| 释义 |
- Bibliography
- References
Enid Charles (29 December 1894 – 26 March 1972) was a socialist, feminist and statistician who was a pioneer in the fields of demography and population statistics. She was born Dorothy Enid Charles in Denbigh, Wales. She obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics, economics and statistics at Newnham College, Cambridge University and a Ph.D. in physiology from the University of Cape Town, South Africa.[1] Charles met the conscientious objector Lancelot Hogben while at Cambridge; they married in 1918.[2] Out of a dozen or so socialist and feminist couples in Britain in the early 20th century, Charles was the only wife to keep her name.[3] The couple who had two sons and two daughters,[4] separated in 1953 and divorced in 1957.[5] Charles worked on fertility rates and nuptiality for the Dominion Bureau of Statistics in Canada. In 1934, Charles projected drastic decline in population of the United Kingdom should the fertility rates continue to fall. These results led her to speak out against the then commonly accepted principle of eugenics.[6][7] She subsequently worked as a Regional Adviser in Epidemiology and Health Statistics and as a Population Statistics Consultant for the World Health Organization in Singapore and New Delhi.[1] She died in Torquay, England, in 1972, aged 77.[2] Bibliography - {{citation | year = 1931 | author = Charles, E | title = Metabolic Changes Associated with Pigmentary Effector Activity and Pituitary Removal in Xenopus Laevis.—I. Respiratory Exchange | journal = Royal Society of London Proceedings Series B | volume = 107 | pages = 486–503 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.1931.0010 | issue = 753}}
- {{citation | year = 1931 | author = Hogben, L | authorlink = Lancelot Hogben | author2= Charles, E, |author3=David Slome | title = Studies On The Pituitary: VIII. The Relation Of The Pituitary Gland To Calcium Metabolism And Ovarian Function In Xenopus | journal = J. Exp. Biol. | volume = 8 | pages = 345–354}}
- {{citation | year = 1931 |author1=Zoond, A |author2=Charles, E | title = Studies in the Localisation of Respiratory Exchange in Invertebrates: I. The Respiratory Mechanism of the Fresh-Water Crab Potamonautes | journal = J. Exp. Biol. | volume = 8 | pages = 250–257}}
- {{citation | year = 1932 | author = Charles, E | title = The Practice of Birth Control | location = London | publisher = Williams and Norgate | oclc = 253047932}}
- {{citation | year = 1932 |author1=Hogben, L |author2=Charles, E | title = Studies on the Pituitary: IX. Changes in Blood Calcium Following Injection of Anterior Lobe Extracts and Sexual Excitement in Female Rabbits | journal = J. Exp. Biol. | volume = 9 | pages = 139–148}}
- {{citation | year = 1934 | author = Charles, E | title = The Twilight of Parenthood: A Biological Study of the Decline of Population Growth | location = London | publisher = Watts and Company}}
- {{citation | year = 1936 | author = Charles, E | title = The Menace of Underpopulation: A Biological Study of the Decline of Population Growth | location = London | publisher = Watts and Company}}
- {{citation | year = 1937 | author = Charles, E | title = The Changing Structure of the Family in Australia | journal = Economica | volume = 4 | pages = 245–273 | doi = 10.2307/2548953 | jstor = 2548953 | issue = 15 | publisher = Economica, Vol. 4, No. 15}}
- {{citation | year = 1938 |author1=Charles, E |author2=Moshinsky, P. | chapter = Differential Fertility in Endland and Wales during the Past Two Decades | title = Political Arithmetic | editor = L. Hogben | pages = 106–160 | publisher = Allen and Unwin | location = London}}
- {{citation | year = 1941 | author = Charles, E | title = The Nuptiality Problem with Special Reference to Canadian Marriage Statistics | journal = Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science | volume = 2 | page = 477}}
- {{citation | year = 1942 | author = Charles, E | title = The Trend of Fertility in Prince Edward Island | journal = The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science | volume = 8 | pages = 213–246 | doi = 10.2307/136951 | jstor = 136951 | issue = 2 | publisher = The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science / Revue canadienne d'Economique et de Science politique, Vol. 8, No. 2}}
- {{citation | year = 1943 | author = Charles, E | title = Differential Fertility in Canada, 1931 | journal = The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science | volume = 9 | pages = 175–218 | doi = 10.2307/137418 | jstor = 137418 | issue = 2 | publisher = The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science / Revue canadienne d'Economique et de Science politique, Vol. 9, No. 2}}
- {{citation | year = 1946 | author = Charles, E | title = The Changing Size of the Family in Canada | location = Ottawa | publisher = Dominion Bureau of Statistics}}
- {{citation |date=January 1951 | author = Charles, E | title = Statistical Utilization of Maternity and Child Welfare Records |journal=Br J Soc Med |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=41–61 |pmid=14839232 |pmc=1012565 |doi=10.1136/jech.5.1.41}}
- {{citation |date=April 1953 | author = Charles, E | title = The Hour of Birth: A Study of the Distribution of Times of Onset of Labour and of Delivery throughout the 24-hour Period |journal=Br J Prev Soc Med |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=43–59 |pmid=13051536 |pmc=1058488 |doi=10.1136/jech.7.2.43}}
References 1. ^1 {{citation|year=2005 |author=Sylvia Wargon |title=Legacy of Enid Charles, 1894–1972 |journal=Canadian Studies in Population |volume=32 |pages=137–153 |url=http://www.canpopsoc.org/journal/CSPv32n2p137.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725134619/http://www.canpopsoc.org/journal/CSPv32n2p137.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-25 |df= }}
2. ^1 {{citation | title = Dr. Enid Charles | newspaper = The Times | date = April 3, 1972}}
3. ^{{citation |author1=Outram, Dorinda |author2=Abir-Am, Pnina G. | title = Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 1789–1979 | publisher = Rutgers University Press | location = New Brunswick, N.J | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-8135-1256-5}}
4. ^{{cite book|title=Who Was Who, 1971-1980|year=1981|publisher=A and C Black|page=375|isbn=0-7136-2176-1}}Sketch on Lancelot Hogben.
5. ^{{cite book|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume 27|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-861377-6}}Article on Hogben by Robert Bud.
6. ^{{citation|year=1996 |author=W.H.G. Armytage |title=The Social Context of Eugenic Thought |publisher=Galton Institute |url=http://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/Newsletters/GINL9606/index.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121103739/http://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/Newsletters/GINL9606/index.html |archivedate=2008-11-21 |df= }}
7. ^{{citation | year = 1993 | author = Pedersen, Susan | title = Family, Dependence, and the Origins of the Welfare State in Britain and France, 1914–1945 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, UK | pages = | isbn = 0-521-55834-4}}
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Charles, Enid}} 9 : 1894 births|1972 deaths|British statisticians|Women statisticians|British demographers|Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge|University of Cape Town alumni|British feminists|People from Denbighshire |