| 词条 | Estill Voice Training |
| 释义 |
|name = Estill Voice Training |image = Estill voice training logo.jpg |image_border = |size = |alt = Estill Voice Training Logo |caption = |map = |msize = |malt = |mcaption = |abbreviation = EVT |motto = |formation = |extinction = |type = |status = |purpose = |headquarters = |location = |region_served = |membership = |language = |leader_title = |leader_name = |main_organ = |parent_organization = Estill Voice International, LLC |affiliations = |num_staff = |num_volunteers = |budget = |website = |remarks = }} Estill Voice Training (often abbreviated EVT) is a programme for developing vocal skills based on analysing the process of vocal production into control of specific structures in the vocal mechanism.{{sfn |Shewell|2009| p=335}} By acquiring the ability to consciously move each structure the potential for controlled change of voice quality is increased.{{sfn |Mathieson|2001| p=495}} British speech and language therapist Sara Harris writes: {{quote|The work allows singing/voice teachers, voice coaches, and speech and language therapists to identify and resolve specific vocal problems that have resulted in fatigue or damage to the vocal folds. Many of the manoeuvers are already familiar to speech therapists as they have been adapted from traditional techniques but synthesized into an extremely creative system. The application of the system to dysphonic patients produces excellent results and the therapist will gain great confidence in their own voice use having mastered the manoeuvres and qualities themselves.|Sara Harris|The Voice Clinic Handbook, Speech Therapy for Dysphonia pp 171–172}}The system was established in 1988{{sfn |Estill Voice International, LLC|2010a}} by American singing voice specialist Jo Estill,{{sfn |Shewell|2009| p=143}} who had been researching in this field since 1979.{{sfn |Estill|Colton|1979}}{{sfn |Colton|Estill|1979}} Estill's research led to a series of vocal manoeuvres to develop specific control over individual muscle groups within the vocal mechanism.{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=171}}{{sfn |Chapman|2006| p=257}}{{sfn |Houseman|2002| p=11}}{{sfn |Calvi|2007}} Soto-Morettini quotes Estill as saying the great strength of her method is that it can be used for any style of music,{{sfn |Soto-Morettini|2006| p=xvi}} and speech and language therapists describe the exercises as valuable to voice therapy as well as singing,{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=177}} in both professional and non-professional voice use,{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=171}} offering an approach for therapeutic intervention.{{sfn |Martin|Lockhart|2000| p=100}} Estill Voice Training is a trademark of Estill Voice International, LLC. Operating principlesPower, Source and Filter: Estill Voice Training partitions the vocal system into the three components power, source and filter{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2007}} extending the existing source-filter model of speech production. 'Power' is the source of energy producing the sound (typically the respiratory system causing air to be expelled from the lungs). 'Source' is the component that vibrates to create the sound waves (the vocal folds). 'Filter' is the shaping of the sound waves to create the final result (the vocal tract).{{sfn |Obert|Chicurel|2005| p=8}} The focus of Estill Voice Training is on the source and filter components of the vocal system and the interactions between them.{{sfn |Sundberg|1987| p=92}} Craft, Artistry and Performance Magic: Estill Voice Training separates the use of voice into the 'craft' of having control over the vocal mechanism, the 'artistry' of expression relative to the material and context, and the 'performance magic' of a speaker or singer connecting with their audience.{{sfn |Tobolski|2002| p=19}}{{sfn |Estill|2010}} Estill Voice Training has a focus on the 'craft' aspect and hence has also been known as Estill Voice Craft by some practitioners.{{sfn |Estill Voice International, LLC|2010a|}} Effort Levels: Estill Voice Training uses the identification and quantification of the level of work or 'effort' required for speaking and singing to help develop kinesthetic feedback.{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=171}} This approach enables a speaker or singer to recognize, locate and control the degree of effort involved in voice production.{{sfn |Chapman|2006| pp=62–63}} Dynamical Systems Theory and Attractor States: The human vocal system is extremely complex, involving interactions between breath flow, moving structures, resonators and so on. Estill Voice Training draws on a branch of applied mathematics known as dynamical systems theory that helps to describe complex systems. One key concept Estill Voice Training takes from dynamical systems theory is the notion that complex systems can have attractor states. Attractor states are states to which a complex system tends towards, or is attracted to, over time. When applied to the human vocal system, Estill Voice Training proposes there are configurations of the vocal system that are attractor states, which the speaker or singer uses habitually or tend towards.