | accessdate=5 January 2019 }} 11. ^{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/adictionarybird00shufgoog/page/n159|title=A dictionary of birds|author=Newton, Alfred|publisher=A. and C. Black|year=1893|place=London|page=727}} 12. ^{{cite journal|author=Prabhakar, A. |year=1998 |title= An Indian Pitta (Pitta brachyura) trapped in a standard Sherman live trap|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=114–115 |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48604634}} 13. ^{{cite journal|author=Harper, E. W.| year=1902 |title= The sex of the Bengal pitta Pitta brachyura |page=29 |journal=Avicultural Magazine | volume =1|issue=1| url= https://archive.org/stream/aviculturalmagaz01avic#page/29/mode/1up/}} 14. ^{{cite journal|author=Lambert, F. |year=1996 |title= Identification of pittas in the brachyura complex in Asia|journal=OBC Bull.|volume=23|pages=31–37 |url= http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/bullfeats/pittas.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604073703/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/bullfeats/pittas.html|archivedate=2008-06-04|df=}} 15. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author=Whistler, H. |title=Popular Handbook of Indian Birds |edition=4th|pages=275–277|publisher=Gurney and Jackson|year=1949|url=https://archive.org/details/popularhandbooko033226mbp/page/n324}} 16. ^{{cite journal|url= http://www.nrm.se/download/18.72ab64ef10e51a5c8f4800047/Irestedt+et+al+OW+suboscines.pdf|author=Irestedt, M.|author2=Ohlson, J. I. |author3=Zuccon, D. |author4=Källersjö, M.|author5=Ericson, P. G. P.|last-author-amp=yes |year=2006 |title= Nuclear DNA from old collections of avian study skins reveals the evolutionary history of the Old World suboscines (Aves: Passeriformes) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=35 |pages= 567–580|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00249.x|issue=6}} 17. ^{{cite book | title = The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Volume 2 | first = D. R. | last = Wells | year = 2007 | location = London, UK | publisher = Christopher Helm | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Vaqh0n1akNoC&pg=PT72 | page = 72 | isbn = 978-0-7136-6534-5}} 18. ^{{cite journal|title=Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent|journal=Buceros|author=Anonymous|year=1998| volume=3 |issue=1|url= https://archive.org/details/IndianBirdNames|format=PDF|pages=53–109}} 19. ^{{cite journal|author=Bandara, C. M. Madduma |year=2009 |hdl=2433/110021|title=Exploring the link between culture and biodiversity in Sri Lanka |journal=SANSAI : an Environmental Journal for the Global Community|volume=4| pages=1–23}} 20. ^{{cite journal|author=Islam, K. |year=1978|title= Sighting of the Indian Pitta (Pitta brachyura) in Pakistan|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=75|issue=3|pages=924–925|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48297117}} 21. ^{{cite journal|author=Pande, S. A.|year=2001|title=The Nesting of Pitta brachyura in the Konkan Maharashtra|pages=48–49|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers |volume=41|issue=4}} 22. ^{{cite journal|author=Singh, H.|year=2004|title= Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura in the Thar Desert|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume= 101|issue=2|pages=319–320|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48568247}} 23. ^1 2 {{cite book|author1=Rasmussen, P. C. |author2=J. C. Anderton |year=2005|title=Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide.|publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions|pages=295–296}} 24. ^{{cite journal|author1=Devasahayam, S. |author2=Devasahayam, A. |year=1989| title= A note on the food habits of the Indian Pitta|journal=Newsletter for Birdwatchers |volume=29|issue=5&6|page=8|url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW29_56#page/n9/mode/1up/}} 25. ^{{cite journal|author=Bentham, R. M. |year=1922|title= Breeding of the Indian Pitta Pitta brachyura and the Streaked Wren-Warbler Prinia lepida|journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume= 28|issue=4|page=1135|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52170797}} 26. ^{{cite journal|author1=Valkiunas, G. |author2=M. A. Pierce|title=The status of Plasmodium corradettii Laird, 1998 (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae): a malarial parasite of birds|journal=Systematic Parasitology |volume=45 |pages=141–143 |year=2000 |doi=10.1023/A:1006271710771 |pmid=10743858|issue=2}} 27. ^{{cite journal|author=Rajagopalan, P. K. |year=1972| title= Ixodid Ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) parasitizing wild birds in the Kyasanur forest disease area of Shimoga District, Mysore State, India| journal= Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=69| issue=1| pages=55–78|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48288838}} 28. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Ali, S. |author2=S. D. Ripley| title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan|edition=2nd|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume= 4|year= 1983 |pages =252–253}} Other sources
External links
3 : Pitta (genus)|Birds of India|Birds described in 1766 |
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