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词条 Ethnic groups in Pakistan
释义

  1. Major ethnic groups

      Sindhis   Punjabis  Pashtuns  Muhajirs  Baloch  Kashmiris  Bengalis  Brahuis  Saraikis 

  2. Minor ethnic groups

     Hazara  Burusho people 

  3. See also

  4. References

{{original research|date=September 2016}}{{Culture of Pakistan}}

The major ethnic groups of Pakistan in numerical size include: Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Siddis, Saraikis, Muhajirs, Baloch, Hindkowans , Chitralis, Gujarati and other smaller groups. Smaller ethnic groups, such as Kashmiris, Kalash, Burusho, Khowar,Hazara, Shina, Kalyu and Balti are mainly found in the northern parts of the country.

Pakistan's census does not include the 1.7 million citizens of Afghanistan,[1] who are mainly found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) with small numbers in the cities of Karachi and Quetta. Most of this group were born inside Pakistan in the last 30 years and are ethnic Pakhtuns.[2]

Major ethnic groups

Sindhis

The Sindhis are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the Sindh province of Pakistan which was previously a part of pre-partition British India. Sindhis are predominantly Muslim.

Sindhi Muslim culture is highly influenced by Sufi doctrines and principles. Some of the popular cultural icons are Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Jhulelal, Sachal Sarmast and Shambumal Tulsiani.

Punjabis

Punjabis are numbered as 91 million and they are the largest ethnic group in Pakistan by population. The Punjabis found in Pakistan belong to groups known as biradaris. In addition, Punjabi society is divided into two divisions, the zamindar groups or qoums, traditionally associated with farming and the moeens, who are traditionally artisans. Some zamindars are further divided into groups such as the Rajputs, Jats, Shaikhs or Muslim Khatris, Khandowas, Gujjars, Awans, Arains and Syeds. People from neighbouring regions, such as Kashmiris, Pashtuns and Baluch, also form sizeable portion of the Punjabi population. A large number of punjabis descend from the groups historically associated with skilled professions and crafts such as Sunar, Lohar, Kumhar, Tarkhan, Julaha, Mochi, Hajjam, Chhimba Darzi, Teli, Lalari, Qassab, Mallaah, Dhobi, Mirasi etc.[3][4][5]

Pashtuns

Pashtuns or ethnic Afghans (sometimes Pathans) an Iranic ethnic group, are Pakistan's second largest ethnic group that are native to the land principally west of the Indus River. They also reside in many major cities of Pakistan. They speak Pashto, an Iranian language. They make up an estimated 34 million of Pakistan's total population.[6][7]

Muhajirs

Muhajirs are also called "Urdu Speaking people". Muhajirs are a collective multiethnic group, which emerged by the migration of Indian Muslims from various parts of India to Pakistan starting in 1947, as a result of world's largest mass migration.[8][9] Majority of Muhajirs are settled in Sindh mainly in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Mirpur Khas. But there are other parts of Pakistan, including cities like Lahore, Multan, Islamabad, Peshawar where Muhajirs have sizable community.Muhajirs held a dominating position during the nation building early years of Pakistan. Most Muslim politicians of pre-independence era who supported the Pakistan movement were Urdu speakers.The term Muhajir is also used for descendants of Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the 1947 partition of India.[5][10][11]

Baloch

The Baloch as an ethnic group are principally found in the east of Balochistan province of Pakistan.[12] Despite living south towards the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian sea for centuries, they are classified as a northwestern Iranic people in accordance to their language which belongs to the northwestern subgroup of Iranic languages.[13]

According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, Professor at University of Karachi, the Balochis migrated from Balochistan during the Little Ice Age and settled in Sindh and Punjab. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries,[14][15][16] or alternatively, from about 1300[17] to about 1850.[18][19][20] Although climatologists and historians working with local records no longer expect to agree on either the start or end dates of this period, which varied according to local conditions. According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold and the region was inhabitable during the winter so the Baloch people migrated in waves and settled in Sindh and Punjab.[21]

