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词条 Ethiopian eunuch
释义

  1. Biblical narrative

  2. Christian traditions

  3. Assessment and interpretation

      Religion    Sexuality    Race and origins    Related figures  

  4. References

  5. External links

The Ethiopian eunuch is a figure in the New Testament of the Bible. The story of his conversion to Christianity is recounted in Acts 8.

Biblical narrative

Philip the Evangelist was told by an angel to go to the road from Jerusalem to Gaza, and there he met the Ethiopian eunuch, the treasurer of Candace, Queen of the Ethiopians,(Ancient Greek: Κανδάκη), was the Meroitic language term for "queen" or possibly "royal woman" . He had been to Jerusalem to worship ({{Bibleref2|Acts 8:27}}), and was returning home. The eunuch was sitting in his chariot reading the Book of Isaiah, and had come to Isaiah 53:7-8. Philip asked the Ethiopian, "Do you understand what you are reading?" He said he did not ("How can I understand unless I have a teacher to teach me?"), and asked Philip to explain the text to him. Philip told him the Gospel of Jesus, and the Ethiopian asked to be baptized. They went down into some water and Philip baptized him.

In the King James Version and the Catholic Douay-Rheims Version, the Ethiopian says, "I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God" (verse 37), but this is omitted in most modern versions. Hubbard suggests that confession is "not supported in the better manuscripts [i.e. the Alexandrian text-type])", although the Ethiopian is still "one of the outstanding converts in Acts."[1]

After this, Philip was suddenly taken away by the Spirit of the Lord, and the eunuch "went on his way rejoicing" (verse 39).

Christian traditions

Church Father St. Irenaeus of Lyons in his book Adversus haereses (Against the Heresies, an early anti-Gnostic theological work) 3:12:8 (180 AD), wrote regarding the Ethiopian eunuch, "This man (Simeon Bachos the Eunuch) was also sent into the regions of Ethiopia, to preach what he had himself believed, that there was one God preached by the prophets, but that the Son of this (God) had already made (His) appearance in human flesh, and had been led as a sheep to the slaughter; and all the other statements which the prophets made regarding Him." In Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo tradition he was referred to as Bachos and in Eastern Orthodox tradition he is known as an Ethiopian Jew with the name Simeon also called the Black, a name used in {{bibleref|Acts|13:1}}.[2][3]

Assessment and interpretation

Religion

The Ethiopian eunuch's religion of origin is significant because of the subsequent implications of his conversion to Christianity. There are many competing theories for the eunuch's pre-conversion religious status in relation to Judaism and Christianity.

Religious StatusEvidenceSupporters
JewAfter the story of the Ethiopian eunuch, Irenaeus wrote, "Conversion is more difficult with gentiles than with Jews," indicating that the eunuch was a Jew.[4]Pontius (died c. 260),[5] Irenaeus (c. 130-202)[4]
Jew-GentileEunuch occupies an "intermediary position between Jew and gentile", which could indicate the status of proselyte or God-fearer.[6]Jerome (c. 347-420)[7]
GentileEunuch must have been a Gentile because he was Ethiopian.Eusebius (c. 275-339),[8] Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306-373) as well as Bede (c. 672-725), Nicephorus Callistus (c. 1256-1335), Nicholas of Lyra (c. 1270-1349), and Martin Luther (1483-1546)[6]
proselyteEunuch "must be read as a proselyte (a full convert to Judaism) since Acts presents Cornelius the Centurion as the first gentile to be baptized into the Christian community."[6]D.A Hubbard,[1] Lancelot Andrewes (1555-1626),[9] John Calvin (1509-1564),[10] John Wesley (1703-1791)[11]
God-fearerEunuch cannot have been a proselyte and must have been a God-fearer "since Deut 23:2 would have prohibited a castrated male from becoming a proselyte."[6]Paul Mumo Kisau,[12] C.K. Barrett,[13] Justo L. González,[14] many other contemporary scholars.

Modern scholarship tends to place the Ethiopian eunuch in the "intermediate position between Jew and Gentile."[6] Scott Shauf suggests that the "primary point of the story is about carrying the gospel to the end of the earth, not about establishing a mission to Gentiles," and thus Luke "does not bring the Gentile status of the Ethiopian into the foreground." However, "the suggestion that the eunuch is or at least might be a Gentile in the story, by both his ethnic and possibly physical description" may leave more formative possibility than if he had been explicitly categorized.[15] Ernst Haenchen builds on Ferdinand Christian Baur's work (1792-1860) in concluding that "the author of Acts made the eunuch's religious identity ambiguous intentionally" so as to preserve the tradition that claimed Cornelius as the first Gentile convert as well as the tradition that claimed the Ethiopian Eunuch as the first Gentile convert.[6]

