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词条 EL/M-2080 Green Pine
释义

  1. History

  2. Specifications

     Green Pine Block-B  Green Pine Block-C 

  3. Users

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Bibliography

  7. External links

{{For|UHF communications|Green Pine (communications)}}{{good article}}{{Infobox Radar
|name = EL/M-2080 Green Pine
|image = EL-M-2080 Super Green Pine.gif
|caption = Green Pine Block-B antenna
|country = Israel
|introdate = 1995
|number =
|type = Transportable multimode solid state active phased array radar.
|prf =
|frequency = L band
500 MHz to 1,000 MHz or
1,000 MHz to 2,000 MHz
|pulsewidth=
|RPM =
|range = {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|altitude =
|diameter = {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}} × {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|azimuth =
|elevation =
|precision = ±{{convert|4|m|ft|sp=us}}
|power = Classified, but could be used as a directed-energy device.[1]
|other names= Oren Yarok
}}

The EL/M-2080 Green Pine ({{lang-he|אורן ירוק}}, {{IPA-he|oʁen jaʁok|pron}}) is an Israeli ground-based missile-defense radar produced by Elta, a subsidiary of Israel Aerospace Industries, to operate mainly with the Arrow theater missile defense system of Israel, which is jointly funded and produced with the United States. Green Pine was exported to India, and its advanced version, the Green Pine Block-B, was delivered to South Korea at a cost of $83 million apiece, and to Azerbaijan. The Israeli Air Defense Command within the Israeli Air Force (IAF) of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) operates both Green Pine radars and Green Pine Block-B radars as an integral part of the Arrow system.

History

{{main|Arrow (Israeli missile)#Development}}

The Arrow program was launched as a response to the acquisition by Arab states of long range surface-to-surface missiles.[1][2] The United States and Israel signed a memorandum of understanding to co-fund it in 1986,[3][4] and in 1988 the United States Department of Defense Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) placed an order with Israel Aircraft Industries for the Arrow 1 technology demonstrator.[3][5][6] Over the years SDIO was renamed to Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), and later to Missile Defense Agency (MDA), while Israel Aircraft Industries was renamed to Israel Aerospace Industries. The Gulf War, which exposed the controversial performance[7] of the Patriot missile against Iraqi "Al Hussein" missiles, gave further impetus to the development of the Arrow.[1] It was initially designed to intercept missiles such as the SS-1 "Scud", its "Al Hussein" derivative, the SS-21 "Scarab" operated by Syria, and the CSS-2 operated by Saudi Arabia.[2] The Arrow evolved also with an eye on the advanced missile programs of Iran.

Elta was awarded the contract to develop and manufacture the EL/M-2080 Green Pine radar in 1992.[8] The Green Pine was developed from the Elta Music phased array radar,[5][14] presented in November 1994,[8] rolled out in 1995,[9] and turned operational in November 1998.[10] The Green Pine has since been used in dozens of tests of the Arrow system.[6] In 2000 it was revealed that the Green Pine detected the launch of a Syrian Scud-D missile from its base outside Aleppo in northern Syria, and tracked its full trajectory until its impact point, some {{convert|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} in the southern desert.[11] In 2005, and in 2008, Green Pine detected and tracked similar drills of Syrian Scuds.[12][13]

On July 29, 2004, Israel and the United States carried out a joint test at the Naval Air Station Point Mugu (NAS Point Mugu) Missile Test Center in California, in which the Arrow interceptor was launched against a real Scud-B missile. The test represented a realistic scenario that could not have been tested in Israel due to test-field safety restrictions.[3] To enable the test a full battery was shipped to Point Mugu. The Green Pine radar and command-and-control systems were deployed at the base, while the Arrow launcher was installed {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} offshore on an island that forms part of the test range.[14] The test was a success, with the interceptor destroying the Scud that flew a {{convert|300|km|mi|abbr=on}} trajectory[14] at an altitude of {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}},[5][15][16] west of San Nicolas Island.[17] This was the seventh test of the complete system, the first interception of a real Scud.[18]