Kashmiris

Kashmiri are ethnic group native to the Kashmir Valley and Azad Kashmir. The majority of Kashmiri Muslims are Sunni.[22] They refer to themselves as "Kashur" in their mother language. Kashmiri Muslims are descended from Kashmiri Hindus and are also known as 'Sheikhs'.[23][24][25][26] Presently, the Kashmiri Muslim population is predominantly found in Kashmir Valley. Smaller Kashmiri communities also live in other regions of the Jammu and Kashmir state. One significant population of Kashmiris is in the Chenab valley region, which comprises the Doda, Ramban and Kishtwar districts of Jammu. There are also ethnic Kashmiri populations inhabiting Neelam Valley and Leepa Valley of Azad Kashmir. Since 1947, many ethnic Kashmiri Muslims also live in Pakistan.[27] Many ethnic Kashmiri Muslims from the Kashmir Valley also migrated to the Punjab region during Dogra and Sikh rule and adopted the Punjabi language. Surnames used by Kashmiris living in Punjab include Dar (Dhar), Butt (Bhat), lone, Mir, Khuwaja (a term used by converts just like sheikh), Wain (Wani), Sheikh (Saprus), etc. Kashmiri language, or Kashur, belongs to the Dardic group and is the most widely spoken dardic language.[28][29]

Bengalis

Bengalis form at least 1% of Pakistani population. Their roots in Pakistan dates back to 1940s when the eastern part of Bengal in undivided India joined Pakistan. Between 1947 and 1971, many Bengalis migrated to Pakistan. Though some returned to Bangladesh after its independence, a small number remained in Pakistan. Examples of Pakistani Bangladeshis include Jharna Basak, Runa Laila, and Robin Ghosh.

Brahuis

The Brahui or Brahvi people are a Pakistani ethnic group of about 2.2 million people with the vast majority found in Balochistan, Pakistan. They are a small minority group in Afghanistan, where they are native, but they are also found through their diaspora in Middle Eastern states.[30] They mainly occupy the area in Balochistan from Bolan Pass through the Bolan Hills to Ras Muari (Cape Monze) on the Arabian sea, separating the Baloch people living to the east and west.[31][32] The Brahuis are almost entirely Sunni Muslims.[33]

Saraikis

The Saraikis also known as Multanis,[34] are an ethnolinguistic group in central and southeastern Pakistan, primarily southern Punjab. Their language is Saraiki.[35]

Minor ethnic groups

Hazara

The Hazara people, natives to the present day Hazarajat (Hazaristan), are a Persian-speaking people mostly residing in all Pakistan and specially in Quetta. Some are citizens of Pakistan while others are refugees. Genetically, the Hazara are a mixture of Turko-Mongols and Iranian-speaking peoples, and those of Middle East and Central Asia. The genetic research suggests that they are closely related to the Eurasian and the Uyghurs. The Pakistani Hazaras estimated population is believed to be more than 1,550,000.[36][37]

Burusho people

The Burusho or Brusho people live in the Hunza and Yasin valleys of Gilgit–Baltistan in northern Pakistan.[38] They are predominantly Muslims. Their language, Burushki, has not been shown to be related to any other language.[39]

The Hunzakuts or Hunza people, are an ethnically Burusho people indigenous to the Hunza Valley, in the Karakorum Mountains of northern Pakistan. They are descended from inhabitants of the former principality of Hunza. The Hunzas are predominantly Shia Muslims, with many of them Ismaili.[40]

See also

  • Demographics of Pakistan
  • Minorities in Pakistan
  • Languages of Pakistan
  • Pakistanis

