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Emil M. Herman (1879–1928) was a German-American socialist and anti-war activist. A three-time candidate for Congress on the ticket of the Socialist Party of America, Herman is best remembered for his imprisonment by the Wilson administration due to his political activity in the outspokenly anti-war Socialist Party of America during World War I.

Biography

Early years

Emil M. Herman was born August 22, 1879, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire town of Kamnitz (now part of the Czech Republic), the son of a farmer of ethnic German extraction.^[1] The family emigrated to the United States in 1882, settling first in Alexander, Arkansas before moving to Kansas City, Missouri, where Emil attended grammar school.^[1] Herman's education came to an abrupt end at an early age, however, as he was forced by economic circumstances to drop out of school to go to work to help support the family at age 11.^[1]

Herman moved to Washington state in 1890, setting near Lyman, Washington.^[2] He worked variously as a lumberman, a farmer, and a baker.^[1] In 1922 he became a member of the Bakers Union.^[1]

Political career

Herman joined the Socialist Labor Party (SLP) in 1897 and was a member of Section Woolley, Washington.^[3] He remained with the SLP until 1899, when he exited to join instead the Social Democratic Party of America (SDP) headed by Eugene V. Debs and Victor L. Berger.^[1] Herman served as the local secretary of Local Lyman] on behalf of his new organization.^[4]

When the SDP united with Slobodin and Hillquit's East Coast-based group of former SLP members in 1901 to form the Socialist Party of America (SPA), Herman continued his political activity in that new organization as well. First serving as a local secretary, Herman was first elected as a delegate to the Socialist Party's national convention in 1908.^[1] He was also chosen in that capacity to attend the party's conventions of 1917, 1923, and 1924.^[1]

Herman's first run for political office came in the spring of 1904, when he ran for Seattle City Council on the Socialist Party ticket.^[2] He later ran as a Socialist candidate for U.S. Congress in 1906, 1908, and 1909.^[5]

Herman was elected State Secretary of the Socialist Party of Washington in 1916, continuing in that role until 1918.^[1] In this capacity, he served as editor of the state SP's official newspaper, Party Builder.^[6] He was also elected to the governing 15 member National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America in 1917, with his term expiring in 1919.^[1]

Herman was a dual member of the Industrial Workers of the World from 1910 through the early 1920s.

On April 30, 1918, Herman was arrested at the Everett, Washington office of the state Socialist Party under the Espionage Act of 1917.^[7] He was held pending $20,000 bond, which was eventually provided. While out on bond, Herman was rearrested and his bond was revoked for traveling to Chicago to attend an organizational conference of the IWW.

At trial the prosecution produced its evidence against Herman seized in the raid on his office, including the pamphlets The Great Madness, Mental Dynamite, and The Menace of Militarism. Also shown to the jury were "disloyal" stickers with a quotation falsely attributed to Jack London reading:

In the wartime climate of superheated nationalism and anti-German sentiment, the German-American socialist organizer Herman was convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917 for possession of these "seditious" materials and sentenced to 10 years in prison.

While serving time at McNeil Island Federal Penitentiary in Washington state, Herman remained a member of the Socialist Party's governing National Executive Committee. He was sharply critical of the decision of the members of the NEC still at liberty to expel the Michigan state Socialist Party and to suspend various foreign language federations supportive of the organized faction known as the Left Wing Section, charging in a letter published in the party press that the NEC had acted without maintaining a quorum and engaged in "petty, political trickery" by invalidating the 1919 party election and making a major section of the party ineligible for participation in the forthcoming 1919 Emergency National Convention of the party.^[9]

Herman was pardoned and released on December 24, 1921, after having spent over 3 years and 4 months behind bars. He was unbowed by his prison experience, delivering a speech immediately after his release in which he declared:

Despite being courted by communists through the newly formed Workers Party of America amid his wartime imprisonment, upon his release Herman rejoined the Socialist Party. At the time of his reaffiliation to the SPA, Herman declared in a published article that the Communists had "swallowed hook, bait, and line of the programs imposed upon them" by "agents of the Department of Justice," and thus been driven underground.^[11]

Herman again opened up an office in Everett, where he served as the secretary for the Northwest District for the now-atrophied Socialist Party in the years after his release.

Death and legacy

Emil Herman's wife, Ruby Herman (1885-?), was an activist in the Socialist Party and continued her husband's work as the party's secretary for the Pacific Northwest region for some time after her husband's death. A native of Arkansas, she ran for Congress as a Socialist in 1924 and 1928.

The Hermans had two children, Donald R. Herman (born about 1915) and Edwin A. Herman (born about 1922).

Footnotes

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹Solon DeLeon with Irma C. Hayssen and Grace Poole (eds.), The American Labor Who's Who. New York: Hanford Press, 1925; pp. 102-103.
2. ^¹"Workingman's Platform and Ticket," The Socialist [Seattle], whole no. 187 (March 6, 1904), pg. 3.
3. ^Emil Herman, letter to the editor of The Socialist, vol. 5, no. 27 (February 10, 1901), pg. 2.
4. ^"List of Locals and Secretaries," The Socialist [Seattle], vol. 5, no. 27 (February 10, 1901), pg. 4.
5. ^Lawrence Kestenbaum (ed.), "Emil Herman," Political graveyard.com. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
6. ^Scott Livingston, "Party Builder (Everett, WA, 1914-1919)," The Labor Press Project website. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
7. ^Harvey O'Connor, Revolution in Seattle: A Memoir. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1964; pg. 13.
8. ^H.C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite, Opponents of War, 1917-1918. [1957]. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986; pg. 185.
9. ^Emil Herman, "Imprisoned Member Protests NEC Action," The New Age [Buffalo, NY], v. 7, no. 369 (June 26, 1919), pg. 7.
10. ^Declassified FBI file on Emil Herman, FBI FOIPA #271,504. Quoted in Stephen M. Kohn, American Political Prisoners: Prosecutions under the Espionage and Sedition Acts. Wesport, CT: Praeger, 1994; pg. 106.
11. ^Emil Herman, "Where I Stand — And Why," Miami Valley Socialist [Dayton, OH], vol. 10, no. 526 (April 7, 1922), pg. 3.

Works