As of 2012 the Green Pine radar has a proven track record demonstrated in over 20 successful ballistic missile intercepts.[19]

Specifications

{{main|Arrow (Israeli missile)#Specifications}}

In contrast to the older AN/MPQ-53 Passive Electronically Scanned Array (PESA) radar set of the MIM-104 Patriot PAC-2, the Green Pine is an active electronically scanned array (AESA) solid state radar. Unlike the advanced AN/TPY-2 X band radar of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system, Green Pine operates at L band - in the range 500 MHz to 1,000 MHz,[5][20] or 1,000 MHz to 2,000 MHz.[21]

Green Pine reportedly operates in search, detection, tracking, and missile guidance modes simultaneously,[5][21] capable of detecting targets at ranges of up to about {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}}, and is able to track more than 30 targets at speeds over {{convert|3000|m/s|-3|abbr=on}}.[5][22] It discriminates targets from natural clutter and countermeasures,[23] illuminates the true target and guides the missile to within {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} of the target.[5][24]

The effective radiated power (ERP) of the Green Pine also makes it a possible candidate for conversion into a directed-energy weapon, by focusing pulses of radar energy on target missiles.[1] The energy spikes are tailored to enter missiles through antennas or sensor apertures where they can fool guidance systems, scramble computer memories or even burn out sensitive electronic components.[25]

The radar system includes a {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide by {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} high[21] trailer-mounted rotatable antenna array, a power system, a cooling system and a radar control center.[5][20] The power system has both no-break and transformer containers, with the former including a diesel generator, an inductive clutch control module and a diesel fuel tank.[21] The transformer container houses transformers, a service generator, a direct current converter and switching racks.[21] The radar's cooling system is a heat exchanger that makes use of inherently redundant cascade cooling machines and incorporates an integral coolant tank and control panels.[21] The radar is made up of 2,000–2,300 transmit–receive modules and weighs {{convert|60|t|lb}}.[26][27] The system is transportable rather than mobile, as it can be moved to other prepared sites, but cannot be set up just anywhere.[26] According to its developer, Green Pine's deployment at a new operational site takes "less than 24 hours".[8]

Green Pine Block-B

An advanced version of the radar, called EL/M-2080S Super Green Pine,[28] Green Pine Block-B,[29] or Great Pine ({{lang-he|אורן אדיר}}, {{IPA-he|oʁen adiʁ|pron}}), is to take the place of the original Green Pine. It is composed of more powerful but smaller transmit–receive modules with better capabilities than those of the Green Pine,[22][30] and is believed to produce double the power output,[25] extending detection range to about {{convert|800|-|900|km|mi|abbr=on}}.[29][31] In October 2010 the IDF decided to put another Arrow 2 battery into operational use.[32] The new battery received the new radar - Green Pine Block-B.[33]

Green Pine Block-C

Green Pine Block-C has been revealed revealed in November 2018.[62]

Users

{{AZE}}
According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute report, an arms deal signed between Israel and Azerbaijan in 2011 considers import of one Green Pine radar.[34]
{{ISR}}
Israel had deployed at least 2 Green Pine radars as an integral part of the Arrow system.[35] As of 2008 an unknown number of both Green Pine and Green Pine Block-B versions were active.[13] As of 2012, the first Green Pine Block-B was declared operational and is deployed alongside the two Green Pines.[31]
{{IND}}
India had acquired and deployed two Green Pine radars around July 2002 and another one in August 2005.[36] The Swordfish Long Range Tracking Radar of the Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation is an acknowledged derivative of the original Green Pine.[37] The Indian government has sought to purchase the complete Arrow system since 1999,[2] but in early 2002 the U.S. vetoed Israel's request to sell the Arrow 2 missiles to India,[3][36] exercising its right as a major funding contributor.[38] U.S. officials argued that the sale would violate the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR).[3]
{{KOR}}
South Korea bought two Green Pine Block-B radars, which became operational in 2012.[39] South Korea to procure two Green Pine Block-C radars, valued at about $292 million. Deliveries are scheduled for the early 2020s.[39]

