| 词条 | Enforcement Act of 1870 |
| 释义 |
|name = Enforcement Act of 1869 |fullname = An Act to enforce the Right of Citizens of the United States to vote in the several States of the Union, and for other Purposes. |acronym = |nickname = Civil Rights Act of 1870, Enforcement Act, First Ku Klux Klan Act, Force Act |enacted by = 41st |effective date = |public law url = |cite public law = |cite statutes at large = {{usstat|16|140}}-146 |acts amended = |acts repealed = |title amended = |sections created = |sections amended = |leghisturl = |introducedin = House |introducedbill = H.R. 1293 |introducedby = Rep. John Bingham (R-OH) |introduceddate = February 21, 1870 |committees = House Judiciary |passedbody1 = House |passeddate1 = May 16, 1870 |passedvote1 = 131–43 |passedbody2 = Senate |passedas2 = |passeddate2 = May 20, 1870 |passedvote2 = 43–8 |conferencedate = |passedbody3 = Senate |passeddate3 = May 25, 1870 |passedvote3 = 48–11 |passedbody4 = House |passeddate4 = |passedvote4 = 133–39 |signedpresident = Ulysses S. Grant |signeddate = May 31, 1870 |amendments = |SCOTUS cases = United States v. Reese (1876) United States v. Cruikshank (1876) United States v. Allen Crosby United States v. Robert Hayes Mitchell }} The Enforcement Act of 1869, also known as the Civil Rights Act of 1870 or First Ku Klux Klan Act, or Force Act was a United States federal law written to empower the President with the legal authority to enforce the first section of the Fifteenth Amendment throughout the United States. The act was the first of three Enforcement Acts passed by the United States Congress from 1870 to 1871 during the Reconstruction Era to combat attacks on the suffrage rights of African Americans from state officials or violent groups like the Ku Klux Klan.[1] The act would develop from separate legislative actions in the House and Senate. H.R. 1293 was introduced by House Republican John Bingham from Ohio on February 21, 1870, and discussed on May 16, 1870.[2] S. 810 grew from several bills from several Senators. Senator George F. Edmunds from Vermont submitted the first bill, followed by Sen. Oliver P. Morton from Indiana, Sen. Charles Sumner from Massachusetts, and Sen. William Stewart from Nevada. After three months of debate in the Committee on the Judiciary, the final Senate version of the bill was introduced to the Senate on April 19, 1870.[3] The act was passed by Congress in May 1870 and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on May 31, 1870. The Enforcement Act of 1870 prohibited discrimination by state officials in voter registration on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. It established penalties for interfering with a person's right to vote and gave federal courts the power to enforce the act. The act also authorized the President to employ the use of the army to uphold the act and the use of federal marshals to bring charges against offenders for election fraud, the bribery or intimidation of voters, and conspiracies to prevent citizens from exercising their constitutional rights. See also
U.S. Attorneys General during Reconstruction
U.S. Secretary of War during Reconstruction
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Foner|first=Eric|title=Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877|year=1997|publisher=Harper & Row, Publishers|location=New York|isbn=9780060937164|pages=454}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Wang|first=Xi|title=The Trial of Democracy: Black Suffrage & Northern Republicans, 1860-1910|year=1997|publisher=University of Georgia Press|location=Athens, Georgia|isbn=9780820318370|pages=58}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Wang|first=Xi|title=The Trial of Democracy: Black Suffrage & Northern Republicans, 1860-1910|year=1997|publisher=University of Georgia Press|location=Athens, Georgia|isbn=9780820318370|pages=59}} Further reading
External links{{wikisource}}
6 : Anti-discrimination law in the United States|History of African-American civil rights|Reconstruction Era legislation|United States federal civil rights legislation|United States federal criminal legislation|41st United States Congress |
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