词条 | Educology | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
OverviewThe term educology denotes the fund of knowledge about education.[2] The fund consists of the entire set of recorded true statements about education. Educology includes
Some basic warranted assertions about education which have been produced by educological research and inquiry include:
Educology consists of knowledge about all aspects of education, official and unofficial, effective and ineffective, good and bad. It includes knowledge (recorded true statements) about
For the purposes of research and guided study, educology is commonly organized into subsets or subfunds of educology. The organization is done in relation to features or aspects in the field of phenomena of education that are being researched and/or studied under guidance. Common subfunds of educology include
Development of educology commenced in the 1950s. Since that time, educology has been extended through publication of research findings in journals and books and through the establishment of departments of educology and the provision of educology courses in universities.[3] History and etymologyUse from the 1950s through the 1970sThe term educology has been in use in the English language since the seminal work in educology by Professor Lowry W. Harding[4] at Ohio State University in the 1950s and Professor Elizabeth Steiner [Maccia][5] and her husband and colleague, Professor George Maccia,[6] at Indiana University in the 1960s. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, John B. Biggs[7] and Rachel Elder[8] coined the term independently of Harding, Steiner and Maccia. Other researchers in the English speaking world who worked on developing and extending educology in the 1970s and 1980s included James E. Christensen,[9] James E. Fisher,[10] David E. Denton,[11] Diana Buell Hiatt,[12] Charles M. Reigeluth and M. David Merrill,[13] James F. Perry,[14] Marian Reinhart,[15] Edmund C. Short,[16] John Walton,[17] Catherine O. Ameh,[18] Laurie Brady,[19] Berdine F. Nel,[20] Maryann J. Ehle[21] and others.[22] Developments since the 1980sIn Europe, development of educology in the 1980s and 1990s came from the research of Anton Monshouwer,[23] Theo Oudkerk Pool,[24] Wolfgang Brezinka,[25] Carlos E. Olivera,[26] Nikola Pastuovic[27] and in the early 2000s by Birgitta Qvarsell,[28] Kestutis Pukelis and Izabela Savickiene[29] and Sharon Link.[30] Recent contributions to the development of educology have come from the American educologists Theodore W. Frick of Indiana University, Bloomington,[31] and Kenneth R. Thompson of System-Predictive Technologies, Columbus, Ohio[32] and the Australian educologist James E. Christensen of Educology Research Associates.[33] The International Journal of Educology (initially published in Australia, later in the USA and most recently in Lithuania) commenced publication in 1987, and it continues in electronic form into the present.[34] The IJE has served as a forum for the clarification and extension of educology, with the publication of over 100 refereed articles in educology over a period exceeding 30 years. Some universities have adopted the term for their publications, e.g. the University of Illinois[35] and Indiana University.[36] Other universities have used educology for institutional organization and curriculum arrangements. Since the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, a number of universities in the Baltic countries and elsewhere in Europe have established departments and faculties of educology and offer courses and degrees in educology. They include Vilnius University (Lithuania), Siauliai University (Lithuania), Vilnius Pedagogical University (Lithuania), Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania), Mykolas Romeris University (Lithuania), Kaunas University of Medicine (Lithuania), Klaipėda University (Lithuania), Tallinn University (Estonia), Stockholm University (Sweden), University of Presov (Slovakia)[37] and Comenius University in Bratislava (Slovakia).[38] In addition to academic institutions, some for-profit and not-for-profit organizations have adopted the term in either the name of their organizations or in their publications.[39] Argument for the term educologyThe term educology derives from the term education and the suffix -logy. The term was coined to dispel the confusion caused by using the term education to name the process of teaching, studying and learning under guidance, and calling knowledge about the educational process by the same name, education.[40] A range of arguments for the use of the term educology has been developed over the past fifty years and more. Some have argued that the term educology should be used to name only philosophy of education, or only theory of education,[41] or only scientific knowledge about education (science of education)[42] or only knowledge about effective practices in education (praxiological knowledge, also spelled praxeology).[43][44] The prevailing and generally accepted argument which has emerged from the discourse among educologists over the last half of the 20th and the early 21st century is that the term educology names the entire fund of knowledge about education including theoretical, philosophical, scientific and praxiological knowledge.[3] Within common usage of the English language and also within special usages (i.e. technical usages) of that language, several terms have been used to name the fund of recorded knowledge about education. Included among those terms are pedagogy, andragogy,[45] ethology,[46] Education, Education Studies, Professional Education and psychopedagogy.[47] However, educologists argue that one term performs the job of naming the fund of knowledge about education even better than these seven: educology.[48][49][50] Educologists maintain that the term educology suits the job best for three compelling reasons:
(a) the educational process with (b) recorded propositional knowledge about that process. Educologists argue that the concept of educology implies the inclusion of the entire fund of recorded propositional knowledge about the entire process of education, from nascence to senescence. It is not limited only to knowledge about the education of children (pedagogy)[51] or to that of male adults (andragogy). It is not recorded knowledge about processes other than education, such as knowledge about character development (ethology)[52] or a combination of psychological knowledge and knowledge about the practice of teaching (psychopedagogy). The name educology eliminates the ambiguity which is created by naming the process of guided study with the term education and naming the fund of recorded propositional knowledge about that process with the same term education. Educologists demonstrate the power of the term educology to dispel ambiguity through techniques such as word substitution in sentences. For example, the practice of capitalizing the term education and of adding the term professional or the term studies or the term teacher to the term education are attempts to remove ambiguity. Educologists argue that the use of these terms (Education, Education Studies, Professional Education and Teacher Education) are not nearly as cogent in dispelling the ambiguity as is the use of the term educology. This can be illustrated with, for example, the sentence, {{quotation|In their [education] to qualify as primary school teachers, students study some psychology, sociology and [education].}}The ambiguity created in the meaning of the sentence can be reduced somewhat, but not entirely, by substituting the second education with the terms Education, Education Studies, Professional Education and Teacher Education.
The ambiguity created in the meaning of the sentence can be eliminated entirely by substituting the second education with the term educology. {{quotation|In their [education] to qualify as primary school teachers, students study some psychology, sociology and [educology].}}The term substitution of educology for education completely eliminates the ambiguity and conforms with the convention for naming funds of knowledge with the suffix -logy: for example, psychology from psyche (mind) plus -logy (knowledge about); sociology from society plus –logy (knowledge about); educology from education plus –logy (knowledge about). Educologists maintain that there are at least three compelling reasons for creating new terms in discourse about the educational process.
Educologists conclude that the case for the term educology is supported by all three reasons. The term education functions ambiguously to name the process and also to name warranted assertions about the process. To educologists, it is a misnomer to name warranted assertions about the educational process with the term education. It is like using the term animals to name zoology. It is a category mistake. The term educology names a new meaning for which there is no satisfactory existing term. It names, and only names, and names nothing more than, nor less than, knowledge about education.[3] Educational discourse and educological discourseEducologists recognize that there is discourse in education and discourse about education.[53] Discourse in education occurs in the form of talk and writing within the educational process. Discourse in education is one of many phenomena within the educational process. Discourse about education, when it is sound, well founded and warranted, is educology. These two categories of discourse are illustrated in Table 1.
Study, education, and educologyThe term study denotes the set of activities one undertakes to learn something.[55] Study can be done independently, outside of the educational process, without the guidance of a teacher. And it can be undertaken under the guidance of a teacher, within the educational process. Education is a process about which one can conduct inquiry and research. Educology is the fund of knowledge which is produced from well disciplined and successful inquiry and research about the process.[56] Educology is not the study of education because educology is not an activity. Study is an activity. One can study educology, i.e. undertake activities to learn knowledge about education with a view to extending one's range of knowing about education.[57] But the activity of studying about education is not the fund of knowledge about education. Education is studied by experiencing it as a participant and an observer. The study of education (i.e. undertaking study about the educational process), if conducted as serious, well disciplined inquiry and research, can produce educology (recorded true statements about education). Educology is studied by reading it. The study of educology (i.e. undertaking study of the fund of knowledge about education), conducted independently or conducted under the guidance of a teacher, can lead a student to learn educology and develop an educological understanding of education.[58] Theory and educologyEducology is the fund of knowledge about education, so it is not accurate to characterize educology as theory, and only theory. Educology incorporates facts with theories. Educologists develop and use theory to extend and organize educology. They also use theory to guide their research. Three kinds of theory commonly developed and used in educological inquiry are descriptive, explanatory and normative theory. Descriptive theory consists of well defined terms. Educologists formulate and use well defined terms to denote, discern, observe and describe aspects or features in the field of phenomena of education. For example, they use clear, unambiguous, phenomenologically sound definitions of the terms teacher, student, content and setting to denote, discern, observe and describe teachers, students, content and settings within the field of phenomena of education. Explanatory theory consists of a system of mutually implied statements. Educologists develop and use explanatory theory to provide reasons for why things happen as they do in education and to predict what will happen under a given set of circumstances. The predictions serve as hypotheses which can be tested. The verification or falsification of hypotheses provides evaluations of the adequacy or inadequacy of the explanatory theory. Through the evaluation of explanatory theory, the theory is affirmed, or revised, or abandoned for a more suitable explanatory theory.[59]Normative theory consists of norms (i.e., an explicitly stated set of standards and/or rules) which are appropriate to use in making and justifying evaluations (i.e. judgments about the instrinsic worth of something) and prescriptions (i.e. recommendations about what proper, moral, ethical action ought to be taken). Educologists conduct inquiry about what set of norms are appropriate and justifiable, and they use the norms to make and justify evaluations of states of affairs in education and prescriptions for actions to take in the field of phenomena of education.[60]Disciplines requisite for producing educologyEducology is a fund of knowledge, not a discipline. But educologists use a set of disciplines to produce educology. The set of disciplines requisite for producing educology includes the sets of techniques and rules which are necessary for conducting at least three categories of inquiry and research:[53]
Educologists use the term process of inquiry to mean the same as the process of asking questions, formulating answers to those questions, and presenting necessary and sufficient evidence to warrant that the answers which are formulated are necessarily true, in the case of analytic educological facts, or very highly probably true, in the case of empirical educological facts, or are valid, sound and fruitful, in the case of educological explanatory theories and educological justificatory arguments.[53] The educological perspectiveThe educological perspective is inclusive of the following perspectives in discourse about the educational process or about aspects of the educational process:
Educologists use one, or a selection and sometimes all of these perspectives in their inquiry. For example, in conducting inquiry about secondary education, educologists typically address the questions of:
Well founded and warranted answers to these questions are all part of the educology of secondary education.[62] Education as the dependent variableIn contrast to other viewpoints (in the sense of arrangements of discourse, e.g. sociology, anthropology, psychology), the educological perspective treats the educational process as the dependent variable, and it is used to conduct research and inquiry about the effects of other factors, such as social settings, economic activity and political attitudes, upon the educational process.[63] Treating education qua education, the educological perspective conceives of education as a system made up of the elements of teacher, student, content and setting, all standing in relation to each other. The educological perspectives analyzes the relations among these four elements. For example, it examines what set of relations does
All other educological questions derive from this basic set of four questions.[64] Of course, regardless of what questions are asked about a field or how a field of phenomena is described or characterized, that field remains unchanged. Spoken or written discourse about the way a plant uses sunlight, water and soil to grow does not affect the plant in its use of those things. We can use spoken or written discourse, however, to take effective action in relation to a plant to influence its growth. And so it is with the different arrangements of discourse (or viewpoints) about the educational process. None of the arrangements (sociology, anthropology, psychology, educology, etc.) changes the form and function of the educational process. All can be used to take some kind of action in relation to the educational process to achieve some intended outcome or desired goal, aim, objective or state of affairs.[63] The domain of educologyThe domain or territory of educology is the set of all phenomena within the educational process. Inquiry and research from an educological perspective is undertaken about this set of phenomena with the intention of producing warranted assertions, or knowledge, about education. Part of the domain or territory of educology is represented in the following table.[65]
Logic, techniques and products of educological inquiryThe relationship between educological inquiry and educology is the relationship between a process and its product. Educological inquiry uses a logic of inquiry and a set of techniques of inquiry to produce a set of products of inquiry.[3] Logic of inquiry. The set of disciplines which is used in the verification of statements (i.e. the warranting of assertions) is the logic of an inquiry. At least three principles of verification are used in educological inquiry.