Sexuality

Commentators generally suggest that the combination of "eunuch" together with the title "court official" indicates a literal eunuch, who would have been excluded from the Temple by the restriction in Deuteronomy 23:1.[16][17] Some scholars point out that eunuchs were excluded from Jewish worship and extend the New Testament's inclusion of these men to other sexual minorities; John J. McNeill, citing non-literal uses of "eunuch" in other New Testament passages such as Matthew 19:12,[18] writes that he likes to think of the eunuch as "the first baptized gay Christian,"[19] while Jack Rogers writes that "the fact that the first Gentile convert to Christianity is from a sexual minority and a different race, ethnicity and nationality together"[20]{{rp|135}} calls Christians to be radically inclusive and welcoming.

Race and origins

"Candace" was the name give to all the female rulers or consorts of the Kingdom of Kush (now part of Sudan) in Greco-Roman historiography. It derives from a Meroitic word, kdke, that referred to any royal woman.[21] "Ethiopian" was a Greek term for black people generally, often applied to Kush (which was well known to the Hebrews and often mentioned in the Hebrew Bible). The eunuch was not from the land today known as Ethiopia, which corresponds to the ancient Kingdom of Aksum, which conquered Kush in the fourth century. The first writer to call it Ethiopia was Philostorgius around 440.[22]

Frank M. Snowden, Jr., interpret the story as emphasizing that early Christian communities accepted members regardless of race: "Ethiopians were the yardstick by which antiquity measured colored peoples."[23][24] Others, such as Clarice Martin, write that it is a commentary on the religion rather than on its adherents, showing Christianity's geographical extent; Gay L. Byron goes further, saying, "The Ethiopian eunuch was used by Luke to indicate that salvation could extend even to Ethiopians and Blacks."[25] David Tuesday Adamo suggests that the word used here (Αίθίοψ, aithiops) is best translated simply as "African."[26]

Related figures

C. K. Barrett contrasts the Ethiopian eunuch's story with that of Cornelius the Centurion, another convert. He notes that while the Ethiopian continues on his journey home and passes out of the narrative, Cornelius and his followers form another church in Judea, and speculates that this reflects a desire to focus on Peter rather than Philip.[27] Robert O'Toole argues that the way Philip is taken away parallels the way Jesus disappears after he has been talking to the disciples on the road to Emmaus in Luke 24.[28]

There are literary parallels between the story of the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts and that of Ebed-Melech, an Ethiopian eunuch in the Book of Jeremiah.[29]

