词条 | Electricity sector in Denmark | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Denmark invested in the wind power development in the 1970s and has had the highest wind share in the world ever since; wind produced the equivalent of 42% of Denmark's total electricity consumption in 2015.[4][5] Danish consumption of wind turbine generated electricity is the highest in the world per person: 1,218 kWh in 2009. Denmark produced more wind power per person in Denmark in 2009 than either Spain or the UK produced nuclear power per person in their respective countries. The Danish electricity market is a part of the Nord Pool Spot power exchange. Gross electricity consumption & production in GWh with renewables share
Consumption{{ external media|align=right | image1 =EU industry electricity prices | image2 =EU household electricity prices DK=Denmark }} According to Nordel annual statistics Denmark's total electricity consumption totaled 36,392 GWh in 2006. Consumption increased about 3% in the period from 2001 to 2006 (in the same time-frame Sweden saw a 3% reduction, Norway a 2% reduction and Finland a 10% increase).[8] {{As of | 2009}} Danish consumption of wind-generated electricity topped the world per person: 1,218 kWh. The renewable electricity-sources may give some protection against high annual changes.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Electricity consumption fell in Denmark only 4% in the 2009-2008 recession (while falling 7.1% in Sweden, 7.9% in Finland and 8.6% in the UK; in Iceland consumption fell only 0.9%). Danish average consumption of electricity per person was 0.8 MWh less than the EU 15 average of 7.4 MWh in 2008.[9]{{Pie chart| thumb = right | caption = How price of consumer electricity is composed in Denmark, 2015[11] | other = | label1 =Raw Cost | value1 =32 | color1 =yellow | label2 =PSO for cleaner energy | value2 =9 | color2 =aqua | label3 =Tolls and VAT | value3 =59 | color3 =brown }} In 2014, Danish industry paid around 32øre/kWh for the electricity cost,[1] about EU average. Denmark has mediocre electricity costs (including consumer-paid incentives (PSO); costs for cleaner energy) in EU,[10][11][12] but taxes increase the consumer price to the highest in Europe[13] at around EUR 0.304/kWh.[2] PSO is used for wind, biomass, solar, and district heating; total PSO was DKK 5.8 billion in 2013, of which DKK 3.2 billion went to wind power.[14] In 2015, the cost of power was only 32% of the price, while PSO was 9%, and tolls and VAT the remaining 59%.[15] As new data centers come online, Energinet.dk expects consumption to increase by 3.8 TWh in 2023 and by 13 TWh in 2040, compared to 2015.[16] Due to exchange with other countries, Danish consumption of electricity is different from its production.[17] The Environment declaration shows how the physical power is composed of different fuel sources.[22] The General Declaration differs due to trade with green certificates, and does not show actual composition.[23][18] Due to more wind in Denmark and more precipitation in Norway and Sweden, Danish electricity went from 1,216 kg CO2 per household in 2014 to 808 kg in 2015 (182g/kWh in 2014).[19] 58% came from wind, water and sun, 19% from coal&lignite, and 4% from nuclear.[20]
ProductionMode of productionThe total installed power capacity was 12.5 GW in 2001 and in the end of 2006 12.7 GW including 9.5 GW from natural gas, coal and oil and 3.1 GW wind power.[8] Denmark has almost no hydropower,[23] and no pumped storage.[24] Denmark had the 6th best energy security in the world in 2014, although this includes non-electrical energy.[25] Current power system data are provided by Energinet.dk and EMD. Power stations{{See also|List of power stations in Denmark|List of offshore wind farms in Denmark}}ProducersMain power producing companies operating in the Danish market are Dong Energy and Vattenfall. The current market structure was designed in 2003–2006 by a number of mergers and transactions. In January 2003, DONG acquires a 64% share in the regional power company EnergiGruppen Jylland, which owned 3.1% of the electricity producer Elsam. At the same year Elsam acquired 78.8% of retail sales operator NESA and later took a full control of the company. At the same time, NESA owned 36% in other electricity producer Energy E2. In 2004, EnergiGruppen Jylland increased its stake in Elsam to 24% and on 10 December 2004 DONG and Elsam announce announced their planned merger. DONG increased its stake in Elsam to 64.7% while Swedish power producer Vattenfall had acquired a blocking stake of 35.3%.