Techniques of inquiry. The actual behaviors performed and the procedures followed in adducing evidence to verify a statement (warrant an assertion) are the techniques of an inquiry. Examples include conducting surveys, experimentation, drawing analogies, running simulations, locating documents, taking notes, classifying objects, defining terms, clarifying concepts, etc. Products of inquiry. The product of successful inquiry about the educational process is educology. Educology is the set of warranted assertions (i.e. statements which are judged to be true) about some aspect of the process of teaching, studying and guided intentional learning. The set can be classified into at least three categories, viz. analytic, normative and empirical knowledge. Discipline for forming educology. The logic and techniques for conducting inquiry about the educational process constitute the discipline requisite for conducting sound and productive educological research and inquiry, including retro-search, re-search and neo-search.[66] The product of sound, well disciplined and fruitful educological inquiry is educology.[3](See Table 3.)
Critical categories for arrangement of educology into subfundsThe product of successful educological inquiry is educology, and educology can be arranged into subsets or subfunds of educology. Two categories which are critical for the arrangement of the product of educological inquiry and research are (1) the phenomena about which inquiry is conducted and (2) the purpose of the inquiry. The use of these categories makes possible the arrangement of subfunds of educology.[3] Phenomena of inquiry. The something which is investigated in the act of research (including retro-search, re-search and neo-search)[66] is the set of phenomena being inquired about, or the phenomena of inquiry, or the object of knowledge. Phenomena in the educational process can be classified into many categories. Six of the critical categories are:
Purpose of inquiry. The intended outcome of an inquiry is its purpose. At least seven purposes of inquiry can be distinguished: (1) characterization, (2) description, (3) explanation, (4) prediction, (5) prescription, (6) evaluation and (7) justification.. Characterization is a set of statements which identifies the essential properties which distinguish one category of phenomena from another. Description is a set of statements which elucidates and represents a state of affairs as it exists. Explanation is a set of statements which provides reasons for why a state of affairs is as it is. Prediction is a set of statements which foretells how a state of affairs will be. Prescription is a set of statements which tells what, how and when to do something in order to achieve a desired state of affairs. Evaluation is a set of statements which reports that a state of affairs is good (or bad) or relatively better (or worse). Justification is a set of statements which presents a coherent argument about why a course of action ought to be taken (or not be taken) and/or why a state of affairs is good (or bad), better (or worse), ethical (or inethical), valuable (or worthless). Subfunds of educology. An arrangement of educological assertions in relation to a nominated set of purposes and a specified set of features within the educational process constitutes a subfund of educology. At least seven major subfunds of educology can be distinguished with respect to phenomena of inquiry and purpose of inquiry. They include
Other arrangements, of course, are possible. Examples include the
Culture, curriculum, early childhood, etc. are phenomena of inquiry. Thus, the subfunds of educology in the second list are arranged in relation to some subset of phenomena found in the field of phenomena of education. The subfunds of educology arranged by phenomena of inquiry typically include (1) analytic philosophical, (2) normative philosophical, (3) historical, (4) scientific, (5) empirical non-scientific, (6) praxiological, and (7) jurisprudential educology within them. For example, the educology of women implies all seven subfunds. Thus, within the educology of women, there is the
See Table 4.
Four meanings of the term philosophy of educationAt least four meanings of the term philosophy of education can be distinguished:
The first two are subfunds of educology. The third and fourth are knowledge about educology, not about education. Therefore, they are meta-educology, or knowledge about knowledge about education.[67] Analytic philosophy of education (or analytic philosophical educology) is an arrangement of warranted assertions which describes and characterizes the necessary implications of concepts and propositions used in discourse within the process of education. The theorizing of James Gribble, George F. Kneller, John B. Magee, Gilbert Ryle, Israel Scheffler and B. Othanel Smith, for example, exemplifies analytic philosophy of education, or analytic philosophical educology.[68]Relevant to the explication of philosophy of education is the concept of language of education. The term functions ambiguously. It can mean (1) language or discourse which occurs within the process of teaching and studying, and it can also mean (2) language or discourse which is about the process of teaching and studying. In its first sense, language of education means language in education. In its second sense, it means language about education. These two senses can be distinguished by subscripts:
What people say while engaged in the role of teaching or in the role of studying under guidance are examples of [language of education]1 or language in education. Educology is [language of education]2 or language about education. Educology is only that language or discourse about education which is warranted with evidence. Obviously not all discourse (or assertions) about education is warranted with evidence.[53] Normative philosophical educology is the same as normative knowledge about education or normative philosophy of education. This arrangement of educology again requires the use of the three disciplines (analytic, normative, empirical). Questions of what is desirable and undesirable for and in the educational process (normative questions) lead on to questions of meaning (analytic questions) and questions of the actual consequences of actions or practices (empirical questions). To settle normative questions competently, one must also be able to settle questions of meaning and questions of actual consequences. Normative philosophical educology addresses questions such as,
Normative philosophy of education (or normative philosophical educology) describes and characterizes that which has worth in education. The theorizing of Ernest Bayles, John Dewey and John Butler, for example, exemplifies normative philosophy of education, or normative philosophical educology.[69] Normative philosophical educology is part of educology. It is a subfund of educology. Its focus is upon desirable and undesirable or relatively desirable and undesirable states of affairs, relationships, entities, practices, situations and the like within the educational process (and for the educational process). Normative philosophical educology is closely related to philosophy of education, but it is not identical with it. Often the term philosophy of education is used without distinguishing between normative and analytic philosophy. This usage conflates different arrangements of knowledge.[53] Philosophy of educology. Given the distinction between two senses of language of education, a third meaning of philosophy of education is possible to distinguish. Language about education can be an object of inquiry, or something about which inquiry can be conducted. It can be analyzed, and true statements about it can be produced. This set of true statements, or warranted assertions, constitutes a fund of knowledge. That fund includes the logic, epistemology, ethics and praxiology of making warranted assertions about the educational process. The fund includes that which is named by the term research methods or research methodologies, because research methodologies about the educational process are included in the praxiology of educology (vs. the praxiology of education).[3][70]In common usage discourse about education, the logic and epistemology of forming warranted assertions about the educational process is called philosophy of education, because in common usage, the term education names (1) the teaching and studying process and (2) knowledge about that process. But a name which more adequately characterizes the fund is the term philosophy of educology. The substitution of the term educology for the term education in the name philosophy of education (making it philosophy of educology) clarifies the point that the object of knowledge (i.e. that which the knowledge describes, characterizes and explains) is language (discourse) about education. Philosophy of educology includes analytic philosophy of educology and normative philosophy of educology.[53] Educology and meta-educologyIn addition to educological inquiry and subfunds of educology, there is meta-educological inquiry and meta-educology. There is language (or discourse) within the educational process (what teachers say to students and vice versa) and language (or discourse) about the educational process (what is said about teachers and students). There can be warranted assertions about the educational process, i.e. verified statements about teachers and students. There can also be warranted assertions about what is said about teachers and students, i.e. verified statements about statements about the educational process. Warranted assertions about the educational process are educology. Warranted assertions about statements about the educational process are meta-educology.[3] The statement, {{quotation|Compulsory schooling is a requirement which all contemporary nations have stipulated in law}}is an example of educology. In contrast, the statement in brackets, {{quotation| [The statement, "Compulsory school is a requirement which all contemporary nations have stipulated in law," requires verification by examining the statutes of every nation]}}is an example of meta-educology. It is a warranted assertion about a statement about education. Meta-educological inquiry. Meta-educological inquiry includes asking and answering questions (with the necessary and sufficient evidence) about (1) the necessary implications, (2) the value and worth and (3) the attribution and provenance of discourse about the educational process. Thus, at least three categories of meta-educological inquiry can be distinguished: (1) analytic, (2) normative and (3) empirical.[53]Analytic meta-educological inquiry requires the use of the principle of necessity reasoning as its logic of inquiry. It produces warranted analytic meta-statements as its product of inquiry. Its techniques of inquiry include concept isolation, propositional isolation, concept analysis, propositional analysis, definition (including classificatory, synonymy, equivalent expression definition), identification of definition functions (including reportive, stipulative, programmatic functions), explication, model case, contrary case, borderline case, invented case, related concept, unrelated concept, term substitution, subscripts, invented terms, social context technique, result in language technique, practical results technique.[53] Its phenomenon of inquiry (phenomenon about which inquiry is conducted) is the entire set of discourse about the educational process. Its purpose of inquiry is description and explanation of the implications of all discourse about the educational process.[53] The statement in brackets, {{quotation|[The statement, "Individualization is instruction that is adapted to individual needs . . .," is an analytic statement verifiable by the principle of necessity reasoning]}} is an example of an analytic meta-educological statement. Normative meta-educological inquiry requires the use of the principle of normative reasoning as its logic of inquiry. It produces warranted normative meta-statements (evaluations and prescriptions) as its product of inquiry. Its techniques of inquiry include value clarification, value validation, value vindication and rational value choice.[71] Its phenomena of inquiry (phenomena about which inquiry is conducted) are intrinsically and extrinsically good and bad states of affairs for and within discourse about the educational process. Its purpose of inquiry is description, explanation, prediction, prescription and justification of intrinsically and extrinsically good states of affairs for and within discourse about the educational process.[53] The statement in brackets, {{quotation| [The statement, "Individualization is instruction that is adapted to individual needs . . .," is a good statement for beginning inquiry about individualization of instruction in the educational process]}} is an example of a normative meta-educological statement. Empirical meta-educological inquiry requires the use of the principle of observation (extrospection) as its logic of inquiry. It produces warranted empirical meta-statements as its product of inquiry. Its techniques of inquiry include location of recorded texts, authentication of recorded texts and citation of recorded texts. Its phenomena of inquiry (phenomena about which inquiry is conducted) is extant recorded statements (i.e. texts in articles, journals, papers, books, etc.) about the educational process. Its purpose of inquiry is description, attribution and provenance of extant discourse about the educational process. The statement in brackets, {{quotation|[The statement, "Individualization is instruction that is adapted to individual needs . . .," is found on p. 272 of The Teacher's Handbook (Dwight W. Allen & Eli Seifman, Eds., 1971)]}}is an example of an empirical meta-educological statement. Not a subfund of educology. Meta-educology does not constitute a subfund of educology. Educology is its phenomenon of inquiry, just as education is the phenomenon of inquiry for educology. Educology is the phenomenon about which meta-educological research inquires. Education is the phenomenon about which educological research inquires. See Table 5.