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005a| p=7}} For example, a subject whose attractor state is for their velum (also known as the soft palate) to be in a raised position may find it requires more conscious effort to create a nasal sound than someone else whose attractor state is for their velum to be in the lowered position. Figures for voiceIn Estill Voice Training there are thirteen{{sfn |Calvi|2007}}{{sfn |Golda|2010a| p=29}} vocal exercises or 'Figures for Voice' (named after the 'compulsory figures' that figure skaters use to demonstrate proficiency).{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=171}}{{sfn |Chapman|2006| p=73}}{{sfn |Chapman|2006| p=257}} Each exercise or 'figure' establishes control over a specific structure of the vocal mechanism, in isolation, by moving the structure through a number of positions.{{sfn |Mathieson|2001| p=495}} For example, the figure for velum (soft palate) control involves moving the velum through raised, partially lowered and lowered positions.{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=232}} The thirteen Figures for Voice are:
These Figures for Voice exercises have a focus basic anatomy and vocal physiology, a knowledge of which helps encourage deductions on reducing constriction and healthy voice decisions.{{sfn |Olson|2001| p=31}} Janice Chapman, the operatic singer, voice teacher and researcher, writes "Estill figures lead to a much greater freedom and flexibility in the demanding work of the singer and actor."{{sfn |Chapman|2006| p=257}} Figures for Voice are taught on the course 'Level One: Figures for Voice' that typically lasts three days. In addition to the thirteen Figures for Voice, Estill Voice Training also includes the 'Siren' exercise{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=235}} where a sound is produced across the entire vocal range.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005a| p=57}} Other figures are historically part of the model including vocal fold mass{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=171}} which is now part of true vocal fold body-cover control, vocal fold plane{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=171}} which is now part of true vocal folds body-cover control and exercises for falsetto quality, and pharyngeal width{{sfn |Mathieson|2001| p=495}}{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=172}} which is now part of false vocal folds control and head and neck control. True Vocal Folds: Onset/Offset Control: In this figure there are three options for coordinating expiration and vocal fold closure:{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=233}}{{sfn |Golda|2010b| p=32}} glottal where the vocal folds are closed before expiration, smooth where vocal fold closure is synchronised with expiration, and aspirate where expiration precedes vocal fold closure. Learning to produce and apply different onsets marks the beginning of control over the vocal mechanism.{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=165}} False Vocal Folds Control: Estill Voice Training identifies three possible positions of the false vocal folds: constricted, mid and retracted.{{sfn |Shewell|2009| p=165}} This figure is helpful in identification of glottal and ventricular constriction. Its concepts and options are valuable to voice therapy as well as singing.{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=177}} The silent laugh technique, developed into an exercise by Jo Estill, is widely cited as reducing false vocal fold constriction.{{sfn |Citardi|Yanagisawa|Estill|1996|}}{{sfn |Kayes|2000| p=14}}{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=232}}{{sfn |Houseman|2002| p=140}}{{sfn |Springer|2007}}{{sfn |Mitchell|Kenny|Ryan|Davis|2003| p=177}}{{sfn |Shewell|2009| pp=333 and 337}} True Vocal Folds: Body-Cover Control: The 'body-cover theory' of vocal fold structure was introduced by Hirano in 1977.{{sfn |Obert|Chicurel|2005| p=22}} This figure demonstrates the controlled use of the vocal folds in four body-cover configurations: on the thick edge, on the thin edge, in a stiff mode, or in a slack mode.{{sfn |Golda|2010b| p=32}}{{sfn |Chapman|2006| p=257}}{{sfn |Newham|1998| p=68}} These body-cover configurations change or modify the vibratory modes of the true vocal folds and, within the dynamical system of the human voice, effect the intensity of the sound produced and contribute to what are commonly labeled as the different human vocal registers.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005a| pp=43}} This figure was formerly known as vocal fold mass.{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=171}}{{sfn |Mathieson|2001| p=495}} Thyroid Cartilage Control: This figure demonstrates control of the position or tilt of the thyroid cartilage{{sfn |Mathieson|2001| p=495}}{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=172}} through engagement or disengagement of the cricothyroid muscle.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005a| pp=51–56}} The speaker or singer can tilt the thyroid cartilage by adopting the posture of crying or sobbing,{{sfn |Speed|2001}} or making a soft whimpering noise, like a small dog whining.