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词条 International Women's Day
释义

  1. History

      IWD 2010    IWD 2011    IWD 2012    IWD 2013    IWD 2014    IWD 2015    IWD 2016    IWD 2017    IWD 2018    IWD 2019  

  2. Around the world

  3. Official UN themes

  4. See also

      Other holidays honoring women  

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. Further reading

  8. External links

{{short description|Holiday to recognize women globally}}{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2019}}{{Infobox holiday
| image = Frauentag 1914 Heraus mit dem Frauenwahlrecht.jpg
| caption = German poster for International Women's Day, March 8, 1914.{{efn|English : "Give Us Women's Suffrage. Women's Day, March 8, 1914. Until now, prejudice and reactionary attitudes have denied full civic rights to women, who as, mothers, and citizens wholly fulfill their duty, who must pay their taxes to the state as well as the municipality. Fighting for this natural human right must be the firm, unwavering intention of every woman, every female worker. In this, no pause for rest, no respite is allowed. Come all, you women and girls, to the 9th public women's assembly on Sunday, March 8, 1914, at 3 pm."[1]}} This poster was banned in the German Empire.[2]
| holiday_name = International Women's Day
| frequency = Annual
| observedby = Worldwide
| scheduling = Same day each year
| date = March 8
| mdy = no
| type = International
| significance = {{plainlist|
  • Civil awareness day
  • Women and girls day
  • Anti-sexism day
  • Anti-Discrimination Day

}}
| relatedto = {{plainlist|
  • International Men's Day
  • Russian Revolution
  • Children's Day
  • International Workers' Day

}}
}}{{Feminism sidebar}}

International Women's Day (IWD) is celebrated on March 8 every year.[3] It is a focal point in the movement for women's rights.

A New York textile factory caught on fire on 8 March 1908, with the owner trapping his female workers inside to prevent them from striking with other factory workers.  He had been forcing them to work 10-hour days, making fabric of mauve and lilac color.  129 workers died in the fire.  The colors of the fabric they were working on were chosen as the symbol of the international women's rights movement. [4][5][6][7]

After the Socialist Party of America organized a Women's Day on February 28, 1909, in New York.[5][6] At the 1910 International Socialist Woman's Conference suggested German revolutionary Clara Zetkin proposed that 8 March be honored as a day annually in memory of working women.[8][5][9] The day has been celebrated as International Women's Day or International Working Women's Day ever since.[8][5]  For women at that meeting, the day was about demanding the right to work without discrimination.After women gained suffrage in Soviet Russia in 1917, March 8 became a national holiday there. The day was then predominantly celebrated by the socialist movement and communist countries until it was adopted by the feminist movement in about 1967. The United Nations began celebrating the day in 1975.[10]

Commemoration of International Women's Day today ranges from being a public holiday in some countries to being largely ignored elsewhere.[16] In some places, it is a day of protest; in others, it is a day that celebrates womanhood. International Men's Day is celebrated on November 19.[11]

History

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| direction = horisontal
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| image1 =Stamp of USSR 1368.jpg
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| footer = Soviet postage stamps
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The earliest Women's Day observance, called "National Woman's Day,"[12] was held on February 28, 1909, in New York, organized by the Socialist Party of America[13] at the suggestion of activist Theresa Malkiel.[14] Though there have been claims that the day was commemorating a protest by women garment workers in New York on March 8, 1857, researchers have described this as a myth.[15][16][17]

In August 1910, an International Socialist Women's Conference was organized to precede the general meeting of the Socialist Second International in Copenhagen, Denmark.[18] Inspired in part by the American socialists, German Socialist Luise Zietz proposed the establishment of an annual Women's Day and was seconded by fellow socialist and later communist leader Clara Zetkin, supported by socialist activist Käte Duncker, although no date was specified at that conference.[19][20] Delegates (100 women from 17 countries) agreed with the idea as a strategy to promote equal rights including suffrage for women.[21]

