| 词条 | Inguinal canal | |||||||
| 释义 |
| Name = Inguinal canal | Latin = canalis inguinalis | Image = Gray1227.png | Caption = Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for arteries and inguinal canal. (Inguinal canal is tube at lower left.) | Image2 = Gray1143.png | Caption2 = The scrotum. On the left side the cavity of the tunica vaginalis has been opened; on the right side only the layers superficial to the Cremaster have been removed. (Right inguinal canal visible at upper left.) | System = }} The inguinal canals are the two passages in the anterior abdominal wall which in males convey the spermatic cords and in females the round ligament of uterus. The inguinal canals are larger and more prominent in males. There is one inguinal canal on each side of the midline. StructureThe inguinal canals are situated just above the medial half of the inguinal ligament. In both sexes the canals transmit the ilioinguinal nerves. The canals are approximately 3.75 to 4 cm long. {{citation needed|date=January 2014}}, angled anteroinferiorly and medially. A first-order approximation is to visualize each canal as a cylinder.[1] WallsTo help define the boundaries, these canals are often further approximated as boxes with six sides. Not including the two rings, the remaining four sides are usually called the "anterior wall", "inferior wall ("floor")", "superior wall ("roof")", and "posterior wall".[2] These consist of the following:
DevelopmentDuring development each gonad (ovary or testicle) descend from their starting point on the posterior abdominal wall (para-aortically) from the labioscrotal swellings near the kidneys, down the abdomen, and through the inguinal canals to reach the scrotum. Each testicle then descends through the abdominal wall into the scrotum, behind the processus vaginalis (which later obliterates). Thus lymphatic spread from a testicular tumour is to the para-aortic nodes first, and not the inguinal nodes. FunctionThe structures which pass through the canals differ between males and females:
The classic description of the contents of the spermatic cords in the male are: 3 arteries: artery to vas deferens (or ductus deferens), testicular artery, cremasteric artery; 3 fascial layers: external spermatic, cremasteric, and internal spermatic fascia; 3 other structures: pampiniform plexus, vas deferens (ductus deferens), testicular lymphatics; 3 nerves: genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve (L1/2), sympathetic and visceral afferent fibres, ilioinguinal nerve (N.B. outside spermatic cord but travels next to it) Note that the ilioinguinal nerve passes through the superficial ring to descend into the scrotum, but does not formally run through the canal. Clinical significance{{See also|Direct inguinal hernia}}Abdominal contents (potentially including intestine) can be abnormally displaced from the abdominal cavity. Where these contents exit through the inguinal canal, having passed through the deep inguinal ring, the condition is known as an indirect or oblique inguinal hernia. This can also cause infertility. This condition is far more common in males than in females, owing to the inguinal canal's small size in females. A hernia that exits the abdominal cavity directly through the deep layers of the abdominal wall, thereby bypassing the inguinal canal, is known as a direct inguinal hernia. In males with strong presentation of the cremasteric reflex, the testes can—during supine sexual activity or manual manipulation—partially or fully retract into the inguinal canal for a short period of time. In juveniles and adults with inguinal injury, retraction can be prolonged and potentially lead to overheating-related infertility.[6] Additional images{{Commons category}}See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/atlas/abdo_wall64.html |title=Gross Anatomy Image |accessdate=2007-11-20 |work=}} 2. ^{{cite book |author1=Adam Mitchell |author2=Drake, Richard |author3=Gray, Henry David |author4=Wayne Vogl |title=Gray's anatomy for students |publisher=Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone |location= |year=2005 |pages=260 |isbn=0-443-06612-4 |oclc= |doi=}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |author1=Dalley, Arthur F. |author2=Moore, Keith L. |title=Clinically oriented anatomy |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year=2006 |pages=217 |isbn=0-7817-3639-0 |oclc= |doi=}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |author1=Arthur F., II Dalley |author2=Anne M. R. Agur |title=Grant's Atlas of Anatomy |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstown, MD |year= |pages=102 |isbn=0-7817-4255-2 |oclc= |doi=}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://anatomy.med.umich.edu/gastrointestinal_system/inguinal_tables.html |title=Anatomy Tables - Inguinal Region |accessdate=2007-11-20 |work=}} 6. ^{{cite web|last1=Mayo Clinic Staff|title=Retractile testicle|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retractile-testicle/symptoms-causes/syc-20377197|website=Mayo Clinic|publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research|accessdate=10 February 2018}} ^ Adam Mitchell; Drake, Richard; Gray, Henry David; Wayne Vogl (2010). Gray's anatomy for students. Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 286. {{ISBN|0-443-06612-4}}. External links
1 : Abdomen |
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