[33] In 2005, DONG purchased municipal utilities Københavns Energi and Frederiksberg Forsyning, including their 34% and 2.26% stakes in Energi E2. In May 2005, DONG and Vattenfall agreed split of assets in Elsam and Energi E2. Vattenfall received Amager Power Station, Fyn Power Station, Nordjylland Power Station, two decentralised gas-fired plants in Zealand, a portfolio of Danish and international wind activities, and a 30% stake in a German wind development for exchange of Vattenfall's 35% stake in Elsam and 40% stake in the Avedøre 2 Power Station. The agreement and merger of DONG, Elsam, NESA, Københavns Energi, and Frederiksberg Forsyning to form Dong Energy was approved by the European Commission in 2006 and consequently came into force on 2 July 2006.[8][26] Due to a reduction in PSO-money, combined heat and power plants receive an estimated DKK 2.5 billion less in 2019.[27] CompetitionThe Danish Council decided that the Danish producer Elsam (now DONG) abused its dominant position in Denmark to raise prices in the period 2003-2006.[8] Power outlet230 V 50 Hz (single phase) and 400 V 50 Hz (three phase) Transmission{{external media| topic = |align=right | image1 =High voltage grid of Denmark [https://web.archive.org/web/20150104215313/http://www.energinet.dk/SiteCollectionImages/DK/EL/Br%C3%B8dtekst%20grafik%20max%20454%20bred/EksisterendeNet-1000px.jpg Archive] | image2 =Export capacities - note that Skagerrak is now 1,700 MW }} Denmark has two separated transmission systems, of which the eastern one is synchronous with Nordic (former NORDEL) and the western one with the synchronous grid of Continental Europe.[28] The 600 MW Great Belt Power Link connecting the two systems was commissioned only in July 2010, started commercial operations in August 2010, and was inaugurated on 7 September 2010.[8][29] The Little Belt cables are 400 kV AC at 1,100 MW[30] and replaced overhead wires in 2013.[31] The Danish transmission system is owned and operated by Energinet.dk. Energinet.dk was created by a merger of power grid operators Eltra, Elkraft System and Elkraft Transmission, and by natural gas transmission system operator Gastra. The merger took place on 24 August 2005 with retrospective effect from 1 January 2005.[32] Eltra and Elkraft were communally owned by the respective region's distribution companies. The high-voltage transmission assets were transferred to the Danish State and later to Energinet.dk at no cost.[33] {{asof|2014}}, nearly all low-voltage (<10 kV) power lines run as underground cables. For medium voltage around 50-60 kV 40% are buried, while 25% of high-voltage (132-400 kV) are ground cables.[34] Since 1997, Elkraft and Eltra operated as fully unbundled companies from the power generating companies.[35] {{asof|2015}}, Denmark has about 2-3% transmission losses.[36] Denmark sits at an electricity crossroads between the larger electricity markets in Scandinavia and Germany, and facilitates power trade between these. In 2014, electricity generation was 592 TWh in Germany, 150 TWh in Sweden, 141 TWh in Norway, and 31 TWh in Denmark.[37] Several cables using direct current connect the two Danish systems to neighboring countries. The western Danish power grid is connected to Norway with 1,700 MW (Skagerrak) and Sweden with 740 MW (Konti–Skan). East Denmark is connected to Germany with 600 MW (Kontek). Larger alternating current connections also exist; 1,780 MW export from Jutland to Germany, and 1,700 MW from Zealand to Sweden.[38][39] The 700 MW (COBRAcable) is planned to connect Jutland and the Netherlands,[40][41] the 1,400 MW Viking Link is planned to connect Jutland and England while a second 400kV AC line is planned to connect Jutland and Germany.[42] A 400 MW cable is planned to connect Zealand to Germany via the Kriegers Flak offshore wind farm.[43][44] Total export and import capacities were 2,510 MW and 2,870 MW respectively in 2007. The actual import and export capacities were typically 60% of the nominal capacities. Studies showed inefficient markets in 2006.[8][28] In 2014, Denmark had an electricity interconnection level (transmission capacity relative to production capacity) of 44%, compared to Slovakia at 61% and Hungary at 29%.[45] See also{{Portal|Denmark|Energy}}