The following year on March 19, 1911, IWD was marked for the first time, by over a million people in Austria, Denmark, Germany and Switzerland.[13] In the Austro-Hungarian Empire alone, there were 300 demonstrations.[19] In Vienna, women paraded on the Ringstrasse and carried banners honouring the martyrs of the Paris Commune.[19] Women demanded that they be given the right to vote and to hold public office. They also protested against employment sex discrimination.[3]

The Americans continued to celebrate National Women's Day on the last Sunday in February.[19]

In 1913 Russian women observed their first International Women's Day on the last Saturday in February (by the Julian calendar then used in Russia).[33]

In 1914 International Women's Day was held on March 8 in Germany, possibly because that day was a Sunday, and now it is always held on March 8 in all countries.[22] The 1914 observance of the Day in Germany was dedicated to women's right to vote, which German women did not win until 1918.[22][23]

In London there was a march from Bow to Trafalgar Square in support of women's suffrage on March 8, 1914. Activist Sylvia Pankhurst was arrested in front of Charing Cross station on her way to speak in Trafalgar Square.[24]

On March 8, 1917, on the Gregorian calendar, in the capital of the Russian Empire, Petrograd, women textile workers began a demonstration, covering the whole city. This marked the beginning of the February Revolution, which alongside the October Revolution made up the Russian Revolution.[3][25] Women in Saint Petersburg went on strike that day for "Bread and Peace" – demanding the end of World War I, an end to Russian food shortages, and the end of czarism.[22] Revolutionary leader Leon Trotsky wrote, "23 February (8th March) was International Woman's Day and meetings and actions were foreseen. But we did not imagine that this 'Women's Day' would inaugurate the revolution. Revolutionary actions were foreseen but without date. But in the morning, despite the orders to the contrary, textile workers left their work in several factories and sent delegates to ask for support of the strike… which led to mass strike... all went out into the streets."[22] Seven days later, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, and the provisional Government granted women the right to vote.[13]

Following the October Revolution, the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai and Vladimir Lenin made it an official holiday in the Soviet Union, but it was a working day until 1965. On May 8, 1965, by the decree of the USSR Presidium of the Supreme Soviet International Women's Day was declared a non-working day in the USSR "in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction, in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War, in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear, and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples, and the struggle for peace. But still, women's day must be celebrated as are other holidays."

From its official adoption in Soviet Russia following the Revolution in 1917, the holiday was predominantly celebrated in communist countries and by the communist movement worldwide. Communist leader Dolores Ibárruri led a women's march in Madrid in 1936 on the eve of the Spanish Civil War.[19]

It was commemorated by the communists in China from 1922.[19] In 1927, in the Chinese city of Guangzhou, there was a march of 25,000 women and male supporters, including representatives of the Guomindang, the YWCA, and labor organizations.[26] After the founding of the People's Republic of China on October 1, 1949, the State Council proclaimed on December 23 that March 8 would be made an official holiday with women in China given a half-day off.[27]

The day remained predominantly a communist holiday until about 1967 when it was taken up by second-wave feminists.[19] The day re-emerged as a day of activism, being sometimes known in Europe as the "Women's International Day of Struggle". In the 1970s and 1980s, women's groups were joined by leftists and labor organizations in calling for equal pay, political rights, reproductive rights, and subsidized child care.[28]

The United Nations began celebrating International Women's Day in the International Women's Year, 1975. In 1977, the United Nations General Assembly invited member states to proclaim March 8 as the UN Day for women's rights and world peace.[29]

International Women's Day sparked violence in Tehran, Iran on March 4, 2007, when police beat hundreds of men and women who were planning a rally. (A previous rally for the occasion was held in Tehran in 2003.)[30] Police arrested dozens of women and some were released after several days of solitary confinement and interrogation.[31] Shadi Sadr, Mahbubeh Abbasgholizadeh and several more community activists were released on March 19, 2007, ending a fifteen-day hunger strike.[32]

