| 词条 | Enedina Arellano Félix |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Enedina Arellano Félix | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|04|12}} | birth_place = Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = La Jefa La Madrina La Narcomami | occupation = Tijuana Cartel drug lord | predecessor = Eduardo Arellano Félix | criminal_charge = Drug trafficking, money laundering | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = Fugitive | spouse = Luis Raúl Toledo Carrejo | relatives = {{Collapsible list | title = | Alicia {{small|(Sister)}} | Luis Fernando {{small|(Son)}} | Benjamín {{small|(Brother)}} | Carlos {{small|(Brother)}} | Eduardo {{small|(Brother)}} | Francisco Javier {{small|(Brother)}} | Francisco Rafael {{small|(Brother)}} | Ramón {{small|(Brother)}} }} }} Enedina Arellano Félix de Toledo (born April 12, 1961)[1] is a Mexican drug lord who leads the criminal organization known as the Tijuana Cartel. Throughout most of the 1990s, the Tijuana Cartel was headed by her six brothers, while Enedina advised and helped them in money laundering and financial administration. But after the fall of a financial mastermind in the cartel in the year 2000, Enedina took up the position.[2] She first started working behind the scenes as a money launderer for the Tijuana Cartel but then ended up leading the cartel after the arrest of her brother Eduardo Arellano Félix in 2008.[3]{{sfn|Vulliamy|2010|p=26}} Since most of her brothers are either incarcerated or deceased, Enedina has managed the financial aspect of the organization, overseen alliances, and taken the lead of the Tijuana Cartel alongside Luis Fernando (before his capture in 2014).[3] Her historical contacts with drug suppliers in Colombia managed to keep the organization afloat.[2] Early lifeEnedina Arellano Félix was born in Mazatlán, Sinaloa, on April 12, 1961, in a family of drug traffickers.[3] In 1977, when she was seventeen, Enedina harbored her dream of becoming the queen of a carnival in Mazatlán, but she abandoned it after her two brothers, Ramón and Benjamín, were wanted by the United States and the Mexican government. During that time, her older brothers were working for Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, who would eventually give them the drug corridor in Tijuana, Baja California.[4] Criminal careerEnedina enrolled at a private university in Guadalajara, Jalisco, graduating with a bachelor's degree in accounting.[4] By the mid 1980s, Enedina was working with the family business, but was never considered by the authorities as a visible head in the Tijuana Cartel. Nonetheless, after the fall of the former cartel's financial brain, Jesús Labra Avilés, alias El Chuy, in the year 2000, Enedina began to directly manage the money laundering activities of the criminal organization.[2] Family members in the Tijuana CartelEnedina is the sister of former cartel leaders Benjamín, Carlos, Eduardo, Francisco Javier, Francisco Rafael and Ramón.[5] Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano captured in 2014, the son of Enedina,[6] Enedina's husband, Luis Raúl Toledo Carrejo, was accused by the United States Department of Treasury in the year 2005 for having links with the Tijuana Cartel.[7] Alicia Arellano Félix, the sister of Enedina, is currently a leader in the Tijuana Cartel.[8] Cartel workingsSince the apprehension of Benjamín Arellano Félix in 2002, the Mexican government was able to severely undermine the Tijuana Cartel but failed to destroy it. Enedina has been a leader in the organization since 2003.[9] After the arrest of Eduardo Arellano Félix in 2008, Enedina finally became the leader of the Tijuana clan along with her son.{{sfn|Vulliamy|2010|p=26}} Enedina has helped contribute a more "business-like vision" instead of the old and violent practices of her brothers, who previously led the Tijuana Cartel before they were arrested or killed.[10] She forged alliances with other criminal organizations, as opposed to her brothers, who often resorted to violence.[3] The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Mexican media identify Enedina as the first and one of the few women to lead a criminal organization in the world other than Sandra Avila Beltran in Mexico, activities historically reserved for men.[11][12] Enedina has several aliases, including: La Jefa, La Madrina, and La Narcomami. The authorities in the United States and Mexico consider Enedina the "financial brains" of the Tijuana Cartel.[5][13] Kingpin ActIn June 2000, the United States Department of the Treasury sanctioned Enedina under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act.[14] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=Arellano Felix Organization: Tier II Designations |url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/afo_chart_0102.pdf |work=Office of Foreign Assets Control |publisher=United States Department of Treasury |accessdate=16 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AiKsGcYR?url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/afo_chart_0102.pdf |archivedate=16 September 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }} 2. ^{{cite news |last=Dudley |first=Steven |title=Who Controls Tijuana? |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/who-controls-tijuana |accessdate=16 September 2012 |newspaper=InSight Crime |date=3 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AiucksPO?url=http://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/who-controls-tijuana |archivedate=16 September 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }} 3. ^1 {{cite book|last=Santamaría|first=Arturo|title=Las jefas del