“Environmental analysis”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Environmental analysis is the use of analytical chemistry and other techniques to study the environment. The purpose of this is commonly to monitor and study levels of pollutants in the atmosphere, rivers and other specific settings.^[1]. Other environmental analysis techniques include biological surveys or biosurvey, soil analysis or soil test, vegetation surveys and tree identification, and remote sensing which uses satellite imagery to assess the environment on different spatial scales.

Analysis techniques

Chemical analysis typically involves sampling some part of the environment and using lab equipment to figure out how much of a certain target compound exists. Someone might use chemical analysis to assess pollution levels for remediation, or to make sure groundwater is safe for drinking.^[2] Biological surveys typically include a measurement of the abundance of a certain species within a certain area to ascertain information about the ecosystem for specific reasons. Analysis like this could be used in efforts to understand species abundance, or to look at how external effects from the environment are affecting an ecosystem. ^[3] A soil test may involve chemical analysis, but most often soil tests involve removing a section of soil to understand what each layer of soil is composed of for specific reasons. Soil samples might be needed if someone is determining whether they can build on a certain site, or just to produce a model of an area.^[4] A vegetation survey is quite similar to a biosurvey because one is measuring the abundance of plant species and trees within a specific area to understand more about the ecosystem for specific reasons. Sometimes these are done to understand ecological effects from outside factors, or to just determine overall ecosystem health.^[5] Remote sensing can be used for environmental analysis by taking imagery shot by satellites in multiple wavelengths to assess areas of different scale for a certain objective. Remote sensing can be used to identify land use, it can be used to determine damages from forest fires, it can be used for weather systems and meteorology, and also for atmospheric composition.^[6]

Education

Environmental analysis can be learned in high school as a part of environmental science in the context of environmental issues, and can be learned as early as grade 9.^[7] Post-secondary environmental science teaches environmental analysis as a part of field techniques courses and environmental issues. These programs are offered all over Canada at schools like Mcmaster University, Dalhousie University, University of Alberta and University of British Columbia. Each curriculum will be different based on the environment in the region.^[8]

References

1. ^{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-FzQgAACAAJ |title=Environmental Analysis |author=Roger N. Reeve, John D. Barnes |isbn=978-0-471-93833-0 |year=1994}}
2. ^{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X-FzQgAACAAJ |title=Environmental Analysis |author=Roger N. Reeve, John D. Barnes |isbn=978-0-471-93833-0 |year=1994}}
3. ^[RAXWORTHY, C. J., PEARSON, R. G., RABIBISOA, N., RAKOTONDRAZAFY, A. M., RAMANAMANJATO, J.-B., RASELIMANANA, A. P., … STONE, D. A. (2008). Extinction vulnerability of tropical montane endemism from warming and upslope displacement: a preliminary appraisal for the highest massif in Madagascar. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.C45E8865&site=eds-live&scope=site]
4. ^[Ojeda, M. B., Quintanilla Domínguez, J., Ruelas, R., Martín, S. J. J., & Tarquis, A. M. (2019). Pore detection in 3‐D CT soil samples through an improved sub‐segmentation method. European Journal of Soil Science, 70(1), 66–82. https://doi-org.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/10.1111/ejss.12728]
5. ^[March-Salas, M., Moreno-Moya, M., Palomar, G., Tejero-Ibarra, P., Haeuser, E., & Pertierra, L. R. (n.d.). An innovative vegetation survey design in Mediterranean cliffs shows evidence of higher tolerance of specialized rock plants to rock climbing activity. APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, 21(2), 289–297. https://doi-org.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/10.1111/avsc.12355]
6. ^[Alvarez-Mendoza, C. I., Teodoro, A., & Ramirez-Cando, L. (2019). Spatial estimation of surface ozone concentrations in Quito Ecuador with remote sensing data, air pollution measurements and meteorological variables. Environmental Monitoring And Assessment, 191(3), 155. https://doi-org.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/10.1007/s10661-019-7286-6]
7. ^[www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/curriculum/secondary/2009science11_12.pdf]
8. ^[www.macleans.ca/education/top-10-environmental-science-universities/#gallery/macleans-2016-university-rankings-top-10-environmental-science-programs/slide-11]