References

1. ^1 {{cite book|title=New Bible Dictionary|last=Hubbard|first=D. A.|publisher=IVF|year=1962|editor-last=Douglas|editor-first=J. D.|page=398|chapter=Ethiopian eunuch}}
2. ^{{cite book|last=Paulos|first=Abune|title=The Mariological tradition of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church|year=1988|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=New Jersey}}
3. ^{{citation/make link|http://www.stmichaeleoc.org/Church_History.htm|History of the Church}}
4. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Against Heresies|last=Irenaeus|first=St|date=2012-03-25|publisher=Veritatis Splendor Publications|editor-last=Sr|editor-first=Paul Böer|language=English}}
5. ^{{Cite book|title=Life and Passion of Saint Cyprian|last=Deacon|first=Pontius the|language=English}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite book|title=Queering the Ethiopian Eunuch: Strategies of Ambiguity in Acts|last=Burke|first=Sean D.|date=2013-08-01|publisher=Fortress Press|language=English}}
7. ^{{Cite book|title=The Principle Works of St. Jerome|last=Jerome|first=St|language=English|translator-last=Freemantle|translator-first=W. H.}}
8. ^{{Cite book|title=The History of the Church from Christ to Constantine|last=Eusebius|date=1989-11-23|publisher=Penguin|editor-last=Louth|editor-first=Andrew|edition=Rev.|language=English|translator-last=Williamson|translator-first=G.}}
9. ^{{Cite book|title=Ninety-six Sermons|last=Andrewes|first=Lancelot|date=2011-08-09|publisher=Nabu Press|isbn=9781174708121|language=English}}
10. ^{{Cite book|title=Calvin's New Testament Commentaries, Volume 6: Acts 1-13|last=Calvin|first=Mr John|date=1995-11-06|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|isbn=9780802808066|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.; Carlisle England|language=English}}
11. ^{{Cite book|title=John Wesley's Notes on the Whole Bible: New Testament|last=Wesley|first=John|date=2010-10-10|publisher=Benediction Classics|isbn=9781849026352|language=English}}
12. ^{{cite book|title=Africa Bible Commentary|last=Kisau|first=Paul Mumo|publisher=Zondervan|year=2006|editor-last=Adeyemo|editor-first=Tokunboh|page=1314|chapter=Acts of the Apostles}}
13. ^{{Cite book|title=001: Acts 1-14, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles (International Critical Commentary), Volume 1|last=Barrett|first=C. K.|date=1992-12-01|publisher=Bloomsbury T & T Clark|isbn=9780567096531|location=Edinburgh|language=English}}
14. ^{{Cite book|title=Acts: The Gospel of the Spirit|last=Gonzalez|first=Justo L.|date=2001-11-30|publisher=Orbis Books|isbn=9781570753985|edition=First|location=Maryknoll, N.Y.|language=English}}
15. ^{{cite journal|last=Shauf|first=Scott|title=Locating the eunuch: characterization and narrative context in Acts 8:26-40|journal=CBQ|year=2009|volume=71|issue=4|page=774}}
16. ^{{Cite book |title=New Testament Commentary, Volume 6: Acts 1-12 |first=John |last=MacArthur|page=254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vp7c2hCPUAC&pg=PA254 |year=1994|publisher=Moody|isbn=0-8024-0759-5}}
17. ^{{Cite book |title=The Acts of the Apostles |first1=Luke T.|last1=Johnson|first2=Daniel J. |last2=Harrington|page=155|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVLF53DjFPsC&pg=PA155 |year=1992|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=0-8146-5807-5}}
18. ^{{Cite book |title=The Church and the homosexual |first=John J. |last=McNeill |pages=63–65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UD-5Gnn87W8C&pg=PA63 |year=1993 |publisher=Beacon Press |edition=4|isbn=9780807079317 }}
19. ^{{cite book|last=McNeill|first=John J.|title=Freedom, Glorious Freedom: The Spiritual Journey to the Fullness of Life for Gays, Lesbians, and Everybody Else|year=2010|publisher=Lethe|page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0oWZsYv2RIC&pg=PA211|isbn=9781590211489}}
20. ^{{cite book|last=Rogers|first=Jack|title=Jesus, the Bible, and Homosexuality|year=2009|publisher=Westminster John Knox|author-link=Jack Rogers (clergy)}}
21. ^William Y. Adams, Nubia. Corridor to Africa (Princeton, 1977), p. 260.
22. ^Edwin M. Yamauchi, "Acts 8:26-40: Why the Ethiopian Eunuch Was Not from Ethiopia", in Darrell L. Bock and Buist M. Fanning (eds.), Interpreting the New Testament Text: Introduction to the Art and Science of Exegesis (Crossway, 2006), pp. 351–66.
23. ^{{Cite book |title=Blacks in Antiquity: Ethiopians in the Greco-Roman experience |first=Frank M. |last=Snowden|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=37MTRCr9oAUC&pg=PA2 |year=1970|edition=3rd|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-07626-5}}
24. ^{{Cite book |title=The Acts of the Apostles: A socio-rhetorical commentary |first=Ben |last=Witherington|page=295|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2P7zSnM9BjMC&pg=PA295 |year=1998|publisher=Eerdmans |isbn=0-8028-4501-0}}
25. ^{{Cite book |last=Byron |first=Gay L. |title=Symbolic blackness and ethnic difference in early Christian literature |pages=105–115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8odgHCFF3IC&pg=PA105 |year=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9780203471470 }}
26. ^{{cite book|title=Africa and Africans in the New Testament|last=Adamo|first=David Tuesday|publisher=University Press of America|year=2006|location=Lanham|pages=89–91}}
27. ^{{Cite book |title=A critical and exegetical commentary on the Acts of the Apostles |last=Barrett |first=C.K. |page=421 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0GihCn2unsC&pg=PA421 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=9780567083852 |date=2004-06-26 }}
28. ^{{cite journal|last=O'Toole|first=Robert F.|title=Philip and the Ethiopian eunuch (Acts 8:25-40)|journal=JSNT|year=1983|volume=17|pages=31–32}}
29. ^Juan Vicente Estigarribia, "Commentaries on the Historicity of Acts of the Apostles 8, 26–39," Beiträge zur Sudanforschung 5 (1992): 39–46.

External links

{{commons-inline|Ethiopian Eunuch}}{{New Testament people}}{{Acts of the Apostles}}{{authority control}}

7 : People in Acts of the Apostles|Converts to Christianity|Eunuchs|LGBT topics and Christianity|Ethiopian saints|Bible-related controversies|African Christians
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