| 词条 | Enteridium lycoperdon |
| 释义 |
| image =Enteridium lycoperdon, showing dark brown contents.JPG | image_alt =A fairly round, whitish structure protruding from a tree trunk | image_caption =Alder bark with older aethalial or sporangial phase slime mould | unranked_phylum = Amoebozoa | infraphylum = Mycetozoa | classis = Myxogastria | ordo = Liceales | familia = Reticulariaceae | genus = Enteridium | species = E. lycoperdon | binomial = Enteridium lycoperdon | binomial_authority = (Bull.) M.L. Farr, 1976 | synonyms =Fuligo lycoperdon (Bull.) Schumach Lycogala punctata Pers. Lycogala turbinata Pers. Mucor lycogalus Bolton Reticularia lycoperdon (Bull.) Reticularia umbrina Fr.[1] Strongylium fuliginoides (Pers.) Ditmar }} The False Puffball, Enteridium lycoperdon, is one of the more obvious species of slime mould or Myxogastria, typically seen in its reproductive phase as a white 'swelling' on standing dead trees in the spring, or on large pieces of fallen wood. Alder (Alnus glutinosa) is a common host.[1] Habitats and distributionE. lycoperdon grows typically on dead alder branches, logs, and stumps in wet places beside rivers, streams and wetlands; it is also found growing on dead elm, beech, poplar, hawthorn, elder, hornbeam,[2] hazel,[3] and pine trees[4] often after late frosts in spring and in the autumn.[5]It is recorded throughout Scotland, England, Wales, Ireland,[6] Europe, and in Mexico.[5][7] FeedingThe plasmodial phase feeds by phagocytosis upon bacteria, fungi, moulds, yeasts, inorganic particles and spores.[5] If conditions become too dry, the plasmodium changes into a sclerotium, a dry and dormant state, awaiting the return of wet conditions. Structure and appearanceLife cycleThe slime mould has two phases to its life cycle: an actively feeding plasmodial stage and a reproductive sporangial stage.[5] The plasmodial phase is mobile and is multi-nucleate, formed by the fusion of single cells and typically amoeboid in its movements, through cytoplasmic streaming. The sporangial or aethalial phase of this slime mould is spherical, elongate or globular, 50 to 80 mm, and is at first highly glutinous in appearance, resembling small slug eggs. Later a smooth white and silvery surface develops, which eventually splits to expose a brown spore mass beneath.[1] An aethalium is a term relating to slime moulds, referring to the relatively big, plump, pillow-shaped fruiting body, formed by the aggregation of plasmodia into a single functional body. The term comes from the Greek for thick smoke or soot; so named from the smokelike spores.[8] SporesThe spores are brown, subglobose or ovoid, punctate (spotted), 5–7 µm in size and dispersed by wind and rain until only a few delicate threads of the sporangium remain, resembling soft foam padding.[1] Insect associatesA slime mould fly, Epicypta testata, is known to lay its eggs within the spore mass and puparia can be seen with their tips protruding. The adult fly lays its eggs within the plasmodial phase, feeding upon it and the larval phase then hatches as worm-like larvae which pupate and then hatch, carrying and dispersing some of the spores which have stuck to them.[9] EdibilityThough not generally considered edible, E. lycoperdon is not toxic.[5] In Veracruz, Mexico, the very young aethalia are collected, fried, and eaten.[10] FolkloreE. lycoperdon is named "caca de luna" or "Moon's excrement" by the locals in the state of Veracruz in Mexico.[7] Slime moulds are one of several likely causers of the phenomenon known as star jelly. See also
References
1. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/914784 |title=A slime mould - Enteridium lycoperdon |publisher=Geograph Britain and Ireland |author=Lairich Rig |accessdate=2010-05-09 }} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hainaultforest.co.uk/7Slime%20moulds.htm |publisher=Hainault Forest website |title=Slime moulds – Myxomycetes |accessdate=2010-05-09 }} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/dundreggan/biodiversity/slime_molds.html |title=Trees for Life - Slime Molds occurring on Dundreggan |publisher=Trees for Life – Restoring the Caledonian Forest |accessdate=2010-05-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430053210/http://www.treesforlife.org.uk/dundreggan/biodiversity/slime_molds.html |archivedate=2010-04-30 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/whixallweb/species.htm |title=Lists of Different Species Recorded on Fenn's Whixall and Bettisfield Mosses National Nature Reserve |publisher=myweb.tiscali.co.uk |accessdate=2010-05-09 }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://pagesperso-orange.fr/champyves/champignons/fichier_htm/autres/Enteridium_lycoperdon.html |title=The Site of a thousand mushrooms | language=French |accessdate=2010-05-09 }} 6. ^{{cite web |url=https://data.nbn.org.uk/imt/?mode=SPECIES&species=NBNSYS0000155683|title=National Biodiversity Network Database |publisher=NBN|accessdate=2010-05-10}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.escepticospr.com/Archivos/uforings.htm |title=About the So-Called 'UFO Rings' and Fungi |author=Ángel M. Nieves-Rivera|publisher=Sociedad de Escépticos de P.R.|accessdate=2010-05-09 }} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aethalium|title=Aethalium definition|publisher=Dictionary.com |author=|accessdate=2010-05-10 }} 9. ^Stephenson, Page 65 10. ^Stephenson, Page 68
2 : Mycetozoa|Myxogastria |
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