“Indigofera”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Species of Indigofera are mostly shrubs, though some are small trees or herbaceous perennials or annuals. Most have pinnate leaves. Racemes of flowers grow in the leaf axils, in hues of red, but there are a few white- and yellow-flowered species. The fruit is a legume pod of varying size and shape.^[3]

Indigofera is a varied genus that has shown unique characteristics making it an interesting candidate as a potential perennial crop.{{clarify|date=March 2018}} Specifically, there is diverse variation among species with a number of unique characteristics. Some examples of this diversity include differences in pericarp thickness, fruit type, and flowering morphology. The unique characteristics it has displayed include potential for mixed smallholder systems with at least one other species and a resilience that allows for constant nitrogen update despite varying conditions.

One example of its unique flowering morphology is an open carpel not often seen elsewhere. In addition, it appears that the organ primordial{{clarify|date=March 2018}} is often formed at deeper layers than other eudicots.^[4] This variety could have significant implications on its role in an actual perennial polyculture. For example, different flowering morphologies could be artificially selected for in varying directions in order to better fit in different environmental conditions and with different populations of other plants.

The types of fruit produced by different species of Indigofera can also be divided into broad categories that again show great variation. The three basic types of fruit categories can be separated by their curvature including straight, slightly curved, and falcate (sickle-shaped). In addition, several of the species including Indigofera microcarpa, Indigofera suffruticosa, and Indigofera enneaphylla have shown delayed dehiscence (maturing) of fruits^[5] This variation could again allow for artificial selection of the most abundant and nutritious fruit types and shapes.

Another way to categorize Indigofera is by its pericarp thickness. The pericarp (the tissue from the ovary that surrounds the seeds) can be categorized as type I, type II, and type III with type I having the thinnest pericarp and fewest layers of schlerenchymatous (stiff) tissue and type III having the thickest pericarp and most schlerenchymatous layers. Despite the previous examples of delayed dehiscence, most fruits of this genus show normal explosive dehiscence to disperse seeds.^[6] Similar to fruit shape, the variation in fruit sizes allows for the thickest and most bountiful fruits to be selected.

Uses

Indigo dye

Several species, especially Indigofera tinctoria and Indigofera suffruticosa, are used to produce the dye indigo. Scraps of Indigo-dyed fabric likely dyed with plants from the genus Indigofera discovered at Huaca Prieta predate Egyptian indigo-dyed fabrics by more than 1,500 years.^[7] Colonial planters in the Caribbean grew indigo and transplanted its cultivation when they settled in the colony of South Carolina and North Carolina where people of the Tuscarora confederacy adopted the dying process for head wraps and clothing. Exports of the crop did not expand until the mid-to late 18th century. When Eliza Lucas Pinckney and enslaved Africans successfully cultivated new strains near Charleston it became the second most important cash crop in the colony (after rice) before the American Revolution. It comprised more than one-third of all exports in value.

The chemical aniline, from which many important dyes are derived, was first synthesized from Indigofera suffruticosa (syn. Indigofera anil, whence the name aniline).

In Indonesia, the Sundanese use Indigofera tinctoria (known locally as tarum or nila) as dye for batik. Marco Polo was the first to report on the preparation of indigo in India. Indigo was quite often used in European easel painting{{clarify|date=March 2018}} during the Middle Ages.^[8]^[9]

Health and medicine

Several species of this group are used to alleviate pain. The herbs are generally regarded as an analgesic with anti-inflammatory activity, rather than an anodyne.^[10] Indigofera articulata (Khedaish in Arabic) was used for toothache, and Indigofera oblongifolia (hasr in Arabic) was used as an anti-inflammatory for insect stings, snakebites, and swellings.^[11]

The Maasai people of Kenya use parts of Indigofera brevicalyx and Indigofera swaziensis as toothbrushes.^[16]

Species

Palaeotropical Clade

Pantropical Clade

Cape Clade

Tethyan Clade

Unassigned

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

Ecology

Indigofera species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the Turnip Moth (Agrotis segetum).