See also

  • EL/M-2090
  • AN/TPY-2
  • Arrow missile
  • Science and technology in Israel

References

1. ^1 {{cite web | publisher = Israeli Air Force | title= Israel Aircraft Industries 'Arrow' ('Hetz') – Systems | url = http://www.iaf.org.il/Templates/Aircraft/Aircraft.IN.aspx?lang=EN&lobbyID=69&folderID=87&docfolderID=907&docID=18137¤tPageNumber=6 | accessdate=2009-08-24}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web | first = Guermantes E. |last=Lailari | title = Israel's national missile defense strategy | format = PDF | publisher = Defense Technical Information Center | date = April 2001 | url = http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA407050&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf | accessdate = 2009-09-22 }}
3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/arrow.htm |first=John E. |last=Pike |authorlink = John E. Pike |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |title=Arrow theater missile defense |accessdate=2009-08-19}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/crs_israeli-us_relations.shtml |last=Clyde |first= Mark R. |publisher=Almanac of Policy Issues |title=Israeli–United States relations |date=2002-10-17 | accessdate=2009-08-19}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web | publisher =army-technology.com| title = Arrow 2 theater ballistic missile defense system, Israel | url = http://www.army-technology.com/projects/arrow2/ | accessdate=2009-08-19}}{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}
6. ^1 {{cite web|publisher=Israel Missile Defense Organization |title=Story of the Arrow weapon system |url=http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/bg.htm |accessdate=2009-08-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908222327/http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/bg.htm |archivedate=2009-09-08 |df= }}
7. ^{{citation | url = http://www.fas.org/spp/starwars/congress/1992_h/ | title =The performance of the Patriot missile in the Gulf|author1-link=Theodore Postol |first1= Theodore |last1= Postol | first2= Reuven |last2= Pedatzur | first3= Charles |last3= Zraket |author4-link=Peter Zimmerman |first4= Peter |last4= Zimmerman | publisher = Federation of American Scientists| date = 1992-04-07}}. Retrieved 2009-10-09.
8. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/files/9/32419.wmv |format=WMV |publisher=Israel Aerospace Industries |author=Israel Missile Defense Organization and United States Ballistic Missile Defense Organization |title=Green Pine |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126035215/http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/files/9/32419.wmv |archivedate=November 26, 2008 }}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp493.htm |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |first=Uzi |last=Rubin |authorlink= Uzi Rubin |title= Beyond Iraq: missile proliferation in the Middle East |date=2003-03-02 |accessdate=2009-09-10}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/israel/Israel-milestones2005.html |publisher=Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control |title=Israel missile milestones - 1953-2005 |year=2005 |accessdate=2009-09-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706023630/http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/israel/Israel-milestones2005.html |archivedate=2010-07-06 |df= }}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://defense-update.com/2005/12/syrian-ambitions-to-develop-strategic.html|publisher=Defense Update |title=Syrian ambitions to develop a strategic missile potential |date=2005-12-05 |accessdate=2009-09-10}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.missilethreat.com/archives/id.1947/detail.asp |publisher=Claremont Institute MissileThreat.com |title=Syria tests three Scud missiles |date=2005-06-03 |accessdate=2009-09-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014223447/http://missilethreat.com/archives/id.1947/detail.asp |archivedate=2009-10-14 |df= }}
13. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1012826.html |first=Yuval |last= Azoulay |publisher= Haaretz |title=Report: Syria test fires series of long-range missiles |date=2008-08-18 |accessdate=2009-09-10}}
14. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2004/08/03/185346/arrow-destroys-scud-b-target-in-us-ballistic-missile-test.html |publisher=Flightglobal.com |title=Arrow destroys Scud-B target in US ballistic-missile test |first=Arie |last= Egozi |date=2004-08-03 |accessdate=2009-09-12}}
15. ^{{cite web | publisher = Encyclopedia Astronautica | title= Arrow | url = http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/arrow.htm | accessdate=2009-09-21}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.missiledefenseadvocacy.org/web/page/746/sectionid/557/pagelevel/4/interior.aspx |publisher=Missile Defense Advocacy Alliance |title=Ground based interceptor Arrow-2 |accessdate=2009-10-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620052448/http://www.missiledefenseadvocacy.org/web/page/746/sectionid/557/pagelevel/4/interior.aspx |archivedate=2009-06-20 |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/04fyi0013.pdf |publisher=Missile Defense Agency |date=2004-06-29 |format=PDF |title=MDA/Israeli Arrow flight test successful |accessdate=2009-11-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207090300/http://www.mda.mil/global/documents/pdf/04fyi0013.pdf |archivedate=2010-12-07 |df= }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/testUS1.htm |publisher=Israel Missile Defense Organization |title=Arrow system test USFT#1 |accessdate=2009-08-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906235806/http://www.mod.gov.il/pages/homa/testUS1.htm |archivedate=2009-09-06 |df= }}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://defense-update.com/20120210_super_gereen_pine_bms_test-2.html |publisher=Defense Update |first=Tamir |last=Eshel |title=Israel tests Arrow 2 block 4 ATBM with Super Green Pine radar |date=2012-02-10 |accessdate=2012-02-11}}
20. ^1 {{cite book| last = Bar-Joseph| first = Uri| title =Israel's national security towards the 21st Century | publisher = Frank Cass Publishers| year = 2001 |pages= 153–154 | isbn = 0-7146-5169-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FdREHqxBo_QC |accessdate=2009-09-12}}
21. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Radar-and-Electronic-Warfare-Systems/EL-M2080-Green-Pine-Israel.html |publisher=Jane's Information Group |title=EL/M-2080 'Green Pine' (Israel), battlefield, missile control and ground surveillance radar systems |date=2009-10-30 |accessdate=2009-08-26}}
22. ^1 {{cite web |first=David |last=Fulghum |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_09_03_2012_p40-490727.xml |publisher=Aviation Week & Space Technology |title=Higher-altitude Arrow design to show its potential |date=2012-09-03 |accessdate=2012-09-03}}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.deagel.com/Ground-Sensors/ELM-2080-Green-Pine_a001469001.aspx |publisher=Deagel.com |title=EL/M-2080 Green Pine|date=2009-10-12 |accessdate=2009-11-21}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Electronic-Mission-Aircraft/EL-M2083-Israel.html |publisher=Jane's Information Group |title=EL/M-2083 (Israel), payloads |date=2009-04-09 |accessdate=2009-10-12}}
25. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/12195p3.xml&headline=Israel%20Tests%20Improved%20Arrow%20Interceptor |publisher=Aviation Week & Space Technology |title=Israel tests improved Arrow interceptor|date=2005-12-17 |first=David A. |last=Fulghum |accessdate=2009-08-19}}
26. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2003/07/29/169425/arrow-in-waiting.html |publisher=Flightglobal.com |title=Arrow in waiting |first=Arie |last= Egozi |date=2003-07-29 |accessdate=2009-09-12}}
27. ^{{cite journal |year=2002 |title=Jane's international defence review: IDR. |volume=35 |issue=1-6 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvO5AAAAIAAJ |publisher=Jane's Information Group}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iai-global.com/32981-39666-en/default.aspx?PageNum=2 |publisher=Israel Aerospace Industries |title=IAI develops Arrow 3 interceptor in response to longer range threats |date=2009-06-10 |accessdate=2009-08-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712234335/http://www.iai-global.com/32981-39666-en/default.aspx?PageNum=2 |archivedate=2011-07-12 |df= }}
29. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/09/113_52006.html |publisher=The Korea Times|first=Jung |last=Sung-ki |title=Israeli radar chosen for missile defense |date=2009-09-17 |accessdate=2009-09-17}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.deagel.com/Ground-Sensors/Super-Green-Pine_a001469002.aspx |publisher=Deagel.com |title=EL/M-2080 Super Green Pine|date=2009-10-12 |accessdate=2009-11-21}}
31. ^1 {{cite web |first=Alon |last=Ben David|authorlink= Alon Ben David |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news%2Fasd%2F2012%2F01%2F26%2F02.xml&headline=Boeing+Links+Up+With+IAI+On+Arrow-3 |publisher=Aviation Week & Space Technology |title=Boeing links up with IAI on Arrow-3 |date=2012-01-26 |accessdate=2012-01-27}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/Tech/10/10/1402.htm |first=Bar Josephine |last=Dadon |publisher=Bamahane |title=A third antimissile battery on its way |accessdate=2010-10-14 |date=2010-10-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016165248/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/Tech/10/10/1402.htm |archivedate=2010-10-16 |df= }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/Tech/10/10/1402.htm |first=Shir Aharon |last=Bram |publisher=Israel Defense Forces |title=Deployment is part of IDF's preparations for new security challenges facing Israel |accessdate=2012-02-13 |date=2012-02-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016165248/http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/News/Tech/10/10/1402.htm |archivedate=2010-10-16 |df= }}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.az/articles/politics/57003 |publisher=news.az |title=List of ammunition purchased by Azerbaijan made public |date=2012-03-27 |accessdate=2012-03-28}}
35. ^{{cite book |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=565879&isnumber=12262 |publisher= Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |title=EL/M 2080 ATBM early warning and fire control radar system |pages=11–16| ISBN=0-7803-3232-6 |date=2002-08-06 |accessdate=2009-11-21}}
36. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/bmd.htm |first=John E. |last=Pike |authorlink = John E. Pike |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |title=India: ballistic missile defense |accessdate=2009-08-26}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.domain-b.com/aero/mil_avi/miss_muni/20090306_successful_missile.html |publisher= domain-b.com |title=India tests 'Swordfish' radar with successful missile defence test |date=2009-03-06 |accessdate=2009-09-22}}
38. ^{{cite book| last = Assamann| first = Lars| title =Theater missile defense in East Asia: implications for Beijing and Tokyo | publisher = Transaction Publishers| year = 2007| isbn = 978-3-8258-0223-3 | page=205 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jyM2hhUlfD8C |accessdate=2009-09-12}}
39. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84858/south-korea-to-procure-additional-green-pine-radars |first=Jon |last=Grevatt |publisher=Jane's Information Group |title=South Korea to procure additional ‘Green Pine’ radars |date=2018-11-18|accessdate=2018-12-01}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book| last = Stav| first = Arieh| title =The threat of ballistic missiles in the Middle East: active defense and countermeasures | publisher = Sussex Academic Press| year = 2004| isbn = 1-84519-001-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ldxHtsdiGG4C}}
  • {{cite book| last = Bar-Joseph| first = Uri| title =Israel's national security towards the 21st Century | publisher = Frank Cass Publishers| year = 2001| isbn = 0-7146-5169-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FdREHqxBo_QC}}
  • {{cite book| last1 = Naveh| first1 = Ben-Zion| last2 = Lorber| first2 = Azriel| title =Theater ballistic missile defense | publisher = American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics| year = 2001| isbn = 1-56347-385-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eH9TAAAAMAAJ}}

External links

  • Green Pine radar system official webpage
{{Products of Elta}}{{DEFAULTSORT:El M-2080}}

4 : Ground radars|Military radars of Israel|Elta products|Missile defense
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