narco|year=2012|publisher=Grijalbo|isbn=6073109393|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhwWLikbCXEC&pg=PT36&lpg=PT36&dq=Enedina+Arellano+F%C3%A9lix&source=bl&ots=NamqAQf2q9&sig=iYkERE5aFfcb20GB8JttxAuzT7g&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OnZVUIfDFIrS2QWhpYG4Cw&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Enedina%20Arellano%20F%C3%A9lix&f=false}} 4. ^1 {{cite news |last=Ravelo |first=Ricardo |title=Enedina, La Jefa |url=http://www.eldiariodecoahuila.com.mx/notas/2011/5/1/enedina-jefa-230914.asp |accessdate=16 September 2012 |newspaper=El Diario de Coahuila |date=1 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Aiuh3d0q?url=http://www.eldiariodecoahuila.com.mx/notas/2011/5/1/enedina-jefa-230914.asp |archivedate=16 September 2012 |deadurl=no |language=es |df= }} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Simone |title=Enedina Arellano Felix: Meet Mexico's First Female Drug Lord (Hot) |url=http://blogs.laweekly.com/informer/2011/05/enedina_arellano_felix_first_female_drug_lord_mexico.php |accessdate=16 September 2012 |newspaper=LA Weekly |date=3 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AiLmNzjs?url=http://blogs.laweekly.com/informer/2011/05/enedina_arellano_felix_first_female_drug_lord_mexico.php |archivedate=16 September 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }} 6. ^{{cite news |last=Ramsey |first=Geoffrey |title=Woman to Head Gulf Cartel After 'El Coss' Capture: Reports |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/woman-to-head-gulf-cartel-after-el-coss-capture |accessdate=15 September 2012 |newspaper=InSight Crime |date=14 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AhgQiC8K?url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/woman-to-head-gulf-cartel-after-el-coss-capture |archivedate=15 September 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }} 7. ^{{cite news |last=Otero |first=Silvia |title=La PGR busca desmantelar red de "lavado" de los Arellano |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/141882.html |accessdate=16 September 2012 |newspaper=El Universal |date=19 August 2006 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AiLCXTO8?url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/141882.html |archivedate=16 September 2012 |deadurl=no |language=es |df= }} 8. ^{{cite news |last=Castillo |first=Gustavo |title=Extraditan a Eduardo Arellano Félix a EU |url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/09/01/politica/028n2pol |accessdate=16 September 2012 |newspaper=La Jornada |date=1 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AiuzSIsn?url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/09/01/politica/028n2pol |archivedate=16 September 2012 |deadurl=no |language=es |df= }} 9. ^{{cite news |last=Dávila |first=Patricia |title=Tijuana, todavía plaza de los Arellano |url=http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=294057 |accessdate=16 September 2012 |newspaper=Proceso |date=7 January 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317095540/http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=294057 |archivedate=17 March 2012 |deadurl=no |language=es |df= }} 10. ^{{cite news |last=Hernández Tripp |first=Carolina |title=Mujeres en el crimen |url=http://www.zetatijuana.com/html/EdcionesAnteriores/Edicion1686/Reportajez_MujeresNarco.html |accessdate=16 September 2012 |newspaper=Zeta |agency=Choix Editores |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Aiup2cE4?url=http://www.zetatijuana.com/html/EdcionesAnteriores/Edicion1686/Reportajez_MujeresNarco.html |archivedate=16 September 2012 |deadurl=no |language=es |df= }} 11. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Ravelo |first=Ricardo |title=Enedina Arellano Félix, la primera jefa narca |url=http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=269001 |accessdate=16 September 2012 |newspaper=Proceso |date=30 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222154048/http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=269001 |archivedate=22 February 2014 |deadurl=no |language=es |df= }} 12. ^{{cite news |last=Harris |first=Paul |title=Fascinated US awaits trial of Mexican drug cartel's 'Queen of the Pacific' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/12/sandra-avila-beltran-mexico-drugs-trial |accessdate=16 September 2012 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=11 August 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Aj1fwfUs?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/12/sandra-avila-beltran-mexico-drugs-trial |archivedate=16 September 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }} 13. ^{{cite news |title=Tijuana cartel member arrested in Mexico |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/06/03/tijuana-cartel-member-arrested-in-mexico/ |accessdate=16 September 2012 |newspaper=Fox News |date=3 June 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AiusOYl9?url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/06/03/tijuana-cartel-member-arrested-in-mexico/ |archivedate=16 September 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }} 14. ^{{cite web |title=An overview of the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act and Executive Order 12978 of October 21, 1995 |url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/drugs.pdf |publisher=United States Department of Treasury |accessdate=16 September 2012 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=2 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Aiuw4fxT?url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Documents/drugs.pdf |archivedate=16 September 2012 |deadurl=no |df= }} Bibliography
8 : 1961 births|People from Mazatlán|Mexican women in business|Mexican mob bosses|Female organized crime figures|Tijuana Cartel traffickers|Living people|People sanctioned under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act |
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