Responsibilities of educological researchersIt is the responsibility of educological researchers to be expert in both educological inquiry and meta-educological inquiry.[53] Both activities are required in the task of competently making warranted assertions about the educational process. It is the educological researcher's responsibility to identify significant problems about the educational process and to solve those problems. It is also the educological researcher's obligation to clarify:
To ask and answer these five questions is to undertake meta-educological research. If the educological researcher omits these questions, the researcher risks derailment at the very beginning of the inquiry. Much work can be wasted and invalid results perpetrated if an analytic question is mistaken for an empirical one, or an empirical one, for a normative one. Each kind of question implies its appropriate logic, product, techniques, phenomena and purpose of inquiry. Analytic questions must be treated as analytic questions for the results to be valid, and so it is for normative and empirical questions. This is why educological researchers, in order to do their job properly and correctly, must be able to undertake expert meta-inquiry at the second level of discourse, i.e. at the level of warranted assertions about statements about the educational process. See Table 6.
Knowledge about education vs. knowing about educationEducologists distinguish between knowledge about education and knowing about education.[3] Knowledge is recorded warranted assertions. Knowing is the learned ability to perform consciously, purposefully, intelligently and adequately in relation to some state of affairs. Educological knowledge. Educology is one among many funds of knowledge. It is the fund of recorded warranted assertions about the educational process. It is located in the discourse of books or any other medium suitable for recording statements, e.g. magnetic tape, microfilm, microfiche, computer memory, CDs, DVDs. Recorded propositional knowledge about the educational process is related to knowing about the educational process, but it is quite distinct from it as well.[3]Educological knowing. From an educological viewpoint, knowing is an ability which is realized (vs. potential). It is learned (vs. being inherited or being instinctual). It is an ability to perform with some intention (i.e. it is a purposeful performance). It is done in relation to some state of affairs. And the ability takes some form, or is manifested in some way (at least five forms of knowing can be distinguished). An example of knowing is that of knowing about education. Knowing about education is educological knowing. It is the learned ability to perform adequately with intention or purpose in relation to the educational process. Knowing is located within the function of people. It is their cognitive function in relation to the educational process. People can know, but not be demonstrating that knowing at any one instant. An instance of demonstrated knowing is an exemplification of knowing. For example, a woman sitting on a bus one morning may be able to ice skate. While she is not ice skating at that moment, she still knows how to ice skate. When she actually ice skates later that afternoon, she is providing an exemplification of her knowing how to ice skate. When she teaches her students that afternoon how to execute a three-point turn, her demonstration of the three-turn is an exemplification of knowing how to do a three-turn organized for purposes of teaching and guided study. As students, people can study the recorded propositions in educology and exemplifications of educological knowing (live or recorded in some medium - sound, photographs, film, DVD, etc.) in order to extend their educological knowing. In doing so, they extend their cognitive function in relation to the educational process. Through their study, they might improve their function with respect to their conduct as teachers, students, counselors, coaches, trainers, mentors, curriculum developers, educational administrators and managers, or educological researchers (including retro-researchers, re-searchers and neo-searchers).[3]Extension of knowing from studying educology. As students, through their study of educology and exemplifications of educological knowing (knowing-that-one, knowing-that, knowing-how and knowing-to), people can extend their ability to speak purposefully and adequately about education or to speak purposefully and adequately while engaging within the process of education as a teacher, student, counselor, curriculum developer, administrator or manager. They might extend their ability to think to themselves, silently, about education, to write soundly about education, or to draw supportable and warranted inferences about education. Studying educology and representations of educological knowing, under guidance or independently, is a means by which one can extend one's ability to recall educational states of affairs, anticipate educational moments, create educational occasions, or discern educational transactions.[3]Transience of knowing vs. permanence of knowledge. It is the nature of human beings that we are mortal. We all die, and our knowing dies with us. But educology and recorded exemplifications of educological knowing do not die. While a person's cognitive function ceases with that person, recorded propositions about education remain in the recorded media, and recorded exemplifications of educological knowing also remain in the recorded media. Each person who comes anew as a student to the fund of educology and the recorded exemplifications of educological knowing has the opportunity to extend her or his educological knowing. In addition, new generations, through successful educological research (retro-search, re-search, neo-search) have the opportunity to contribute to the revision and extension of the fund of warranted assertions which constitutes educology.[3]The range of educological knowingEducologists distinguish at least four kinds of educological knowing. Each of the kinds may be manifested in at least five forms and at three levels. The four kinds are knowing-that-one, knowing-that, knowing-how and knowing-to.[72] The five forms are linguistic, physical, physiological, imaginal and emotional. The three levels are preconventional, conventional and postconventional.[73] The four kinds of knowing are distinguishable with respect to the object or states of affairs in relation to which the knowing is performed. The five forms of knowing are distinguishable with respect to the manner in which the knowing is manifested. The three levels of knowing are distinguishable with respect to the degree of expertise with which the knowing is performed. Range of knowing. The combination of kinds, forms and levels of knowing constitutes a range of knowing. A range of knowing may vary from narrowly restricted to widely extended. It is possible for a person to develop knowing-that-one without knowing-how or knowing-that without knowng-to. It is possible for a person to develop, for example, knowing-how at a conventional level in a linguistic form, but not in a physical form. A wide or extensive range of knowing constitutes understanding.
