| 词条 | Emergency management software |
| 释义 |
HistoryAlthough such software had existed prior to 9/11, after 2001 there was a significant increase in focus on emergency management. A 2001 study by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) compared software features from 10 vendors. In 2004, the Institute for Security Technology Studies published a report addressing the interoperability of different software, which has remained a strong focus in the development of software for the Emergency Management field. To support National Incident Management System implementation, the Department of Homeland Security established the National Incident Management System Support Center (NIMS SC) and the Supporting Technology Evaluation Program (STEP) in 2005. In 2007 a study similar to the National Institute of Justice report was conducted by the United States Air Force (USAF).[2] In 2008 the United States Air Force and the University of Colorado Center for Homeland Security surveyed several hundred Emergency Management personnel seeking to prioritize user requirements.[3] CharacteristicsCommon features of the software include Geographic Information Systems (GIS), weather and plume modeling, resource management, and Command, Control, and Communication (C3) functions. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) supports evaluation of software through the National Incident Management System Supporting Technology Evaluation Program (NIMS STEP). As of October 1, 2013 the FEMA P-TAC Center (formally the NIMSSC) is no longer taking applications for STEP.[4] The National Preparedness Directorate Incident Management Systems Integration Division (NPD-IMSI) identifies criteria for this program to evaluate against. These criteria are derived primarily from the National Incident Management System.[5] For example:
FEMA currently uses [https://www.intermedix.com/solutions/webeoc WebEOC] as its emergency management software. [6] InteroperabilityThe primary focus of these standards is interoperability. A lack of interoperability was identified as a key drawback (although not limited in scope to the software) in a National Institute of Justice feature comparison report conducted in 2001. In 2004, the Federal Emergency Management Agency created the National Incident Management System which addresses interoperability by providing standardized definitions for different software to utilize. The National Incident Management System prescribes several required features that these systems must incorporate.[7]
Crisis and emergency modeling and simulationSoftware simulation is mainly used in the preparedness phase of the emergency management process. Simulation can be performed both to analyze possible emergency scenarios, to evaluate recovery strategies and to train institutional or private operators in better facing a crisis. Simulations can deal with weather and climate forecasting, landslides, ash clouds propagation, earthquake impact, cyber attacks, people behavior, and critical infrastructures. Precondition to simulation is modeling. Furthermore, an increasing interest is in simulating socio-technical systems where the impact of an emergency (e.g., due to a natural disaster) should be considered on both infrastructures and population. For this purpose, a novel approach is to adopt domain-specific modeling techniques in order to support representation of a crisis scenario as an executable model.[8][9][10] See also
References1. ^Crisis Information Management System (CIMS) Feature Comparison Report National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice 2001 2. ^Commercial Emergency Management Software: Evaluation Methods and Findings Office of GeoIntegration, Air Force Space Command 2007 3. ^USAF Emergency and Incident Management Systems: A Systematic Analysis of Functional Requirements Robillard & Sambrook 2008 4. ^https://ptaccenter.org/step/index 5. ^[https://www.nimsstep.org/files/NIMS_STEP-Guide.pdf National Incident Management System (NIMS) Supporting Technology Evaluation Program (STEP) Guide] Federal Emergency Management Agency, US Department of Homeland Security 2009 6. ^https://www.intermedix.com/news/fema-selects-esi-to-deliver-new-crisis-management-system 7. ^2008 National Incident Management System (NIMS) Communications and Information Management Standards 8. ^De Nicola, Antonio; Tofani, Alberto; Vicoli, Giordano; Villani, Maria Luisa (2012). "An MDA-based Approach to Crisis and Emergency Management Modeling". International Journal on Advances in Intelligent Systems 5 (1 & 2), 89-100. {{ISSN|1942-2679}} 9. ^D'Agostino, Gregorio; De Nicola, Antonio; Di Pietro, Antonio; Vicoli, Giordano; Villani, Maria Luisa; Rosato, Vittorio (2012). "A Domain Specific Language for the Description and the Simulation of Systems of Interacting Systems". Advances in Complex Systems 15 (Suppl. No. 1). DOI: 10.1142/S0219525912500725 10. ^Truptil, Sébastien; Bénaben, Frédérick; Couget, Pierre; Lauras, Matthieu; Chapurlat, Vincent; and Pingaud, Hervé. (2008). "Interoperability of Information Systems in Crisis Management: Crisis Modeling and Metamodeling,", Enterprise Interoperability III, Part VI, Pages 583-594. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84800-221-0_46 1 : Emergency management software |
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