In the twenty–first century, in the West, the day was increasingly sponsored by major corporations and used to promote feel–good messages, rather than radical social reforms.[33] In 2009, the British marketing firm, Aurora Ventures, set up a "International Women's Day" website with corporate sponsorship.[34][35] The website began to promote hashtags as themes for the day, which became used internationally.[36] The day was commemorated by business breakfasts and social media communications that were reminiscent of Mother's Day greetings.[37][38]

IWD 2010

On the occasion of 2010 International Women's Day the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) drew attention to the hardships displaced women endure. The displacement of populations is one of the gravest consequences of today's armed conflicts. It affects women in a host of ways.[39]

IWD 2011

Though the celebration in the West was low-key, events took place in more than 100 countries[40] on March 8, 2011, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of International Women's Day.[41] In the United States, President Barack Obama proclaimed March 2011 to be "Women's History Month", calling Americans to mark IWD by reflecting on "the extraordinary accomplishments of women" in shaping the country's history.[40] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton launched the "100 Women Initiative: Empowering Women and Girls through International Exchanges", on the eve of IWD.[42] In the run-up to 2011 International Women's Day, the Red Cross called on States and other entities not to relent in their efforts to prevent rape and other forms of sexual violence that harm the lives and dignity of countless women in conflict zones around the world every year.[43]

Australia issued an IWD 100th anniversary commemorative 20-cent coin.

In Egypt, in Tahrir Square, Cairo, hundreds of men came out not to support, but to harass the women who came out to stand up for their rights as the police and military stood by watching, doing nothing to stop the crowds of men.[44]

IWD 2012

The UN theme for International Women's Day 2012 was Empower Rural Women – End Hunger and Poverty.[45] In that year, Oxfam America invited people to celebrate inspiring women in their lives by sending a free International Women's Day e-Card or honoring a woman whose efforts had made a difference in the fight against hunger and poverty with Oxfam's International Women's Day award.[46]

On the occasion of International Women's Day 2012, the ICRC called for more action to help the mothers and wives of people who have gone missing during armed conflict. The vast majority of people who go missing in connection with conflict are men. As well as the anguish of not knowing what has happened to the missing husband or son, many of these women face economic and practical difficulties. The ICRC underlined the duty of parties to a conflict to search for the missing and provide information to the families.[47]

IWD 2013

The UN theme for International Women's Day 2013 was "A promise is a promise: Time for action to end violence against women".[48]

The 2013 International Women's Day, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) drew attention to the plight of women in prison.[49]

IWD 2014

The UN theme for International Women's Day 2014 was "Equality for Women is Progress for All".[50][51]

American singer Beyoncé also posted an International Women's Day video to her YouTube account. Throughout the video, her song "***Flawless" plays, which includes a portion of the "We Should All Be Feminists" speech given by author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.[52]

IWD 2015

The UN theme for International Women's Day 2015 was "Empowering Women, Empowering Humanity: Picture it!".[53] Governments and activists around the world will commemorate the 20th anniversary year of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, an historic roadmap that sets the agenda for realizing women's rights.[54]

IWD 2016

The International Women's Day theme for 2016 was "Planet 50-50 by 2030: Step It Up for Gender Equality".[55]

The President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee, in his message issued on the eve of International Women's Day said: "On the occasion of International Women's Day, I extend warm greetings and good wishes to the women of India and thank them for their contributions over the years in the building of our nation."[56] The ministry of women and child development announced the setting up of four more one-stop crisis centers on March 8, in addition to the eight already functioning across the country.[57] Ahead of Women's Day, the national carrier Air India operated what it claimed to be the world's longest non-stop flight where the entire flight operations were handled by women, as part of International Women's Day celebrations. The flight, from Delhi to San Francisco, covered a distance of around 14,500 kilometers in around 17 hours.[58]