Knowing-that-one. Knowing-that-one about education is the ability to perform adequately in relation to unique states of affairs within education. A teacher recognizes, is acquainted with and appreciates Michael's moods, motivations, aspirations and capabilities, not as an adolescent or a middle class child or a student in his 9th year of school, but as Michael, in all of his uniqueness. This is an example of a teacher's knowing-that-one. The teacher might be able to manifest this knowing-that-one of Michael in talking with Michael (linguistic knowing), in anticipating Michael's behavior (imaginal knowing), in making gestures to which Michael will respond positively (physical knowing). Knowing-that-one of education gives the knower (e.g. teacher, student, counselor, administrator, manager, curriculum developer, researcher) sensitivity for the educational process and for features within the process so that significant and important aspects of the process can be discerned and appreciated by the knower. Knowing-that. Knowing-that about education is the ability to perform adequately in relation to states of affairs within education as members of categories. A teacher can, for example, classify Michael's behavior as typical of 15-year-olds. The teacher can categorize Michael's capabilities as characteristic of middle level achievers and relate his aspirations and motivations to what one might expect of middle class adolescents. The teacher might manifest this knowing-that in writing a report (linguistic knowing), in having a feeling of familiarity and towards Michael's behavior as typical of boys of his age (an emotional knowing), in imagining how Michael will resemble his mates in a year's time (imaginal knowing), in making gestures and managing body language towards boys of Michael's kind (physical knowing). Knowing-that gives the knower adequacy and power with respect to theory (i.e. knowing-that gives theoretical adequacy). The knower with knowing-that about education can describe and explain (i.e. theorize) about the educational process in terms of categories, classifications and relationships of features or aspects of the educational process. The knower can do this, if she or he has knowing-that, with necessary and sufficient evidence and sound inferences. Knowing-how. Knowing-how is the ability to use a set of procedures to achieve an intended result. A teacher, for example, starts class by having the children line up outside the classroom, enter the classroom in single file and take their seats as assigned seats. The teacher has learned that this set of procedures achieves an orderly entry into the room and focuses the attention of pupils upon what is to happen next in the lesson. In this example, this teacher is manifesting knowing-how. When the teacher is giving directions, the knowing-how is being manifested as linguistic knowing-how. It can be manifested in gestures and body language (physical knowing), in feelings (emotional knowing), in anticipation (imaginal knowing). Knowing-how is the basis for effective action within the educational process. Knowing-to. Knowing-to is the realized ability to exercise conscious intention, will and choice in a rational way that is consistent with a set of freely and rationally chosen norms (i.e. standards and/or rules). A synonym for knowing-to is conative knowing. Conative knowing is a state of knowing-to, as distinct from knowing-that-one, knowing-that or knowing-how. Individuals have achieved a state of knowing-to when they can say (and mean and justify it), "I am willing to do that." That state of willingness, or knowing-to, is the same as conative knowing.[74] Conative knowing is the ability to choose rational courses of action which are consistent with standards and rules by which to regulate, control and direct one's self. Conative knowing is the basis for living a rational, principled life. Conative knowing gives us the ability to set goals and make plans in relation to criteria and to make choices consistent with chosen plans and goals. Conative knowing, or knowing-to, is the realized ability to consciously and thoughtfully live consistently by a set of standards and rules. An example of knowing-to is a teacher consciously choosing to treat each and every student respectfully, courteously and fairly. Other possibilities of knowing. While the examples just given of knowing-that-one, knowing-that, knowing-how and knowing-to were ones in which a teacher manifested the four kinds and five forms of knowing, other players in the educational process are capable of learning these kinds and forms of knowing about education. These include students, counselors, coaches, mentors, administrators, managers, curriculum specialists and any one interested in knowing about education from a professional viewpoint or from the viewpoint of extending one's liberal education. One can develop educological knowing as a liberal study as well as a professional study. Levels of knowing. At least three levels of knowing are possible (preconventional, conventional and postconventional). The three levels relate to the distinctions of beginner, intermediate, expert and expert innovator. One who has preconventional knowing is just at the beginning of learning some kind and form of knowing about education. The person has not yet achieved the conventions for a set of knowing. At the conventional level, the person has learned the conventions, and the level includes both intermediate and expert performances. The postconventional level is being manifested when the knower is creating innovations which have not yet become conventions. Innovative expert performers within the educational process and researchers who are engaged in neo-search about the educational process, if successful, are performing at the postconventional level of knowing. They are setting new standards or conventions of knowing about education. Educological understandingFrom an educological viewpoint, understanding is the realized ability to perform consciously, purposefully, intelligently and in a well informed way to resolve challenges, solve problems and achieve desired results within some state of affairs.[75] Educological understanding is an understanding of states of affairs within the educational process. More specifically, educological understanding is the realized ability to perform consciously, purposefully, intelligently and in a well informed way to resolve challenges, solve problems and achieve desired results for and within the educational process. Educological understanding relates to educological knowing in that educological understanding is the achievement of some range of educological knowing at the conventional and post-conventional levels. A wide or extensive range of educological knowing at the conventional and post-conventional levels constitutes educological understanding. The way to rational constructive action in educationWithin matters educational, experience is highly prized. While it is true that experience within the educational process is important for developing educological understanding, educologists maintain that experience alone is insufficient.[3] All of us experience disease, but this does not qualify us as medical practitioners. We occupy space and exist in time, but this experience does not transform us into physicists. So it is with educological knowing. In order to develop educological understanding, one must engage in experiences with an educological perspective so that the significant and important features of the experience may be discerned, reflected upon, evaluated and appreciated educologically. In order to develop a range of knowing about education, one must, as a student, study educology and representations of educological knowing in addition to having experience within the educational process. Rational constructive action within the educational process requires educological understanding. Without understanding, naive uninformed action can be taken, but not rational, well informed action. If naive uninformed action is constructive, it will be by accident, not by educological knowing. The way to rational constructive action within the educational process is through coming to know as much as one can about education from an educological perspective. Educological knowing requires study of educology, i.e. the reading and comprehension, reflection upon and intelligent action in relation to warranted assertions about the educational process. It is educology which provides concepts, propositions, facts and theory about education and cognitive structure for reasoning about education and for taking rational constructive action in and for education. Uses of educologyLiberal and professional education. Educologists argue that educology has uses in the curriculum of liberal education as well as professional education. Liberal education is undertaken to extend one's ability to function as a free person with free will within a free and democratic society. Professional education is undertaken to function as an effective, ethical and accountable practitioner, e.g. a teacher, counsellor or mentor, within the educational process.[63] Sound educological understanding provides the basis for undertaking rational, constructive action within the educational process and for engaging in sound, well informed discourse about the educational process. Through studying educology, one can develop educological understanding towards several ends, e.g. towards
The liberal and professional uses of educology are described, explained and illustrated in a number of educological works.[3] Naming professional organizations. Another important use of educology is the naming of professional organizations whose purposes are to conduct research, produce knowledge and disseminate knowledge about the educational process. For example, the conflation of (1) object of inquiry with (2) product of inquiry is removed by making the change of name from:
Naming organizational units. Likewise, educology has an important use for naming organizational units whose purpose it is to teach and extend knowledge about the educational process. The use of educology in the naming of organizational units within academies, institutes, colleges and universities dispels conflation of concepts and confusion in discourse about education. For example, the name change from:
removes the conflation of (1) object of inquiry with (2) product of inquiry and makes clear that the purpose of the units is to teach and study knowledge about educational phenomena and extend knowledge about the educational process.[76] Structuring programs, curricula and courses. Within organizational units of educology (university faculties, colleges, schools, departments) the six critical categories of
have important applications for making decisions about
Use of these categories reduces the likelihood of category mistakes, nonsensical contradictions and wasteful duplication in educological programs, curricula, courses and organization of staff. The application of the six categories also increases the probability of arrangements of academic staff and curricula which have coherency, clarity and flexibility, without ambiguity or equivocation. The benefits of using the six critical categories include the likelihood of producing an organization which (1) makes sense to those whom it arranges and (2) contributes to cooperative effort towards the worthwhile goal of extending knowledge about education.[76] The role of units of educology. From an educological perspective, the proper role of a unit of educology (i.e. a faculty, school, college, department or division of educology) within a university is to provide a favorable and supportive environment in which
Further reading{{colbegin}}
|publisher= Department of Instructional Systems Technology School of Education, Indiana University |location=Bloomington}}
|publisher= Department of Instructional Systems Technology School of Education, Indiana University |location=Bloomington}}
|publisher= Philosophical Library |location=New York | isbn=978-0802223739 }}
|publisher= Educology Research Associates |location=Sydney | isbn=978-0949784063 }}
|publisher= System Predictive Technologies |location=Columbus, Ohio }}
|publisher= System-Predictive Technologies |location=Columbus, Ohio}}{{colend}} Related Topics{{colbegin}}
