| 词条 | Ephydra hians |
| 释义 |
| image = Alkali Fly - Ephydra hians, Mono Lake, California.jpg | image_caption = Ephydra hians at Mono Lake | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Diptera | subordo = Brachycera | zoosectio = Schizophora | familia = Ephydridae | subfamilia = Ephydrinae | tribus = Ephydrini | genus = Ephydra | species = E. hians | binomial = Ephydra hians | binomial_authority = Say, 1830[1] | synonyms= *Cirrula hians
}}Ephydra hians, common name the alkali fly, is a species of fly in the family Ephydridae, the brine flies.[2] DescriptionThe body of this species is dark brown. The thorax reflects a metallic greenish or bluish colour. It grows up to 4 to 7 millimeters in length. The wings are smokey brown.[3] LarvaThe larva contains a membranous cephalic area, the rest of the body is divided into 3 thoracic segments and 8 abdominal segments.[3] DistributionThis species is found mostly in the northwestern United States, as well as in Canada and Mexico. The habitat with the greatest number is in the Mono Basin in California. Other concentrations of this species are found in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Washington.[3] Habitat and behaviourEphydra hians live in the benthic-littoral zone in both soft and hard substrates.[3] Throughout the summertime, the flies, which live for 3 to 5 days, lay eggs on or under the water's surface. These hatch in a short time. The larvae roam the bottom, underwater, feeding on algae and bacteria. They can remain under the water until they develop into adults. They do not need to go to the surface to breathe. They acquire oxygen supplied by photosynthesis of the algae. Once in the adult stage, the flies live for 3 to 5 days. They too are able to walk around under water to eat algae. They are able to do this by trapping air among the hairs on their body.[4] The saline lakes of their habitat is especially wet requiring the fly to have extra hair and special waxes to maintain the air bubble.[5] Writing in The Washington Post, Ben Guarino noted the flies "must exert forces 18 times their body weight to break through the surface tension of the water".[6]{{cquote|You can hold them under water as long as you please--they do not mind it--they are only proud of it. When you let them go, they pop up to the surface as dry as a patent office report, and walk off as unconcernedly as if they had been educated especially with a view to affording instructive entertainment to man in that particular way.|20px|20px|Mark Twain, Roughing It 1872[7]}}As food for humansThe Kucadikadi, a native American band, historically used the pupae of this fly as a source of protein and fat. The name "Kucadikadi" means "eaters of the brine fly pupae". Year round, but particularly in the summer, approximately 200 Kucadikadi harvested the pupae at Mono Lake. The pupae can be used to make stew after being dried. Considered a delicacy, the Kucadikadi also traded the pupae with others in the region.[2][8][9] References1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Say|first1=Thomas|title=Descriptions of North American dipterous insects|journal=Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia|date=1829|volume=6|pages=149–178|url=https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_53776_descriptionsofnorthamericandip1817|accessdate=22 August 2015}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://monolake.org/about/ecoflies|title=Mono's Alkali Fly: The First Fly You'll Ever Love|work=monolake.org}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://online.sfsu.edu/bholzman/courses/Fall01%20projects/alkalifly.htm|title=The biogeography of the Mono Lake alkali fly|work=sfsu.edu}} 4. ^Life in the Great Salt Lake. Department of Botany, Weber State University. 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=van Breugel|first1=Floris|last2=Dickinson|first2=Michael H.|title=Superhydrophobic diving flies (Ephydra hians) and the hypersaline waters of Mono Lake|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|date=18 October 2017|doi=10.1073/pnas.1714874114|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/11/14/1714874114|accessdate=20 November 2017}} 6. ^{{cite news |last= Guarino |first= Ben| authorlink= |title= Watch these bizarre flies dive underwater using bubbles like scuba suits |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2017/11/20/these-bizarre-flies-wear-bubbles-like-scuba-suits-to-dive-in-a-toxic-lake/| date= 20 November 2017|newspaper= The Washington Post |location= Washington, D.C. | accessdate=22 November 2017 }} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3177/3177-h/3177-h.htm|title=Roughing It, Complete|work=gutenberg.org}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.craterlakeinstitute.com/natural-history/nature-notes-frank-lang/alkali-flies.htm|title=Alkali Flies - Nature Notes by Dr. Frank Lang|work=craterlakeinstitute.com}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/water-h2o-life/regeneration/mono-lake|title=Mono Lake|work=AMNH}} External links{{Commons category|Ephydra hians}}
3 : Ephydridae|Insects described in 1830|Diptera of North America |
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