IWD 2017

The theme for International Women's Day 2017 was "Women in the Changing World of Work: Planet 50-50 by 2030".[59]

In a message in support of International Women's Day, the UN Secretary-General António Guterres commented on how women's rights were being "reduced, restricted and reversed". With men still in leadership positions and a widening economic gender gap, he called for change "by empowering women at all levels, enabling their voices to be heard and giving them control over their own lives and over the future of our world".[60]

IWD 2018

The theme for International Women's Day 2018 was 'Time is Now: Rural and urban activists transforming women’s lives'.[61]

IWD 2019

The UN theme for International Women's Day 2019 was: 'Think equal, build smart, innovate for change'.[62] The focus of the theme is on innovative ways in which to advance gender equality and the empowerment of women, particularly in the areas of social protection systems, access to public services and sustainable infrastructure.[63]

The federal state of Berlin marked International Women's Day as a public holiday for the first time.

Around the world

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| width = 180
| footer =
| image1 = 8marta.jpg
| alt1 = International Women's Day poster
| caption1 = Soviet poster: "8th of March is the day of rebellion of the working women against kitchen slavery. Down with the oppression and narrow-mindedness of household work!"

The day is an official holiday in Afghanistan,[64] Angola, Armenia,[65] Azerbaijan,[66][67] Belarus,[68] Burkina Faso,[69] Cambodia,[70] China (for women only),[71] Cuba,[72] Georgia,[73] Guinea-Bissau, Eritrea, Kazakhstan,[74] Kyrgyzstan,[75] Laos,[76] Madagascar (for women only),[77] Moldova,[78] Mongolia,[79] Nepal, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine,[80] Uzbekistan,[81] Vietnam,[82] and Zambia.[83]

In some countries, such as Cameroon,[84] Croatia,[85] Romania,[86] Bosnia and Herzegovina,[87] Bulgaria[88] and Chile,[89] the day is not a public holiday, but is widely observed nonetheless.

On this day it is customary for men to give the women in their lives – friends, mothers, wives, girlfriends, daughters, colleagues, etc. – flowers and small gifts. In some countries (such as Bulgaria and Romania) it is also observed as an equivalent of Mother's Day, where children also give small presents to their mothers and grandmothers.[86] In Russia, the day has lost all political context through the time, becoming simply a day to honor women and feminine beauty.[90]

In the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, huge Soviet-style celebrations were held annually. After the fall of Communism, the holiday, generally considered to be one of the major symbols of the old regime, fell into obscurity. International Women's Day was re-established as an official "important day" by the Parliament of the Czech Republic in 2004[91] on the proposal of the Social Democrats and Communists. This has provoked some controversy as a large part of the public as well as the political right see the holiday as a relic of the nation's Communist past.[91]

The day is widely celebrated in France, as Journée internationale des femmes. To celebrate the day in Italy, men give yellow mimosas to women.[92][93] Communist politician Teresa Mattei chose the mimosa in 1946 as the symbol of IWD in Italy because she felt that the French symbols of the day, violets and lily-of-the-valley, were too scarce and expensive to be used effectively in Italy.[94]

In the United States, actress and human rights activist Beata Pozniak worked with the Mayor of Los Angeles and the Governor of California to lobby members of the U.S. Congress to propose official recognition of the holiday. In February 1994, H. J. Res. 316 was introduced by Rep. Maxine Waters, along with 79 cosponsors, in an attempt to officially recognize March 8 of that year as International Women's Day. The bill was subsequently referred to, and remained in, the House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. No vote of either house of Congress was achieved on this piece of legislation.[95]

As of 2019, International Women's Day will also be celebrated as a public holiday in the federal state of Berlin, Germany[96]

In Pakistan women's procession walk colloquially known as Aurat March is organized in various cities of Pakistan .[97]