References1. ^{{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth |title=Educology of the Free |year=1981 |publisher=Philosophical Library |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8022-2373-9}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=Contributing Paper 1.1 in History and Philosophy of Educology, Part I (A paper used as the basis for a series of seven lectures to faculty and doctoral students in educology at Vytautas Magnus University (VMU) in December, 2001)|journal=Pedagogika|year=2001|url=http://www.era-usa.net/contributingpapersset1.html|issn= 1392-0340}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 See* {{cite book |last=Brezinka|first=Wolfgang |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=7–26|chapter=Chapter 1: Meta-Theory of Education: European Contributions from an Empirical-Analytic Point of View |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last1=Brezinka |first1=Wolfgang (Translated from the German by James Stuart Brice and Raoul Eshelman) |title=Philosophy of Educational Knowledge: An Introduction to the Foundations of Science of Education, Philosophy of Education and Practical Pedagogics|year=1992 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-0-7923-1522-3}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Educational Research as Educology|journal=Australian Educational Researcher|volume=2|issue=4|pages=18–20|year=1975|url=http://www.aare.edu.au/aer|issn=0311-6999|access-date=2010-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202113641/http://www.aare.edu.au/aer/#|archive-date=2008-12-02|dead-url=yes|df=}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=A Conversation about Education as Educology, Guest Editorial|journal=A Journal of the American Educational Studies Association|volume=8|issue=1|pages=v–xii|year=1977|url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t775653643~link=cover|issn=0013-1946}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|title=Curriculum, Education, and Educology |year=1981 |publisher=Educology Research Associates |location=Sydney |isbn=978-0-949784-01-8}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|title=Education and Human Development: A Study in Educology |year=1981|publisher=Educology Research Associates|location=Sydney|isbn=978-0-949784-00-1}}* {{cite book|last=Christensen|first=James E|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=121–158| chapter=Chapter 6: Educology and Some Related Concepts|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=The Educology of Curriculum|journal=Collected Original Resources in Education|date=March 1982|issn=0308-6909}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Comparative Educology: A Bridging Concept for Comparative Educational Inquiry, a paper presented to the Fifth World Congress of Comparative Education, Paris, 2-6 Jul, 1984|journal=Resources in Education|pages=Accession Numbers ED 266542, EA 018220|publisher=ERIC: Education Resources Information Center|date=June 1986|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Educational Research with an Educological Perspective, a paper presented to the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, 31 Mar - 4 Apr, 1985|journal=Resources in Education|pages=Accession Numbers ED 263197, TM 850688|publisher=ERIC: Education Resources Information Center|date=March 1986|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/}}* {{cite book |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Educology 86: Proceedings of a Conference on Educational Research, Inquiry and Development with an Educological Perspective, Canberra, July 10-12, 1986|publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates|year=1986 |isbn=978-0-949784-05-6}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Education, Educology and Educological Discourse: Theory and Structure for Education and Constructive Action in Education|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–32|year=1987|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=An Organizational Theory for Schools of Teacher Education and Faculties of Education|journal=Australian Journal of Education|volume=22|issue=1|pages=52–71|year=1978|url=http://www.acer.edu.au/press/aje|issn=0004-9441|doi=10.1177/000494417802200105}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Analytic Philosophy of Education as a Subdiscipline of Educology |year=1979|publisher=University Press of America|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-8191-0802-9}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Organization and Colleges of Education: An Educological Perspective |year=1983|publisher=Educology Research Associates|location=Sydney|isbn=978-0-949784-02-5}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=263–300|chapter=Chapter 12: Educology as an Organizational Concept for Schools of Teacher Education, College of Education, and Faculties of Education |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last=Fisher|first=James E |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=301–327|chapter=Chapter 13: The Concept of Educology and the Classification System used in Educational Studies |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last=Fisher|first=James E |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Educology 86: Proceedings of a Conference on Educational Research, Inquiry and Development with an Educological Perspective, Canberra, July 10-12, 1986|publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates |year=1986 |pages=51–72|chapter=Chapter 4: Toward a Theory of Language for Educology and Education |isbn=978-0-949784-05-6}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=The Territory of Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=18–45|year=1991|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=The Domain of Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=10|issue=1|pages=66–143|year=1996|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=An Outlined Introduction to the Universal and Unifying Experiential Research Methodology in the Domain of Educology: The Discipline of Educology Introduced to Graduate Students in Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=12-15|pages=59–76|date=1998–2001|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=Elizabeth Steiner|title=Logic of Education and of Educatology: Dimensions of Philosophy of Education|journal=Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Philosophy of Education Society| year=1964|issn=8756-6575}}* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=Elizabeth Steiner|title=Towards Educational Theorizing without Mistake|journal=Studies in Philosophy and Education|volume=7|issue=2|pages=154–157|date=Sep 1970|issn=0039-3746|doi=10.1007/bf00372558}}* {{cite book|last=Maccia|first=George|editor-first=George F| editor-last=Kneller|title=Foundations of Education, Second Edition| publisher=New York: John Wiley & Sons|year=1967|chapter=Science and Science of Education| isbn=978-0-471-49505-5}}* {{cite book|last=Maccia|first=George|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=27–50| chapter=Chapter 2: The Genesis of Educology|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book|last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth|editor-first=John Martin| editor-last=Rich|title=Readings in the Philosophy of Education, Second Edition| publisher=Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company|year=1972|chapter=The Non-Identity of Philosophy and Theory of Education|isbn=978-0-534-00204-6}}* {{Cite journal|last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth|title=Educology: Its Origins and Future, a paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY, 3-8 Apr, 1977|journal=Resources in Education|pages=Accession Numbers ED 141201|publisher=ERIC: Education Resources Information Center|year=1977|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED141201&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED141201}}* {{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth |title=Logical and Conceptual Analytic Techniques for Educational Researchers |year=1978 |publisher=University Press of America |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-8191-0406-9}}* {{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth |title=Educology of the Free|year=1981|publisher=Philosophical Library |location=New York |isbn=978-0802223739}}* {{cite book|last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=87–100| chapter=Chapter 4: Logic of Education and of Educatology: Dimensions of Philosophy of Education|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=101–120|chapter=Chapter 5: Educology: Thirteen Years Later|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Educology 86: Proceedings of a Conference on Educational Research, Inquiry and Development with an Educological Perspective, Canberra, July 10-12, 1986|publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates|year=1986|pages=221–228|chapter=Chapter 13: Crisis in Educology |isbn=978-0-949784-05-6}} 4. ^Lowry Harding published four works in educology. They have a light hearted tone, but there is a serious underlying message about the necessity to clarify the distinction between the educational process and knowledge about that process* {{cite book |editor-first=Lowry W| editor-last=Harding|title=Anthology in Educology|year=1951 |publisher=Wm C Brown, Co |location=Dubuque, Iowa}}* {{cite book |editor-first=Lowry W| editor-last=Harding|title=Essays in Educology|year=1956 |publisher=Wm C Brown, Co |location=Dubuque, Iowa}}* {{cite book |editor-first=Lowry W| editor-last=Harding|title=More Essays in Educology|year=1964 |publisher=Association for the Study of Educology |location=Columbus, Ohio}}* {{cite book |editor-first=Lowry W| editor-last=Harding|title=Educology: The Fourth Collection|year=1965 |publisher=Association for the Study of Educology |location=Columbus, Ohio}} 5. ^Elizabeth Steiner Maccia published under the names of Elizabeth Steiner and Elizabeth Steiner Maccia* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=Elizabeth Steiner|title=Logic of Education and of Educatology: Dimensions of Philosophy of Education|journal=Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Philosophy of Education Society| year=1964|issn=8756-6575}}* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=Elizabeth Steiner|title=Towards Educational Theorizing without Mistake|journal=Studies in Philosophy and Education|volume=7|issue=2|pages=154–157|date=Sep 1970|issn=0039-3746|doi=10.1007/bf00372558}}* {{cite book|last=Steiner [Maccia]|first=Elizabeth|editor-first=John Martin| editor-last=Rich|title=Readings in the Philosophy of Education, Second Edition| publisher=Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company|year=1972|chapter=The Non-Identity of Philosophy and Theory of Education|isbn=978-0-534-00204-6}}* {{Cite journal|last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth|title=Educology: Its Origins and Future, a paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, NY, 3-8 Apr, 1977|journal=Resources in Education|pages=Accession Numbers ED 141201|publisher=ERIC: Education Resources Information Center| year=1977|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED141201&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED141201}}* {{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth |title=Logical and Conceptual Analytic Techniques for Educational Researchers |year=1978 |publisher=University Press of America |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-8191-0406-9}}* {{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth |title=Educology of the Free |year=1981 |publisher=Philosophical Library |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8022-2373-9}}* {{cite book |last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=101–120|chapter=Chapter 5: Educology: Thirteen Years Later|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book|last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=87–100| chapter=Chapter 4: Logic of Education and of Educatology: Dimensions of Philosophy of Education|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Educology 86: Proceedings of a Conference on Educational Research, Inquiry and Development with an Educological Perspective, Canberra, July 10-12, 1986|publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates |year=1986 |pages=221–228|chapter=Chapter 13: Crisis in Educology |isbn=978-0-949784-05-6}}* {{cite book |last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth |title=Methodology of Theory Building |publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates |year=1988 |url=https://www.indiana.edu/~tedfrick/steiner/Methodology%20of%20Theory%20Building.pdf |isbn=978-0-949784-06-3}} 6. ^George Maccia made a number of important contributions to the development of educology, including* {{cite book|last=Maccia|first=George|editor-first=George F| editor-last=Kneller|title=Foundations of Education, Second Edition| publisher=New York: John Wiley & Sons|year=1967|chapter=Science and Science of Education| isbn=978-0-471-49505-5}}* {{cite book|last=Maccia|first=George|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=27–50| chapter=Chapter 2: The Genesis of Educology|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=George|title=A Philosophical Educology: Education and Dialectics of Person|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=71–84|year=1991|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=George|title=Education for Humanity: A Philosophical Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–10|publisher=Educology Research Associates|year=1992|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406}} 7. ^Prof. John B. Biggs of Newcastle University (Australia) coined the term educology in 1975 in a paper ("Professional Development or Practice") presented to the Annual Conference of the South Pacific Association for Teacher Education (Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia) (cited in {{cite book|last=Christensen|first=James E|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=vi| chapter=Preface|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}) and used the term again in* {{Cite journal|last=Biggs|first=John B|title=Educology: Theory of Educational Practice|journal=Contemporary Educational Psychology|volume=1|issue=3|pages=274–284|year=1976|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0361476X76900345|issn=0361-476X|doi=10.1016/0361-476X(76)90034-5}}* {{cite book |last=Biggs|first=John B |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=197–212 |chapter=Chapter 8: Educology: The Science of Effective Education |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 8. ^Rachel Elder coined the term educology in the late 1960s and used it in an unpublished paper written for Far West Laboratory for Educational Research and Development (San Francisco) "Three Educologies" (mimeographed, 1971). She used the term in the sense of ideologies about education in order to stimulate students at the University of California, Berkeley, in the activist days of the late 1960s to clarify their own ideologies as a basis for action in the task of teaching. Elder's work is cited in {{cite book|last=Christensen|first=James E|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=vi| chapter=Preface|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 9. ^James Christensen's contributions included* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Educational Research as Educology|journal=Australian Educational Researcher|volume=2|issue=4|pages=18–20|year=1975|url=http://www.aare.edu.au/aer|issn=0311-6999|access-date=2010-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202113641/http://www.aare.edu.au/aer/#|archive-date=2008-12-02|dead-url=yes|df=}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=A Conversation about Education as Educology, Guest Editorial|journal=Educational