References1. ^1 Forbedring af den nationale elprisstatistik for erhverv page 7. Danish Energy Agency {{Europe topic|Electricity sector in}}2. ^1 Electricity and natural gas price statistics EuroStat, May 2015. 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://energinet.dk/EN/El/Nyheder/Sider/Forsyningssikkerhed-for-el-i-Danmark-er-fortsat-meget-hoej-.aspx|title=Security of electricity supply remains very high in Denmark|publisher=Energinet.dk |accessdate=16 August 2016}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/climate-environment/denmark-breaks-its-own-world-record-wind-energy-321002|title=Denmark breaks its own world record in wind energy|work=EurActiv - EU News & policy debates, across languages}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://energinet.dk/EN/El/Nyheder/Sider/Dansk-vindstroem-slaar-igen-rekord-42-procent.aspx|title=New record-breaking year for Danish wind power|publisher=Energinet.dk|date=15 January 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125083857/http://energinet.dk/EN/El/Nyheder/Sider/Dansk-vindstroem-slaar-igen-rekord-42-procent.aspx|archivedate=25 January 2016|df=}} 6. ^1 Summary of Environmental Report 2012 7. ^[https://en.energinet.dk/About-our-reports/Reports Energinet.dk Environmental Reporting] 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 Capacity for Competition, Investing for an Efficient Nordic Electricity Market Report {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126051717/http://www.kkv.se/upload/Filer/Trycksaker/Rapporter/nordiska/Capacity_for_competition.pdf |date=2010-11-26 }}, The Nordic competition authorities 1/2007; Capacity and electricity consumption page 58 9. ^Energy in Sweden, Facts and figures 2009 and 2010 2009 T25 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120075104/http://213.115.22.116/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=%2FBroschyrer&id=d65d018c86434ed2ae31baeba2456872 |date=January 20, 2011 }} and 2010 T49 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045634/http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=%2FBroschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f |date=October 16, 2013 }} 10. ^Forbedring af den nationale elprisstatistik for erhverv page 7. Danish Energy Agency 11. ^Electricity prices for industrial consumers Eurostat, October 2015 12. ^Electricity prices (table) Eurostat, October 2015 13. ^Electricity and natural gas price statistics EuroStat, May 2015. 14. ^"Fremskrivning af PSO-udgifter" page 6+17. Danish Energy Agency, 19 May 2014. Retrieved: 17 January 2015. 15. ^1 Afgiftsstruktur gør el langt dyrere end olie CSR.dk, 29 February 2016 16. ^{{cite web|url= https://www.information.dk/indland/2017/01/nye-datacentre-staa-tredjedel-oeget-elforbrug-fremtiden-kan-komme-koste-klimaet-skatteyderne-dyrt |title=Nye datacentre vil stå for en tredjedel af øget elforbrug i fremtiden – og det kan komme til at koste klimaet og skatteyderne dyrt|work=Dagbladet Information |date=25 January 2017|accessdate=26 January 2017}} 17. ^Retningslinjer for udarbejdelsen af den generelle deklaration page 10. Energinet.dk, 31 May 2011 18. ^[https://assets.dongenergy.com/DONGEnergyDocuments/dk/Generel%20deklaration%202014_1.pdf Generel deklaration 2014] DONG Energy, 2015 19. ^Udvikling i emissionen af CO2 fra 1990 til 2024 page 4 20. ^ "Rekord lav CO2-udledning fra elforbrug i 2015" Energinet.dk, 1 March 2015. 21. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.energinet.dk/DA/KLIMA-OG-MILJOE/Miljoedeklarationer/Sider/Miljoedeklarering-af-1-kWh-el.aspx |title=Miljødeklarering af 1 kWh el|publisher=Energinet.dk |date= 27 February 2015}} 22. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.energinet.dk/DA/KLIMA-OG-MILJOE/Miljoedeklarationer/Sider/Hvor-kommer-stroemmen-fra.aspx |title=Hvor kommer strømmen fra?|publisher=Energinet.dk |date= 26 August 2015 |quote=The environment declaration .. shows what happens in the physical world}} 23. ^Shahan, Zachary. Denmark Aiming for 100% Renewable Energy by 2050 Clean Technica, 28 November 2011. Accessed: 29 November 2011. 