Official UN themes

YearUN Theme[98]
1996Celebrating the Past, Planning for the Future
1997Women and the Peace Table
1998Women and Human Rights
1999World Free of Violence Against Women
2000Women Uniting for Peace
2001Women and Peace: Women Managing Conflicts
2002Afghan Women Today: Realities and Opportunities
2003Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals
2004Women and HIV/AIDS
2005Gender Equality Beyond 2005; Building a More Secure Future
2006Women in Decision-making
2007Ending Impunity for Violence Against Women and Girls
2008Investing in Women and Girls
2009Women and Men United to End Violence Against Women and Girls
2010Equal Rights, Equal Opportunities: Progress for All
2011Equal Access to Education, Training, and Science and Technology: Pathway to Decent Work for Women
2012Empower Rural Women, End Poverty and Hunger
2013A Promise is a Promise: Time for Action to End Violence Against Women
2014Equality for Women is Progress for All
2015Empowering Women, Empowering Humanity: Picture it!
2016Planet 50-50 by 2030: Step It Up for Gender Equality
2017Women in the Changing World of Work: Planet 50-50 by 2030
2018Time is Now: Rural and urban activists transforming women’s lives
2019Think Equal, Build Smart, Innovate for Change

See also

  • Communist Women's International
  • Day Without a Woman
  • International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women
  • International Day of the Girl Child
  • International Men's Day
  • List of uprisings led by women
  • UN Women
  • Women's empowerment
  • Women's March (disambiguation)
  • Women's strike (disambiguation)

Other holidays honoring women

  • Matronalia (March 1, SPQR and Roman Empire)
  • National Women's Day (August 9, South Africa)
  • Susan B. Anthony Day (February 15, US)
  • Rosa Parks Day (February 4 / December 1, US)
  • National Girls and Women in Sports Day (one day first week of February, US)
  • Harriet Tubman Day (March 10, US)
  • Kartini Day (April 21, Indonesia)
  • Helen Keller Day (June 27, US)
  • Women's Equality Day (August 26, US)
  • Mother's Day
  • Nupi Lan Day (December 12, India)
  • Hinamatsuri (March 3, Japan, though it is for girls)