{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=175}} In Estill Voice training, it is proposed that the position of the thyroid cartilage influences not only pitch but also the quality and intensity of the sound produced.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005a| pp=51–56}} Cricoid Cartilage Control: This figure demonstrates control of the position of the cricoid cartilage. In Estill Voice training it is proposed that specific positioning of the cricoid cartilage is a typical part of the vocal set-up for shouting and other high-intensity voice productions employing higher subglottic pressure.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005a| pp=59–64}} Larynx Control: This figure trains raising and lowering of the larynx{{sfn |Chapman|2006| p=257}} influencing resonance. This figure was formerly known as the larynx height figure. Velum Control: This figure trains the velum (also known as the soft palate) and consists of exercises opening, partially closing and completely closing the velopharyngeal port to control the degree of nasality in the voice.{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=232}}{{sfn |Newham|1998| p=68}} Dinah Harris writes, "Estill has excellent exercises for learning palatal control."{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=232}} Tongue Control: This figure demonstrates the influences of different tongue postures, such as compressed.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005a| pp=79–85}}{{sfn |Newham|1998| p=68}} As a practical example, Diane Sheets (Estill Voice Training Certified Course Instructor) worked on the interaction of tongue and larynx when dealing with the vocal problems of Marty Roe, lead vocalist of Diamond Rio.{{sfn |Diamond Rio|2009| pp=240–241}} Control of the tongue can have subtle resonance changes and give greater flexibility to the range.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005a| pp=79–85}} Aryepiglottic Spincter Control: This figure demonstrates the ability to control twang in the voice through conscious anteroposterior narrowing of the aryepiglottic sphincter in the upper epilarynx while avoiding constriction of the false vocal folds.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2008| p=95}}{{sfn |Nair|1999| p=64}} Estill suggests that this laryngeal tube creates a separate resonator that is responsible for the extra brightness in phonation.{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=181}} Jaw Control: The jaw figure demonstrates the subtle resonance changes in voice production that are associated with different positions or postures of the jaw.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005a| pp=93–98}} Lips Control: This figure demonstrates various lip postures employed by speakers and singers and their subtle impact on vocal resonance through changing the length of the vocal tract.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005a| pp=99–103}} Head and Neck Control: Head and neck anchoring involves bracing the skeletal structures of the head and neck gives a stable external framework for the smaller muscles that control the vocal tract.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005a| p=105}} Torso Control: Torso anchoring stabilises the body and breath.{{sfn |Kayes|2004| p=75}}{{sfn |Olson|2001| p=32}} Gillyanne Kayes writes, 'Techniques for anchoring the tone have been described over the centuries by singers and teachers under a variety of names: support, singing from the back, singing from the neck, appoggiare, rooting, grounding and connecting the voice. In the Estill training model, I believe these techniques have been correctly identified as postural anchoring.'{{sfn |Kayes|2000| p=69}} Voice qualitiesEstill Voice Training incorporates six 'voice qualities'{{sfn |Kayes|2000| p=153}} as mechanisms for demonstration of voice production control. The increased control developed through proficiency in the different Figures for Voice allows the singer or speaker to manipulate the vocal mechanism specifically to produce these arbitrary voice qualities,{{sfn |Brown|1996| p=180}} and variations on them.{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=172}} Essentially these voice qualities, such as 'Sob Quality' and 'Belt Quality', are constructed from moving the structures of the vocal mechanism into specific positions or combinations. For example, Sob Quality includes a low larynx position (the larynx figure) and thin vocal folds (the true vocal fold body & cover figure).{{sfn |Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=175}} The six voice qualities are:{{sfn |Pinksterboer|2008| pp=108–9}}