24. ^Versorgung, Umwandlung, Verbrauch – Elektrizität – jährliche Daten (nrg_105a), Zeitreihe Nettoerzeugung der Pumpspeicherkraftwerke von hauptsächlich als Energieerzeuger tätigen Unternehmen (INDIC_NRG 16_107136). Eurostat, 2017. Retrieved February 2017. 25. ^"Global Rankings", Accessed: 24 January 2016. 26. ^1 {{cite web | url= http://www.dongenergy.com/en/about%20us/history/pages/our%20milestones.aspx | title= Our milestones | publisher = Dong Energy | accessdate=2011-02-19}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.danskfjernvarme.dk/nyheder/nyt-fra-dansk-fjernvarme/160317pso-usikkerhed-lukker-kraftvarmevaerker |title=PSO-usikkerhed lukker kraftvarmeværker|publisher= |date=17 March 2016|accessdate=26 March 2016}} 28. ^1 Gellert, Bjarne Christian. Electricity interconnections Energinet.dk, 22 August 2011. Accessed: 6 December 2011. 29. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.energinet.dk/EN/ANLAEG-OG-PROJEKTER/Nyheder/Sider/Dronningen-satte-stikket-i-Den-elektriske-Storeb%C3%A6ltsforbindelse.aspx | title = The Queen plugged in the Great Belt Power Link | publisher = Energinet.dk | date = 2010-09-14 | accessdate = 2010-10-28}} 30. ^[https://library.e.abb.com/public/689213765eef0d49c1257c0e00243c4f/Little%20belt%20brochure%202GM8001-gb%20korr3.pdf Little Belt Visual Enhancement Scheme], ABB 31. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/viden/miljoe/hoejspaendingskabel-under-lillebaelt-indvies-i-dag |title=Højspændingskabel under Lillebælt indvies i dag|publisher=DR (broadcaster) |date=5 November 2013 |accessdate=11 March 2017}} 32. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.energinet.dk/EN/OM-OS/About-the-company/History/Sider/History.aspx | title = History | publisher = Energinet.dk | accessdate = 2011-02-19}} 33. ^{{Cite book | title = Energy Policies of IEA Countries - Denmark. 2006 Review | publisher = OECD/IEA | year = 2006 | url=http://iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/denmark2006.pdf | format = PDF | page = 25 | isbn = 92-64-10971-4}} 34. ^Wittrup, Sanne. "Så er alle de mindre luftledninger lagt i jorden" Ingeniøren, 19 December 2014. Accessed: 21 December 2014. 35. ^{{Cite book | title = Regulatory reform in Denmark | publisher = OECD | year = 2000 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KBjO_agVN1oC&pg=PA267 | page = 267 | isbn = 978-92-64-17665-2}} 36. ^Tab i elnettet Energinet.dk, 30 April 2015. 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/File:Net_electricity_generation,_1990%E2%80%932014_(thousand_GWh)_YB16.png|title=Net electricity generation, 1990–2014 (thousand GWh) |publisher=EuroStat |accessdate=7 September 2016}} 38. ^Skødt, Torben. "Electricity interconnections" Energinet.dk, 20 February 2014. Accessed: January 2015. 39. ^https://www.energinet.dk/SiteCollectionDocuments/Danske%20dokumenter/Anl%C3%A6g%20og%20projekter/Kass%C3%B8-Tjele%20-%20Businesscase.pdf 40. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.tennet.org/english/projects/Cobra/index.aspx | title = Planned electricity cable between the Netherlands and Denmark | publisher = TenneT | accessdate = 24 September 2010}} 41. ^Torben Glar Nielsen. "Energinet.dk has approved the business case for Cobra cable" Energinet.dk, 13 January 2014. Accessed: 20 January 2014. 42. ^Torben Glar Nielsen. "Denmark set to make billions from electricity interconnector between the UK and Denmark and new interconnection with Germany" Energinet.dk, 16 March 2016. Accessed: 16 March 2016. 43. ^"Nordic Grid Development Plan 2014" page 59-62, Document no. 13/81818 - 5. Nordic TSOs, August 2014. Accessed: January 2015. 44. ^Wittrup, Sanne. "Sjælland får ny, millliard-dyr elforbindelse til Tyskland" Ingeniøren, 19 December 2014. Accessed: January 2015. 45. ^ COM/2015/082 final: "Achieving the 10% electricity interconnection target" Text PDF page 2-5. European Commission, 25 February 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151225022701/http://ec.europa.eu/priorities/energy-union/docs/interconnectors_en.pdf Archive] [https://www.eumonitor.eu/9353000/1/j4nvhdfdk3hydzq_j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/vjs4eawsiryh Mirror] 1 : Electric power in Denmark |
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