Notes

{{notes}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/sub_image.cfm?image_id=1651 |title=Give Us Women's Suffrage (March 1914) |publisher=German History in Documents and Images |accessdate=January 26, 2014}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2017/03/international-womens-day-clara-zetkin-working-class-socialist/|title=The Socialist Origins of International Women's Day|first1=Cintia|last1=Frencia|first2=Daniel|last2=Gaido|publisher=Jacobin|date=March 8, 2017}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/history.html | title=UN WomenWatch: International Women's Day – | publisher=UN.org | accessdate=February 21, 2013}}
4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.es/books?id=x5ttDwAAQBAJ|title=I am... a bit Cuaima, and... So what?|last=Leotaud|first=Arly|date=2018-08-31|publisher=XinXii|isbn=9783961428496|language=en}}
5. ^1 2 3 "T.E" Revista de la Federación de Enseñanza de CC.OO. Number 219, January 2001, central page.
6. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.apollofm.org/2-international-women-s-day|title=International Women's Day|last=|first=|date=|website=apollo fm|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-29}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Gooden|first=Tim|date=2014-03-19|title=International Women's Day - the struggle goes on|url=http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=181774451229606;res=IELHSS|journal=Green Left Weekly|language=EN|issue=1001|pages=6}}
8. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.mujeresenred.net/spip.php?article447|title=El Movimiento feminista en Salamanca después de la muerte de Franco|last=Díez Balda|first=Mª Antonia|date=|website=mujeres en red|publisher=Universidad de Salamanca|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-29}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.workers.org/2008/us/iwd_0313/|title=A rich tradition: International Women’s Day|last=|first=|date=|website=Workers' World|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-29}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.org/en/events/womensday/history.shtml|title=International Women's Day, 8 March|website=www.un.org|language=EN|access-date=2019-03-22}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://nationaltoday.com/international-mens-day/|title=INTERNATIONAL MEN’S DAY - November 19, 2019|date=2019-11-19|website=National Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-22}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://iwd.uchicago.edu/page/international-womens-day-history#1909%20The%20First%20National%20Woman's%20Day%20in%20the%20US|title=International Women's Day History {{!}} International Women's Day {{!}} The University of Chicago|website=iwd.uchicago.edu|language=en|access-date=April 7, 2017}}
13. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/events/women/iwd/2008/history.shtml|title=United Nations page on the background of the IWD|date=|publisher=Un.org|accessdate=March 8, 2012}}
14. ^{{cite journal |first1=Sally M. |last1=Miller |title=From Sweatshop Worker to Labor Leader: Theresa Malkiel, A Case Study |journal=American Jewish History |volume=68 |issue=2 |date=December 1978 |page=197 |jstor=23881894}}
15. ^Temma Kaplan, "On the Socialist Origins of International Women's Day", in: Feminist Studies, 11, 1985, S. 163–171. (PDF {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615162719/http://www.emancipatie.nl/_documenten/vvnl/doc/2006/KaplanSocialistOrigins.pdf |date=June 15, 2007 }})
16. ^Liliane Kandel / Françoise Picq, "Le Mythe des origines à propos de la journée internationale des femmes" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927183523/http://www.archivesdufeminisme.fr/article.php3?id_article=80 |date=September 27, 2013 }}, in: La Revue d'en face, 12, 1982, S. 67–80.
17. ^Angela Howard Zophy, Handbook of American Women's History, Garland, 1991, 187.
18. ^Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, "From West to East: International Women’s Day, the First Decade”, Aspasia: The International Yearbook of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European Women's and Gender History, vol. 6 (2012): 1–24.
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Temma Kaplan, "On the Socialist Origins of International Women's Day", Feminist Studies, 11/1 (Spring, 1985)
20. ^{{cite web |title= History of International Women's Day |url= https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/history.html |publisher= United Nations |accessdate= May 26, 2012}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalwomensday.com/About|title=About International Women's Day |publisher=Internationalwomensday.com |date=March 8, 1917 |accessdate=February 26, 2016}}
22. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.mmf2010.info/our-action/le-8-mars-2013-journee-internationale-des-femmes-a-la-recherche-de-la-memoire-perdue |title=8th of March – International woman's day: in search of lost memory |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313064904/http://www.mmf2010.info/our-action/le-8-mars-2013-journee-internationale-des-femmes-a-la-recherche-de-la-memoire-perdue |archivedate=March 13, 2011|deadurl=yes |accessdate=March 14, 2014}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/suffrage.htm |title=Women's Suffrage |publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union |accessdate=January 26, 2014}}
24. ^{{cite news|title=Suffragist Disorders|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/archive/article/1914-03-09/5/1.html#start%3D1785-01-01%26end%3D1985-12-31%26terms%3D%22Sylvia%20Pankhurst%22%20arrested%26back%3D/tto/archive/find/%252522Sylvia+Pankhurst%252522+arrested/w:1785-01-01%7E1985-12-31/o:date/4%26prev%3D/tto/archive/frame/goto/%252522Sylvia+Pankhurst%252522+arrested/w:1785-01-01%7E1985-12-31/o:date/32%26next%3D/tto/archive/frame/goto/%252522Sylvia+Pankhurst%252522+arrested/w:1785-01-01%7E1985-12-31/o:date/34|accessdate=May 9, 2014|newspaper=The Times|date=March 9, 1914}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/revolution_postup/20170306/1489217048.html|title=February Revolution|publisher=RIA Novosti|accessdate=March 7, 2017}}