Voice qualities are taught on the course 'Level Two: Figure Combinations for Six Voice Qualities' that typically lasts two days. Speech: Speech quality is often termed modal speech by voice scientists or chest voice by singers.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005b| p=11}}{{sfn |Verdolini|Krebs|1999| p=228 }} Speech quality includes thick vocal folds and a neutral larynx position.{{sfn |Kayes|2004| p=157}} Falsetto: In Estill Voice Training terminology, the term falsetto has a meaning distinct from falsetto as a male vocal register in Western classical terminology.{{sfn |Jungr|2002| p=105}} Sob: Sob quality is a soft and dark sound, associated with the sobbing cry of an adult who mourns.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek|2005b| p=31}}{{sfn |Houseman|2002| p=138 }} Sob quality is produced on a lowered larynx and thinned vocal folds.{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=175}} Sob quality releases glottal hyperadduction and medial compression, lowers the larynx and releases pharyngeal constriction.{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=232}} Mary Hammond says that young performers find low larynx and sob quality less familiar.{{sfn |Melton|2007| p=79}} Cry quality is a permutation of sob quality adopting a higher laryngeal position.{{sfn |Kayes|2000| p=153}} Twang: The key to twang quality is a narrowing of the epilarynx via a narrowing or constriction of the aryepiglottic sphincter.{{sfn |Lombard|Steinhauer|2005| p=295}}{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=172}}{{sfn |Kayes|2004| p=158}} Twang quality has been used by speakers and singer to boost vocal resonance or 'squillo' and is referred to as the speaker's ring or singer's formant.{{sfn |Lombard|Steinhauer|2005| p=295}} The quality is excellent when teaching safe shouting and at cutting through background noise, increasing clarity of the voice, and is taught to both singers and actors to enable them to be heard clearly in large auditoria without vocal strain.{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=181}} Twang quality may be nasalized or oral, as differentiated by an open or closed velopharyngeal port.{{sfn |McDonald Klimek| 2008| p=95}} Estill suggests setting the vocal tract initially by imitating a cat yowling, ducks quacking, and other exercises.{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=181}}{{sfn |Lombard|Steinhauer|2005| p=295}} Opera: Opera quality is a complex set-up including a mix of speech quality and twang quality with a tilted thyroid cartilage, lowered larynx.{{sfn |Kayes|2004| p=158}} Belting: Belting or belt quality is a complex setup combining speech quality, twang quality, a tilted cricoid cartilage and raised larynx.{{sfn |Kayes|2004| p=158}} Twang is an important component in belt quality.{{sfn | Harris|Harris|Rubin|Howard|1998| p=181}} Gillyanne Kayes writes, 'Belting is not harmful if you are doing it right. Jo Estill has described it as "happy yelling".'{{sfn |Kayes|2004| p=163}} Belt quality also uses clavicular breathing and has the longest closed phase{{sfn |Sundberg|Gramming|Lovetri|1991| p=60}} with the highest subglottic pressure and the greatest glottic resistance.{{sfn |McNaughton|2002| p=5}} CertificationEstill Voice International governs the Estill Voice Training Certification Programme. There are three forms of Estill Voice Training certification available for individuals:{{sfn |Estill Voice International, LLC|2018b}}
Influence, adoption and applicationEstill Voice Training has been adopted by voice professionals worldwide and a list of certified instructors is published by Estill Voice International.{{sfn |Estill Voice International, LLC|2010c}} Joan Melton describes the Estill Voice Training terminology as a part of the language of singing teachers in Australia, with terms such as twang and anchoring in common use, although "the Estill language is heard somewhat less frequently in the UK and only occasionally in the United States."{{sfn |Melton|2007| p=194}} Freelance voice teacher and speech and language therapist Christina Shewell writes, "Estill Voice Training clarifies many of the complex vocal tract options that shape the style of a singers voice, explaining and demonstrating different combinations of structural conditions, and many singing teachers use the system as part of their teaching."{{sfn |Shewell|2009| p=483}} The following list gives some examples of the application of Estill Voice Training in a range of disciplines:
Soto-Morettini writes that, 'although the Estill method can be very complex, there are a number of simple things that students can learn quickly — and that these simple things can go a long way towards clearing up the confusion that attends some vocal training.'{{sfn |Soto-Morettini|2006| p=xv}} CriticismEstill Voice Training has been criticised for not including 'breathing' and the related abdominal support within the system, and some of the uses of anchoring for classical singing,{{sfn |Chapman|2006| p=257}}{{sfn |Mathieson|2001| p=495}} although Shewell cites Jo Estill as suggesting breath work as unnecessary if the Figures for Voice are well practiced.{{sfn |Shewell|2009| p=143}} NotesReferences
|ref= harv }}
|ref= harv }}
|journal=Journal of Voice |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=522–33 |url=http://www.jvoice.org/article/S0892-1997(04)00018-9 |doi=10.1016/j.jvoice.2004.01.003 |accessdate= 2010-10-25 |ref= harv }}
External links
3 : Human voice|Singing|Vocal skills |
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