Studies: A Journal of the American Educational Studies Association|volume=8|issue=1|pages=v–xii|year=1977|url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t775653643~link=cover|issn=0013-1946}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|title=Curriculum, Education, and Educology|year=1981 |publisher=Educology Research Associates |location=Sydney |isbn=978-0-949784-01-8}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|title=Education and Human Development: A Study in Educology|year=1981|publisher=Educology Research Associates|location=Sydney|isbn=978-0-949784-00-1}}* {{cite book|last=Christensen|first=James E|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=121–158| chapter=Chapter 6: Educology and Some Related Concepts|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=The Educology of Curriculum|journal=Collected Original Resources in Education|date=March 1982|issn=0308-6909}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Comparative Educology: A Bridging Concept for Comparative Educational Inquiry, a paper presented to the Fifth World Congress of Comparative Education, Paris, 2-6 Jul, 1984|journal=Resources in Education|pages=Accession Numbers ED 266542, EA 018220|publisher=ERIC: Education Resources Information Center|date=June 1986|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Educational Research with an Educological Perspective, a paper presented to the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, 31 Mar - 4 Apr, 1985|journal=Resources in Education|pages=Accession Numbers ED 263197, TM 850688|publisher=ERIC: Education Resources Information Center|date=March 1986|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/}}* {{cite book |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Educology 86: Proceedings of a Conference on Educational Research, Inquiry and Development with an Educological Perspective, Canberra, July 10-12, 1986|publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates|year=1986 |isbn=978-0-949784-05-6}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Education, Educology and Educological Discourse: Theory and Structure for Education and Constructive Action in Education|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–32|year=1987|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Education for Freedom: A Philosophical Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=97–131|year=1992|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=An Organizational Theory for Schools of Teacher Education and Faculties of Education|journal=Australian Journal of Education|volume=22|issue=1|pages=52–71|year=1978|url=http://www.acer.edu.au/press/aje|issn=0004-9441|doi=10.1177/000494417802200105}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Analytic Philosophy of Education as a Subdiscipline of Educology |year=1979|publisher=University Press of America|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-8191-0802-9}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Organization and Colleges of Education: An Educological Perspective |year=1983|publisher=Educology Research Associates|location=Sydney|isbn=978-0-949784-02-5}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=263–300|chapter=Chapter 12: Educology as an Organizational Concept for Schools of Teacher Education, College of Education, and Faculties of Education |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Editorial: The Holmes Group Report and Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=2|issue=1|pages=vii–ix|year=1988|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Editorial: The Need for Educological Research in the Areas of Secondary School Retention Rates, Educational Pathways and Recurrent Education|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=2|issue=2|pages=ix–xii|year=1988|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Editorial: Educology and the Educological Perspective|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=ix–xv|year=1989|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Editorial: Three Critical Distinctions for Advancing Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=4|issue=1|pages=vi–viii|year=1990|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Editorial: Educology for Initial Teacher Education and for Professional Development of Practising Teachers -- Changing Needs, Changing Demands|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=4|issue=2|pages=vi–xvii|year=1990|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Editorial: A Challenge for Educologists of Curriculum|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=vi–ix|year=1991|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Editorial: An Educology of Values, Goals and Action Plans|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=vi–ix|year=1991|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Editorial: The Educology of the Work Place|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=vi–xi|year=1992|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}} 10. ^James E. Fisher's contributions to the development of educology included* {{cite book |last=Fisher|first=James E |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=301–327|chapter=Chapter 13: The Concept of Educology and the Classification System used in Educational Studies |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last=Fisher|first=James E |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Educology 86: Proceedings of a Conference on Educational Research, Inquiry and Development with an Educological Perspective, Canberra, July 10-12, 1986|publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates |year=1986 |pages=51–72|chapter=Chapter 4: Toward a Theory of Language for Educology and Education |isbn=978-0-949784-05-6}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=The Territory of Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=18–45|year=1991|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=Mapping Observations about Education in the Home: An Educology of Home|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=53–93|year=1992|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=An Introduction to Home Educology and Home Education in the USA (Part I)|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=170–207|year=1992|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=An Introduction to Home Educology and Home Education in the USA (Part II)|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=7|issue=2|pages=139–196|year=1993|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=The Domain of Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=10|issue=1|pages=66–143|year=1996|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=An Outlined Introduction to the Universal and Unifying Experiential Research Methodology in the Domain of Educology: The Discipline of Educology Introduced to Graduate Students in Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=12-15|pages=59–76|date=1998–2001|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=Educology Contributing to the Development of the New Democracy in Lithuania|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=12-15|pages=77–79|date=1998–2001|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=A General Sketch of a Semiotically Understood and Oriented Organic Experiential Philosophy of Educology for Developing Democracies in the World|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=17|issue=1&2|pages=1–40|year=2003|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=1449-7255}}* {{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=James E|last2=Reinhart|first2=Marian |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=328–340|chapter=Chapter 14: Educology and the Teaching of Mathematics |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 11. ^{{cite book |last=Denton|first=David E |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=375–380|chapter=Chapter 17: A Renewed Call for a Society of Educologists |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 12. ^{{cite book |last=Hiatt|first=Diana Buell |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Educology 86: Proceedings of a Conference on Educational Research, Inquiry and Development with an Educological Perspective, Canberra, July 10-12, 1986|publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates |year=1986 |pages=101–112|chapter=Chapter 7: Curricular Decision Making with an Educological Perspective: Theory into Practice |isbn=978-0-949784-05-6}} 13. ^{{cite book |last=Reigeluth|first=Charles M|last2=Merrill|first2=M David|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=223–250| chapter=Chapter 10: Instructional Science and Technology: Their Context within Educology and Some Ideas for Their Future Development |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 14. ^James F. Perry focused on praxiological educology and argued that it is one of the subfunds of educology* {{cite book |last=Perry|first=James F |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=213–222|chapter=Chapter 9: Praxiology of Education as a Branch of Educology |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last=Perry|first=James F |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Educology 86: Proceedings of a Conference on Educational Research, Inquiry and Development with an Educological Perspective, Canberra, July 10-12, 1986|publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates |year=1986 |pages=163–182|chapter=Chapter 11: What Works for What, and Why: Praxiology of Education |isbn=978-0-949784-05-6}} 15. ^{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=James E|last2=Reinhart|first2=Marian |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=328–340|chapter=Chapter 14: Educology and the Teaching of Mathematics |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 16. ^{{cite book |last=Short|first=Edmund C |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=351–374|chapter=Chapter 16: Analysis of Educology and Educological Inquiry |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 17. ^{{cite book |last=Walton|first=John |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=341–350|chapter=Chapter 15: Educology: An Academic Discipline |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 18. ^Catherine O. Ameh has published under the names of C.O. Ameh and her married name, C.O. Anegbe* {{cite book |last=Ameh|first=Catherine O |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Educology 86: Proceedings of a Conference on Educational Research, Inquiry and Development with an Educological Perspective, Canberra, July 10-12, 1986|publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates |year=1986 |pages=5–18|chapter=Chapter 1: Science Teachers' Concepts in Science: An Educological Perspective |isbn=978-0-949784-05-6}}* {{Cite journal|last=Ameh|first=Catherine Onyeka|title=An Educological Approach to Identifying Teachers' Understanding of Science Concepts|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=2|issue=1|pages=75–84|year=1988|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Ameh|first=C O|title=An Educology for Science: Teaching Sciences in the 90's|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=53–60|year=1991|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Ameh|first=C O|title=Harmful Traditional Practices in Nigeria and Measures for eradication: An Educology of Home Education|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=1–10|year=2002|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=1449-7255}}* {{Cite journal|last=Ameh|first=C O|last2=Gyuse|first2=E Y|title=An Educology for Science and Technology in Nigeria: Pressures and Constraints|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=4|issue=2|pages=95–103|year=1990|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Ameh|first=C O|title=The Challenges to Effective teaching of Secondary School Science and Technology Subjects in Nigeria: An Educology of Teacher Preparation|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=11|issue=1|pages=45–64|year=1997|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Anegbe|first=C O|last2=Dabit|first2=S I|title=The Need for an Education Program Which Contributes to the Implementation of National Population Control Policy in Nigeria: An Educology of Social and Economic Policies|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=10|issue=2|pages=144–158|year=1996|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}} 19. ^Laurie Brady's contributions to the development of educology included* {{Cite journal|last=Brady|first=Laurie|title=An Educological Examination of Curriculum Models and Related Variables|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=33–44|year=1987|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Brady|first=Laurie|title=An Educology of Teaching: A Models Approach|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=2|issue=1|pages=67–74|year=1988|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Brady|first=Laurie|title=An Educological Analysis of Curriculum Design|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=3|issue=1|pages=81–92|year=1989|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Brady|first=Laurie|title=An Educology of School Management: The Professional Development Objectives of School Principals|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=97–107|year=1991|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Brady|first=Laurie|title=Outcome Based Education: Imposing a Model for Curriculum Development|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=180–192|year=1995|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}} 20. ^{{cite book |last1=Nel |first1=Berdine F |title=From Fundamental Pedagogics to Educology: A Solution or a Substitution |year=1980 |publisher=South African Association for Advancement of Education |location=Durban, Natal |isbn=978-0-909072-33-9}} 21. ^{{cite book |last=Ehle|first=Maryann |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Educology 86: Proceedings of a Conference on Educational Research, Inquiry