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite journal | author = Schrire BD, Lavin M, Barker NP, Forest F. | year = 2009 | title = Phylogeny of the tribe Indigofereae (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae): Geographically structured more in succulent-rich and temperate settings than in grass-rich environments | journal = Am J Bot | volume = 96 | issue = 4 | pages = 816–52 | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/96/4/816.abstract | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0800185 | pmid = 21628237 }}
2. ^{{cite journal | author = Schrire BD. | year = 2008 | title = The Madagascan genus Vaughania is reduced to synonymy under Indigofera (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae–Indigofereae) | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 63 | issue = 3 | pages = 477–479 | jstor = 20649585 | doi = 10.1007/s12225-008-9061-7 }}
3. ^¹²³{{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116399 | author = Gao X, Schrire BD. | title = Indigofera L. | work = Flora of China | publisher = eFloras (Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA) | access-date = 12 February 2017}}
4. ^{{cite journal | author = Paulino J, Groppo M, Teixeira S. | title = Floral developmental morphology of three Indigofera species (Leguminosae) and its systematic significance within Papilionoideae | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | year = 2011 | volume = 292 | issue = 3 | pages = 165–176 | doi = 10.1007/s00606-010-0405-z}}
5. ^{{cite journal | author = Leite V, Marquiafável F, Moraes D, Teixeira S. | title = Fruit anatomy of Neotropical species of Indigofera (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) with functional and taxonomic implications | journal = The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society | year = 2009 | volume = 136 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–211 | doi = 10.3159/08-RA-106.1}}
6. ^{{cite journal | author = Chauhan V, Pandey A. | title = Structure and evolution of the pod in Indigofera (Fabaceae) reveals a trend towards small thin indehiscent pods | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | year = 2014 | volume = 176 | issue = 2 | pages = 260–276 | doi = 10.1111/boj.12203}}
7. ^{{cite article | author = Splitstoser JC, Wouters J, Claro A. | title = Early pre-Hispanic use of indigo blue in Peru | series = Science Advances | volume = 2 | issue = 9 | publisher = American Association for the Advancement of Science | year = 2016 | url = http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/9/e1501623 }}
8. ^{{cite web | author = Douma M. | url = http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/indigo.html|website=Pigments through the Ages | title = Pigments through the Ages—History—Indigo}}
9. ^{{cite book | author = Buchanan R. | title = A Weaver's Garden: Growing Plants for Natural Dyes and Fibers | year = 1999 | publisher = Courier Corporation | isbn = 978-0-486-40712-8 | page = 106 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=OTEREwtL6dIC&pg=PA106&dq=%22marco+polo%22+%22indigo%22+india#v=onepage&q=%22marco%20polo%22%20%22indigo%22%20india&f=false | accessdate = 12 May 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/dictionary/tico/a.html | title = Tico Ethnobotanical Dictionary | accessdate = 16 June 2007 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070603101109/http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/dictionary/tico/a.html | archivedate = 3 June 2007 | df = }}
11. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/syllabus/module10.htm | title = (syllabus: Duke University) | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160458/http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/syllabus/module10.htm | archivedate = 2015-09-24 | df = }}
12. ^{{cite journal | author = Bhaskar AE, Ganga N, Arivudaimbi R, Santhanum G. | year = 1982 | title = Anti-inflammatory, analgesic activities of Indigofera aspalthoides | journal = Indian J Med. | volume = 76 | pages = 115–16 }}
13. ^{{cite journal | author = Leite SP, Silva LLS, Catanho MTJA, Lima EO, Lima VLM. | year = 2003 | title = Anti-inflammatory activity of Indigofera suffruticosa extract | journal = Rebrasa | volume = 7 | pages = 47–52 }}
14. ^{{cite journal | author = Leite SP, Vieira JR, de Medeiros PL, Leite RM, de Menezes Lima VL, Xavier HS, de Oliveira Lima E. | year = 2006 | title = Antimicrobial Activity of Indigofera suffruticosa | journal = Evid Based Complement Alternat Med | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 261–265 | pmc = 1475935 | pmid = 16786057 | doi = 10.1093/ecam/nel010}}
15. ^{{patent|US|6083509|"Phytodrug for management of peptic ulcer and methods of preparing and using same."}}
16. ^{{cite journal | author = Bussmann RW, Gilbreath GG, Solio J, Lutura M, Lutuluo R, Kunguru K, Wood N, Mathenge SG. | year = 2006 | title = Plant use of the Maasai of Sekenani Valley, Maasai Mara, Kenya | journal = J Ethnobiol Ethnomed | volume = 2 | pages = 22 | pmid = 16674830 | pmc = 1475560 | doi = 10.1186/1746-4269-2-22}}
17. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/AliceWeb/6.00/names/npall/npall_371.shtml | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for Indigofera | author = | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | accessdate = 12 February 2017}}
18. ^¹{{cite web | url = https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=6030 | title = GRIN species records of Indigofera | author = USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program | date = | website = Germplasm Resources Information Network—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland | accessdate = 12 February 2017}}
19. ^¹{{cite web | url = http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Leguminosae/Indigofera/ | title = The Plant List entry for Indigofera | date = 2013 | website = The Plant List | publisher = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Missouri Botanical Garden | accessdate = 12 February 2017}}
20. ^{{Cite book | url = http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf | title = English Names for Korean Native Plants | publisher = Korea National Arboretum | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-89-97450-98-5 | location = Pocheon | pages = 497 | access-date = 19 December 2016 | via = Korea Forest Service | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf | archivedate = 25 May 2017 | df = }}

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