词条 | Alexander Fadeyev (writer) |
释义 |
| name= Alexander Fadeyev | image = Fotothek df roe-neg 0006329 003 Mitglied.jpg | image_size = 225px | caption = Fadeyev in 1952. Photograph by {{ill|Roger Rössing|de|lt=Roger}} and {{ill|Renate Rössing|de}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1901|12|24}} | birth_place = Kimry, Tver Governorate, Russian Empire | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1956|5|13|1901|12|24}} | death_place = Peredelkino, Moscow Oblast, Russian SFSR | resting_place = Novodevichy Cemetery | occupation = Writer, critic | nationality = Russian | genre = Fiction | notableworks = The Young Guard | spouse = Angelina Stepanova }} Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeyev ({{lang-ru|link=no|Алекса́ндр Алекса́ндрович Фаде́ев}}; {{OldStyleDate|24 December|1901|11 December}} – 13 May 1956) was a Soviet writer, one of the co-founders of the Union of Soviet Writers and its chairman from 1946 to 1954. BiographyFadeyev was born in Kimry, Tver Governorate. From 1908 to 1912, he lived in Chuguyevka, Primorsky Krai. He joined the Bolshevik Party in 1918 and took part in the guerrilla movement against the Japanese interventionists and the White Army during the Russian Civil War. In 1927, he published the novel The Rout (also known as The Nineteen), in which he described youthful guerrilla fighters. In 1930, he published the first part of the novel The Last of the Udege, on which he continued working the rest of his life (an edition containing the second volume, all he was able to complete, was published in 1940.[1]) In it, Fadeyev intended to show "that an extremely primitive people may experience a leap from tribal communism to the complex collective organization of the twentieth century, skipping over the intervening historical stages: family, private property, slavery, feudalism, capitalism and socialism. [...] Uneven though it is, The Last of the Udegs contains some of Fadeyev's best pages, and the fact that he spent his energies on literary administration rather than on the completion of this novel is a minor tragedy."[2] In 1945, he wrote the novel, The Young Guard (based upon real events of World War II) about the underground Komsomol organization named Young Guard, which fought against the Nazis in the occupied city Krasnodon (in the Ukrainian SSR). For this novel, Fadeyev was awarded the Stalin Prize (1946). In 1948, a Soviet film The Young Guard, based on the book, was released, and later revised in 1964 to correct inaccuracies in the book. Fadeyev was a champion of Joseph Stalin, proclaiming him "the greatest humanist the world has ever known". During the 1940s, he actively promoted Zhdanovshchina, a campaign of criticism and persecution against many of the Soviet Union's foremost writers and composers. However, he was a friend of Mikhail Sholokhov. Fadeyev married a famous stage actress, {{ill|Angelina Stepanova|ru|Степанова, Ангелина Иосифовна}} (1905–2000). In the last years of his life Fadeyev developed a nervous condition, exacerbated by the prolonged abuse of alcohol. Some sources claim that this was mostly due to the denunciation of Stalinism during the Khrushchev Thaw. He eventually committed suicide by shooting himself in the heart at his dacha in Peredelkino, leaving a letter from which one can see his negative attitude to both the old and new leaders of the Party.[3] He referred to Stalin as a "satrap" in the note. His suicide followed his being denounced by his friend Mikhail Sholokhov and blamed for the poor state of Soviet Literature at the 20th Party Congress.[4] In his suicide note, he attacked the Stalinists who "physically exterminated" the best people in Soviet Literature and said they had "brought us (writers) down to the level of children; they destroyed us; they threatened us ideologically and called this 'the Party spirit'". He attacked the new Soviet leadership as being full of uneducated people who manifested "primitivism and ignorance--along with a disgraceful share of self-assurance" in their attempts to lead Soviet literature.[5] His death occasioned an epigram by Boris Pasternak, his neighbor. Alexander Fadeyev is buried in the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. LegacyIn her memoirs, Nadezhda Mandelstam, after describing Fadeyev's seemingly affectionate farewell to Osip Mandelstam just before his final arrest, wrote: "Liuba [Ehrenburg] has told me that Fadeyev was a cold and cruel man – something quite compatible with emotionalism and the ability to shed a tear at the right moment. This became very clear, according to Liuba, at the time of the execution of the Yiddish writers. Then also it was a case of tearful farewell embraces after he had signified his formal agreement to their arrest and liquidation – even though the Yiddish writers, unlike Mandelstam, were his friends."[6] And Korney Chukovsky wrote the following in his diary entry after Fadeyev's suicide:
BibliographyCollected editions
Fiction
Memoirs, letters, and literary criticism
References1. ^Роман Фадеева «Последний из удэге». 2. ^Edward J. Brown, Russian Literature Since the Revolution: Revised and Enlarged Edition (Harvard University Press, 1982: {{ISBN|0-674-78204-6}}), p. 138. 3. ^Sovlit.net: Fadeyev's suicide note and KGB report on his death 4. ^Sholokhov's speech at the 20th Party Conference 5. ^Sovlit.net: Fadeyev's suicide note and KGB report on his death 6. ^Nadezhda Mandelstam, Hope Against Hope: A Memoir (Random House Publishing Group, 1999: {{ISBN|0-375-75316-8}}), p. 358. 7. ^Kornei Chukovsky, Diary, 1901–1969 (Yale University Press, 2005: {{ISBN|0-300-10611-4}}), p. 406. External links
19 : 1901 births|1956 deaths|People from Kimry|People from Tver Governorate|Bolsheviks|Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union candidate members|Second convocation members of the Soviet of the Union|Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union|Fourth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union|Russian writers|People of the Russian Civil War|Socialist realism writers|Soviet novelists|Soviet male writers|20th-century male writers|Stalin Prize winners|Suicides in the Soviet Union|Writers who committed suicide|Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery |
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