and Development with an Educological Perspective, Canberra, July 10-12, 1986|publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates |year=1986 |pages=34–50|chapter=Chapter 3: The Educology of Self Perception |isbn=978-0-949784-05-6}} 22. ^For others who have contributed to the development of educology, see {{Citation|title=International Journal of Educology|publisher=Educology Research Associates|date=1987–2015 |url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}, in which more than 100 articles in educology have been published to date. 23. ^See* {{cite book |last=Monshouwer|first=Anton |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=51–86|chapter=Chapter 3: The Formal Structure of an Emerging Science of Education, Part I: Some Opinions about the Scientific Status of a Science of Education |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last=Monshouwer|first=Anton |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=159–196|chapter=Chapter 7: The Formal Structure of an Emerging Science of Education, Part II: The Concept of Science |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 24. ^{{cite book |last=Pool|first=Theo Oudkerk |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Educology 86: Proceedings of a Conference on Educational Research, Inquiry and Development with an Educological Perspective, Canberra, July 10-12, 1986|publisher=Sydney: Educology Research Associates |year=1986 |pages=182–220|chapter=Chapter 12: Teacher Education in an Educological Perspective |isbn=978-0-949784-05-6}} 25. ^Of Wolfgang Brezinka's many publications, two of the most important ones in English are* {{cite book |last=Brezinka|first=Wolfgang |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=7–26|chapter=Chapter 1: Meta-Theory of Education: European Contributions from an Empirical-Analytic Point of View |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last1=Brezinka |first1=Wolfgang (Translated from the German by James Stuart Brice and Raoul Eshelman) |title=Philosophy of Educational Knowledge: An Introduction to the Foundations of Science of Education, Philosophy of Education and Practical Pedagogics|year=1992 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-0-7923-1522-3}} 26. ^{{Cite journal | last1=Olivera | first1=Carlos E. | title=Comparative Education: Towards a Basic Theory | journal=Prospects | volume=18 | issue=2 | pages=167–185 | date=1988 | url=https://link.springer.com/journal/11125 | issn=0033-1538 | doi=10.1007/bf02195515}} 27. ^{{Cite journal|last=Pastuovic|first=Nikola|title=The Science(s) of Adult Education|journal=International Journal of Lifelong Education|volume=14|issue=4|pages=273–291|year=1995|url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a746845434&db=all|issn=0260-1370|doi=10.1080/0260137950140402}} 28. ^{{cite book |last=Qvarsell|first=Birgitta |editor-first=Birgitta| editor-last=Qvarsell |editor2-first=Christoph|editor2-last=Wulf |title=Culture and Education. European Studies in Education. Volume 16 |publisher=Munster, Germany: Waxman|year=2003|pages=13–24 |chapter=Cultures as a Construction for Educational Research |isbn=978-3-8309-1227-9}} 29. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Pukelis|first1=Kestutis|last2=Savickiene|first2=Izabela|title=The Challenge of Establishing a Common Set of Terms for Discourse, Inquiry, and Research in Educational Science: An Analytically Oriented Philosophy of Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=Lithuanian Special Issue|pages=14–27|year=2005|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED494894.pdf|issn=0818-0563}} 30. ^{{cite book |last1=Link |first1=Sharon | title= Educology |year=2008 |url=http://www.dswleads.com/Ebsco/Educology.pdf |publisher= EBSCO Research Starters, EBSCO Publishing Inc}} 31. ^See* {{cite book |last1=Frick |first1=Theodore W. | title= Educology: Knowledge about Education |year=2015 |url=http://educology.indiana.edu/|publisher= Department of Instructional Systems Technology School of Education, Indiana University |location=Bloomington}}* {{cite book |last1=Frick |first1=Theodore W. | title= The Theory of Totally Integrated Education: TIE |year=2015 |url=http://educology.indiana.edu/Frick/TIEtheory.pdf|publisher= Department of Instructional Systems Technology School of Education, Indiana University |location=Bloomington}} 32. ^See {{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=K.R. | title= ATIS Theory Development: Logics, Models & Theories - Types of Systems - Research Methodologies. |year=2015 |url=http://educology.indiana.edu/Thompson/ATIS%20THEORY%20DEVELOPMENT__LOGIC,%20MODELS,%20and%20THEORIES__TYPES%20OF%20SYSTEMS__RESEARCH%20METHODOLOGIES.pdf|publisher= System-Predictive Technologies |location=Columbus, Ohio}} 33. ^See* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E |title=Education, Knowledge and Educology|year=2013 |publisher=Kindle Edition |isbn=978-1499717532 |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1499717539/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_taft_p1_i6 }}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E |title=Education, Curriculum and Educology|year=2014 |publisher=Kindle Edition |isbn=978-1500116453 |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0797JBMRY/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_taft_p1_i5}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E |title=Education, Universities and Educology Vol I: Educology as Knowledge about Education|year=2015 |publisher=Kindle Edition |isbn=978-1508895503 |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0798J2FXV/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_taft_p1_i2}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E |title=Education, Universities and Educology Vol II: Education and the Uses of Educology in Universities|year=2015 |publisher=Kindle Edition |isbn=978-1508895503 |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0798F415Y/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_taft_p1_i3}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E |title=Education, Research and Educology |year=2016 |publisher=Kindle Edition |isbn=978-1541385993 |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0798C78ZF/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_taft_p1_i4}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E |title=Education, Mindfulness and Educology |year=2017 |publisher=Kindle Edition |isbn=978-1983518775 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Education-Mindfulness-Educology-James-Christensen-ebook/dp/B07968L4ZP/ref=tmm_kin_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=&sr=}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E |title=Education, Educology and Meta-Educology: A Conversation |year=2018 |publisher=Kindle Edition |isbn=978-1792983672 |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07MB5GRFR/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_bibl_vppi_i0}} * {{cite book |editor-last1=Christensen | editor-first1=James E | title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |year=2018 |publisher=Kindle Edition |isbn=978-1720690672| url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1720690677/ref=dbs_a_def_rwt_hsch_vapi_taft_p1_i1}} 34. ^See {{Citation | title =International Journal of Educology|publisher=Educology Research Associates|date=1987–2015 | url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406 | issn=0818-0563}} 35. ^For example the College of Education of the University of Illinois at Chicago commenced a newsletter named Educology in 2009; see {{cite web |url=http://education.uic.edu/newsletter/20090401/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-04-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084658/http://education.uic.edu/newsletter/20090401/ |archivedate=2011-07-20 |df= }} 36. ^The School of Education at Indiana University (Bloomington) maintains an educology website that provides an extensive glossary of defined terms in educology. This website further includes links to seminal works by authoritative scholars, as well as illustrations and examples of important concepts. See http://educology.indiana.edu/ 37. ^See "Slovakia Cultural Profile" at http://www.slovakia.culturalprofiles.net/?id=4116 38. ^See the course catalogues of these universities. 39. ^For examples of not-for-profit and for-profit websites that use the term educology, see* Educology at http://www.era-usa.net/ and* Educology Partners at https://sites.google.com/site/educologypartners/home/slj2012 40. ^The first publications in English to make explicit the distinction between education, the process, and educology, the knowledge about the process, were* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=Elizabeth Steiner|title=Logic of Education and of Educatology: Dimensions of Philosophy of Education|journal=Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Philosophy of Education Society| year=1964|issn=8756-6575}}* {{cite book|last=Steiner [Maccia]|first=Elizabeth|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=87–100| chapter=Chapter 4: Logic of Education and of Educatology: Dimensions of Philosophy of Education|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=Elizabeth Steiner|title=Towards Educational Theorizing without Mistake|journal=Studies in Philosophy and Education|volume=7|issue=2|pages=154–157|date=Sep 1970|issn=0039-3746|doi=10.1007/bf00372558}}* {{cite book|last=Steiner [Maccia]|first=Elizabeth|editor-first=John Martin| editor-last=Rich|title=Readings in the Philosophy of Education, Second Edition| publisher=Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company|year=1972|chapter=The Non-Identity of Philosophy and Theory of Education|isbn=978-0-534-00204-6}}* {{cite book|last=Maccia|first=George|editor-first=George F| editor-last=Kneller|title=Foundations of Education, Second Edition| publisher=New York: John Wiley & Sons|year=1967|chapter=Science and Science of Education| isbn=978-0-471-49505-5}}* {{cite book|last=Maccia|first=George|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=27–50| chapter=Chapter 2: The Genesis of Educology|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 41. ^{{cite book|last=Steiner [Maccia]|first=Elizabeth|editor-first=John Martin| editor-last=Rich|title=Readings in the Philosophy of Education, Second Edition| publisher=Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company|year=1972|chapter=The Non-Identity of Philosophy and Theory of Education|isbn=978-0-534-00204-6}} 42. ^{{Cite journal|last=Jelenc|first=Zoran|title=Educology|journal=Theories and General Learning, Europe, Eureda, A Glossary for Adult Learning in Europe, Terms and Definitions, Library, EAEA (European Association for the Education of Adults|year=2010|url=http://www.eaea.org/index.php.?k=15104}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=Balon Greyjoy |fix-attempted=yes }} 43. ^A good example of this argument is the work of John Biggs* {{Cite journal|last=Biggs|first=John B|title=Educology: Theory of Educational Practice|journal=Contemporary Educational Psychology|volume=1|issue=3|pages=274–284|year=1976|issn=0361-476X|doi=10.1016/0361-476x(76)90034-5}}* {{cite book |last=Biggs|first=John B |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=197–212 |chapter=Chapter 8: Educology: The Science of Effective Education |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 44. ^Tadeusz Kortabinski has provided a general definition and explanation of praxiology in* {{cite book |last=Kotarbinski|first=Tadeusz |editor1-first=Ernest|editor1-last=Nagel |editor2-first=Patrick |editor2-last=Suppes |editor3-first=Alfred (Eds)|editor3-last=Tarski|title=Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science|publisher=Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press. Library of Congress Catalog Number 62-9620|year=1962 |pages=211–223 |chapter=Praxiological Sentences and How They Are Proved|isbn=978-0-444-10491-5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jKsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR5&dq=%22Logic,+Methodology+and+Philosophy+of+Science%22+intitle:Logic+intitle:Methodology+intitle:and+intitle:Philosophy+intitle:of+intitle:Science+inpublisher:Stanford+inpublisher:University+inpublisher:Press&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false}}* {{cite book|last=Kotarbinski (Translated by Olgierd Wojtasiewicz)|first=Tadeusz|title=Praxiology: An Introduction to the Sciences of Efficient Action| publisher=London: Pergamon Press|year=1965}} 45. ^For the argument that andragogy is an appropriate name for knowledge about education, see Malcolm Knowles and K. Patricia Cross* {{cite book |last1=Knowles |first1=Malcolm S. |title=The Modern Practice of Adult Education: Andragogy versus Pedagogy|year=1970 |publisher=Association Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0695810566}}* {{cite book |last1=Cross |first1=K. Patricia |title=Adults as Learners: Increasing Participation and Facilitating Learning|year=1981 |publisher=Jossey-Bass |location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-87589-491-1}} 46. ^See John Stuart Mill (1846), A System of Logic, Book VI, Chapter III, Paragraph 4, for the argument for ethology. 47. ^{{cite book |last=Stones|first=E.