26. ^{{cite journal|author=Yau Tsit Law|title=International Women's Day in Canton March 8, 1927|journal=News Bulletin (Institute of Pacific Relations)|date=June–July 1927}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=Anniversaries of important events|url=http://www.gov.cn/english/2005-08/10/content_28291.htm|website=China Factfile|publisher=Chinese Government|accessdate=August 28, 2011}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://origins.osu.edu/connecting-history/international-womens-day|title=International Women's Day|first= Birgitte|last=Søland|publisher=Origins|date=4 March 2019}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/international-womens-day|title=International Women's Day |publisher=United Nations}}
30. ^[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4555610/international_womens_day_rally_in/ "Iranian Women Rally to Demand Equal Social, Political Rights"] Index-Journal (March 9, 2003): 9. via Newspapers.com{{open access}}
31. ^{{cite news|last=Harrison |first=Frances |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6426087.stm |title=Middle East | Iranian women struggle for equality |publisher=BBC News |date=March 8, 2007 |accessdate=March 8, 2012}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/03/07/iran15452.htm |title=Iran: Release Women's Rights Advocates | Human Rights Watch |publisher=Hrw.org |date=March 8, 2007 |accessdate=March 8, 2012}}
33. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-08/international-womens-day-from-revolution-to-breakfast-cupcakes/10879932?section=politics|title=International Women's Day went from bloody revolution to corporate breakfasts|first=Annika|last=Blau|publisher=ABC|date=8 March 2019}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.internationalwomensday.com/Terms|title=International Women's Day}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.aurora-ventures.com/Work|title=Aurora Ventures: Our Work}}
36. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2018/03/08/international-womens-day-call-action-not-branding-opportunity-1|title=International Women's Day is a call to action, not a branding opportunity|first=Celeste|last=Liddle|publisher=SBS|date=8 March 2018}}
37. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-03-08/international-womens-day-from-revolution-to-breakfast-cupcakes/10879932?section=politics|title=International Women's Day went from bloody revolution to corporate breakfasts|first=Annika|last=Blau|publisher=ABC|date=8 March 2019}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://origins.osu.edu/connecting-history/international-womens-day|title=International Women's Day|first= Birgitte|last=Søland|publisher=Origins|date=4 March 2019}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/women-displacement-interview-020310 |title=Women and displacement: strength in adversity |publisher=International Committee of the Red Cross |date=March 2, 2010 |accessdate=March 8, 2012}}
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72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cubaminrex.cu/english/Multilaterales/Articulos/SocioHumanitarios/Others/2011/Press%20release.html |title=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba |publisher=Cubaminrex.cu |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=March 8, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316235638/http://www.cubaminrex.cu/English/Multilaterales/Articulos/SocioHumanitarios/Others/2011/Press%20release.html |archivedate=March 16, 2012 }}
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79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mongolia-web.com/content/view/33/39/ |title=Mongolia Web News |publisher=Mongolia-web.com |date= |accessdate=March 8, 2012}}
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89. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.feriadoschilenos.cl/DiasNacionales.html#DiaNacionalDeLaMujer |title=Días Nacionales en Chile (in Spanish) |publisher=feriadoschilenos.cl |date= |accessdate=March 8, 2012}}
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93. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/2006/c/sezioni/politica/versoelezioni34/ciampidonne/ciampidonne.html |title=politica " Festa della donna, parla Ciampi "La parità è ancora lontana" |publisher=Repubblica.it |date=March 8, 2006 |accessdate=March 8, 2012}}
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98. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/iwd/index.html |title=WomenWatch: International Women's Day |publisher=Un.org |date= |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}

Further reading

  • "The socialist roots of International Women's Day". Al Jazeera America. March 7, 2015
  • Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild, "From West to East: International Women’s Day, the First Decade”, Aspasia: The International Yearbook of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern European Women's and Gender History, vol. 6 (2012): 1–24.

External links

{{Sister project links | wikt=no | commons= International Women's Day| b=Category:International Women's Day | n=Category:International Women's Day | q=International Women's Day | s= Portal:International Women's Day| v=International Women's Day | voy=no | species=no | d=Q38964| mw=no| display=International Women's Day}}
  • UN Women, International Women's Day page
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