|title=Psychopedagogy: Psychological Theory and the Practice of Teaching|publisher=Methuen|year=1979|location=London|isbn=978-0-416-71340-4}} 48. ^The argument for the term educology as an appropriate name for knowledge about education was originally developed by Elizabeth Steiner Maccia: {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=Elizabeth Steiner|title=Logic of Education and of Educatology: Dimensions of Philosophy of Education|journal=Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Philosophy of Education Society| year=1964|issn=8756-6575}} 49. ^Part of the history of the use of the term educology is recounted in* {{cite book |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Organization and Colleges of Education: An Educological Perspective |year=1983|publisher=Educology Research Associates|location=Sydney|isbn=978-0-949784-02-5}} 50. ^An exhaustive historical analysis of the concept underlying the term educology is presented in {{cite book |last1=Brezinka |first1=Wolfgang (Translated from the German by James Stuart Brice and Raoul Eshelman) |title=Philosophy of Educational Knowledge: An Introduction to the Foundations of Science of Education, Philosophy of Education and Practical Pedagogics|year=1992 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-0-7923-1522-3}} 51. ^The argument for the term educology over the term pedagogy is cogently stated in {{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth |title=Educology for the Free|year=1981|publisher=Philosophical Library |location=New York |isbn=978-0802223739}}, and it is iterated in{{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|title=Curriculum, Education, and Educology |year=1981 |publisher=Educology Research Associates |location=Sydney |isbn=978-0-949784-01-8}} 52. ^See {{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth |title=Educology for the Free|year=1981|publisher=Philosophical Library |location=New York |isbn=978-0802223739}}, pp. 50-51, for the full argument for the use of the term educology over ethology. 53. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite book|last1=Christensen |first1=James E|last2=Fisher |first2=James E|title=Analytic Philosophy of Education as a Subdiscipline of Educology|year=1979 |publisher=University Press of America|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-8191-0802-9}} 54. ^{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Thomas E |title=The Activities of Teaching |year=1971 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Inc |location=New York |isbn=978-0-9658339-5-0}} 55. ^{{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=The Domain of Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=10|issue=1|pages=66–143|year=1996|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}} 56. ^One of the best sources for a clear explication of this distinction is in* {{cite book |last=Brezinka|first=Wolfgang |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=7–26|chapter=Chapter 1: Meta-Theory of Education: European Contributions from an Empirical-Analytic Point of View |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last1=Brezinka |first1=Wolfgang (Translated from the German by James Stuart Brice and Raoul Eshelman) |title=Philosophy of Educational Knowledge: An Introduction to the Foundations of Science of Education, Philosophy of Education and Practical Pedagogics|year=1992 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-0-7923-1522-3}} 57. ^{{cite book|last=Christensen|first=James E|editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen|title=Perspectives on Education as Educology|publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=121–158| chapter=Chapter 6: Educology and Some Related Concepts|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 58. ^{{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Education, Educology and Educological Discourse: Theory and Structure for Education and Constructive Action in Education|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–32|year=1987|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}} 59. ^{{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth | title= Methodology of Theory Building | year=1988 |url=https://www.indiana.edu/~tedfrick/steiner/Methodology%20of%20Theory%20Building.pdf |publisher= Educology Research Associates |location=Sydney | isbn=978-0949784063 }} 60. ^{{cite book |last1=Christensen | first1=James E | title= Education, Research and Educology | year=2016 | publisher= Kindle Edition | location= Amazon.com | url=https://www.amazon.com/Education-Research-Educology-James-Christensen-ebook/dp/B0798C78ZF/ref=asap_bc?ie=UTF8 }} 61. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Paul | title=Normative Discourse |year=1961 |publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc |location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5965524}} 62. ^These distinctions are defined, explicated and illustrated in* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Analytic Philosophy of Education as a Subdiscipline of Educology|pages=129–147|year=1979|publisher=University Press of America|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-8191-0802-9}}* {{cite book |last=Brezinka|first=Wolfgang |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=7–26|chapter=Chapter 1: Meta-Theory of Education: European Contributions from an Empirical-Analytic Point of View |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last=Perry|first=James F |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=213–222|chapter=Chapter 9: Praxiology of Education as a Branch of Educology |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 63. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth |title=Educology for the Free|year=1981|publisher=Philosophical Library |location=New York |isbn=978-0802223739}} 64. ^{{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth |title=Methodology of Theory Building Free|year=1988|publisher=Educological Research Associates |location=Sydney |isbn=978-0949784063}} 65. ^See* {{cite book |last1=Brezinka |first1=Wolfgang (Translated from the German by James Stuart Brice and Raoul Eshelman) |title=Philosophy of Educational Knowledge: An Introduction to the Foundations of Science of Education, Philosophy of Education and Practical Pedagogics|year=1992 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-0-7923-1522-3}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|title=Education and Human Development: A Study in Educology |year=1981|publisher=Educology Research Associates|location=Sydney|isbn=978-0-949784-00-1}}* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Education, Educology and Educological Discourse: Theory and Structure for Education and Constructive Action in Education|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–32|year=1987|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=The Territory of Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=5|issue=1|pages=18–45|year=1991|url=http://www.eric.ed.gov/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED360376|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Fisher|first=James E|title=The Domain of Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=10|issue=1|pages=66–143|year=1996|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}} 66. ^1 {{cite book |last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=101–120|chapter=Chapter 5: Educology: Thirteen Years Later|isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}} 67. ^Elizabeth Steiner coined the term meta-educology and explicated its meaning in {{cite book|last=Steiner|first=Elizabeth|editor-first=John Martin| editor-last=Rich|title=Readings in the Philosophy of Education, Second Edition| publisher=Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company|year=1972|chapter=The Non-Identity of Philosophy and Theory of Education|isbn=978-0-534-00204-6}} 68. ^See* {{cite book |last1=Gribble |first1=James |title=Introduction to Philosophy of Education|year=1969|publisher=Allyn & Bacon|location=Boston}}* {{cite book |last1=Kneller |first1=George F |title=Logic and Language of Education|year=1966|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-471-49518-5}}* {{cite book |last1=Magee |first1=John B. |title=Philosophical Analysis in Education|year=1971|publisher=Harper & Row, Publishers|location=New York|isbn=9780060441647}}* {{cite book |last1=Ryle |first1=Gilbert |title=The Concept of Mind|year=1949|publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York|isbn=978-0-389-00232-1}}* {{cite book |last1=Scheffler |first1=Israel |title=The Language of Education|year=1960|publisher=Charles C Thomas |location=Springfield, Illinois|isbn=978-0-398-01656-2}}* {{cite book|last1=Smith |first1=B Othanel|last2=Ennis |first2=Robert H (editors)|title=Language and Concepts in Education|year=1961 |publisher=Rand McNally & Company|location=Chicago, Illinois}} 69. ^See for example* {{cite book |last1=Bayles |first1=Ernest E |title=Pragmatism in Education|year=1966|publisher=Harper and Row|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-040894-7}}* {{cite book |last1=Dewey |first1=John |title=Democracy and Education|year=1916|publisher=The Macmillan Company|location=New York}}* {{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=John |title=Idealism in Education|year=1966|publisher=Harper and Row|location=New York}} 70. ^{{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth |title=Logical and Conceptual Analytic Techniques for Educational Researchers|year=1978|publisher=University Press of America|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-8191-0406-9}} 71. ^{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Paul W |title=Normative Discourse|year=1961|publisher=Prentice-Hall Inc|location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ|isbn=978-0-8371-6628-5}} 72. ^See* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=George|title=Contributions of Epistemology Towards a Science of Education|journal=A Paper Presented to the International Congress of International Association for the Advancement of Educational Research| publisher=University of Paris|date=September 1973}}* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=George|title=Epistemological Considerations of Educational Objectives|journal=A Paper Presented to the Philosophy of Education Section of the XVth World Congress of Philosophy| publisher=Varna, Bulgaria|date=September 1973}}* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=George|title=Educological Epistemology|journal=A Paper Presented to the 1973 Annual Meeting of the Ohio Valley Philosophy of Education Society| publisher=Cincinnati, Ohio|date=November 1973}}* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=George|title=Education for Humanity: A Philosophical Educology|journal=International Journal of Educology|volume=6|issue=1|pages=11–18|year=1992|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1438074?lookfor=international%20journal%20of%20educology&offset=2&max=726406|issn=0818-0563}}* {{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=George|title=Genetic Epistemology of Intelligent Systems: Propositional, Procedural and Performative Intelligence|journal=A Paper Presented to Hangzhou University|publisher=Hangzhou, China|year=1988|url=http://educology.indiana.edu/Maccia/GeneticEpistemologyOfIntelligentSystems_propositionalProceduralPerformativeIntelligence1988.pdf}}* {{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=Elizabeth|title=Logical and Conceptual Analytic Techniques for Educational Researchers |year=1978|publisher=University Press of America|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-8191-0406-9}}* {{cite book |last1=Frick |first1=Theodore W. | title= Educology: Knowledge about Education |year=2015 |url=http://educology.indiana.edu/|publisher= Department of Instructional Systems Technology School of Education, Indiana University |location=Bloomington}} 73. ^The concepts of forms of knowing and levels of knowing are treated in more detail in* {{Cite journal|last=Christensen|first=James E|title=Cognition, Knowing and Understanding: Levels, Forms and Range|journal=Proceedings of the National Conference of the Australian Association for Research in Education|pages=78–85|publisher=AARE|year=1983|url=http://www.aare.edu.au/83pap/83_2_2.pdf|access-date=2011-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306021942/http://www.aare.edu.au/83pap/83_2_2.pdf#|archive-date=2011-03-06|dead-url=yes|df=}}* {{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=David|last2=Christensen|first2=James E|title=The School Librarian's Guide to Curriculum Development |year=1985|publisher=Educology Research Associates|location=Sydney, NSW|isbn=978-0-949784-03-2}} 74. ^{{Cite journal|last=Maccia|first=George|title=Educological Epistemology|journal=A Paper Presented to the 1973 Annual Meeting of the Ohio Valley Philosophy of Education Society| publisher=Cincinnati, Ohio|date=November 1973}} 75. ^See* {{Cite journal | last=Christensen | first=James E | title=Cognition, Knowing and Understanding: Levels, Forms and Range | journal=Proceedings of the National Conference of the Australian Association for Research in Education | pages=78–85 | publisher=AARE | year=1983 | url=http://www.aare.edu.au/83pap/83_2_2.pdf | access-date=2011-02-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306021942/http://www.aare.edu.au/83pap/83_2_2.pdf# | archive-date=2011-03-06 | dead-url=yes | df= }}* {{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=David | last2=Christensen | first2=James E | title=The School Librarian's Guide to Curriculum Development |year=1985 | publisher=Educology Research Associates | location=Sydney, NSW | isbn=978-0949784032}} 76. ^1 2 3 For detailed explanation and exemplification, see* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E|title=Organization and Colleges of Education: An Educological Perspective |year=1983|publisher=Educology Research Associates|location=Sydney|isbn=978-0-949784-02-5}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E|last2=Fisher|first2=James E |editor-first=James E| editor-last=Christensen |title=Perspectives on Education as Educology |publisher=Washington, DC: University Press of America|year=1981 |pages=263–300|chapter=Chapter 12: Educology as an Organizational Concept for Schools of Teacher Education, Colleges of Education, and Faculties of Education |isbn=978-0-8191-1394-8}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E |title=Education, Universities and Educology Vol I: Educology as Knowledge about Education|year=2015 |publisher=Smashwords, Inc |isbn=9781310181306 |url=https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/525472}}* {{cite book |last1=Christensen |first1=James E |title=Education, Universities and Educology Vol II: Education and the Uses of Educology in Universities|year=2015 |publisher=Smashwords, Inc |isbn=9781310014925 |url=https://www.smashwords.com/books/view/525925}} 2 : Education theory|Epistemology |
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