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://unhcrpk.org/unhcr-welcomes-new-government-policy-for-afghans-in-pakistan/|title=UNHCR welcomes new government policy for Afghans in Pakistan|publisher=unhcrpk.org |year=2016|location=Pakistan}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf |date=November 2016 |title=Voluntary Repatriation Update |publisher=UNHCR |location=Pakistan |access-date=2017-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220173655/http://unhcrpk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/VolRep_Summary_20161101_v1.pdf# |archive-date=2017-02-20 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
3. ^{{cite book|last1=Thorburn|first1=S. S.|title=Musalmans and Money Lenders in the Punjab|date=1983|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789351137481|edition=(reprint)|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=aSYJp4R54kMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=muslim+tribes+of+punjab+arain+awan+rajput+jat&ots=ifIIhKqXUg&sig=7jGqJjQV_3wm5iZ69D4VKQeF498#v=snippet&q=jat%20punjab%20islam&f=false}}
4. ^Mirza, Z.I., Hassan, M.U. and Bandaragoda, D.J., 1997. Socio-Economic Baseline Survey for a Pilot Project on Water Users Organizations in the Hakra 4-R Distributary Command Area, Punjab. {{dead link|date=September 2017}}
5. ^1 Nazir, P., 1993. Social structure, ideology and language: caste among Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 2897-2900.
6. ^Livingston, Ian S. and Michael O'Hanlon (March 30, 2011). " Pakistan Index: Tracking Variables of Reconstruction & Security {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204814/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Programs/foreign%20policy/pakistan%20index/index20110330.PDF |date=July 14, 2014 }}". Brookings Institution.
7. ^https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf|title=Rupture in South Asia|publisher=UNHCR|accessdate=2014-08-16}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml|title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies|author=Dr Crispin Bates|date=2011-03-03|work=BBC|accessdate=2014-08-16}}
10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/07-Nov-2014/muhajirs-in-historical-perspective|title=Muhajirs in historical perspective|date=2014-11-07|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1100948|title=The evolution of Mohajir politics and identity|last=Paracha|first=Nadeem F.|date=2014-04-20|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-10-28|language=en-US}}
12. ^Blood, Peter, ed. "Baloch". Pakistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/agnes/upsala00.pdf|title=Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian|work=Agnes Korn}}
14. ^{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change|format=PDF|year=2003|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|url=http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/shared/articles/littleiceage.pdf|author= Mann, Michael|editor=Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry|accessdate=17 November 2012|chapter=Little Ice Age}}
15. ^{{cite book|chapter = The cold Little Ice Age climate of about 1550 to 1800|author=Lamb, HH|title=Climate: present, past and future|publisher= Methuen|location=London|year=1972|page=107|isbn=0-416-11530-6}} (noted in Grove 2004:4).
16. ^{{Cite journal|title=Earth observatory Glossary L-N|publisher=NASA|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Glossary/?mode=alpha&seg=l&segend=n|place=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green Belt MD|accessdate=17 July 2015|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}.
17. ^Miller et al. 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" Geophysical Research Letters 39, 31 January: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002252/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2011GL050168.shtml abstract (formerly on AGU website)] (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see press release on AGU website (accessed 11 July 2015).
18. ^Grove, J.M., Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.
19. ^Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R., [https://www.lakeheadu.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/53/outlines/2014-15/NECU5311/MatthewsBriffa_2005_GA_LIAconcept.pdf "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept"], Geogr. Ann., 87, A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch1s1-4-3.html|title=1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|publisher=Ipcc.ch|accessdate=24 June 2013}}
21. ^From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh
22. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ae/books?id=PgbnmgEACAAJ&pg=PR20&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781849046220|location=|pages=7|quote=As in Pakistan, Sunni Muslims comprise the majority population of Kashmir, whereas they are a minority in Jammu, while almost all Muslims in Ladakh are Shias.|via=}}
23. ^{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/37337|title=Census of India, 1941|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|volume=Volume XXII|location=|pages=9|quote=The Muslims living in the southern part of the Kashmir Province are of the same stock as the Kashmiri Pandit community and are usually designated Kashmiri Muslims; those of the Muzaffarabad District are partly Kashmiri Muslims, partly Gujjar and the rest are of the same stock as the tribes of the neighbouring Punjab and North \\Vest Frontier Province districts.|access-date=30 December 2016|via=}}
24. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=VMM-xRVr5qgC&pg=PA223&dq=kashmiris+are+native+to+kashmir+valley&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1p_jh6p3RAhUBVZQKHXpKDQkQ6AEILDAD#v=onepage&q=kashmiris%20are%20native%20to%20kashmir%20valley&f=false|title=Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future|last=|first=|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2001|isbn=9788176482363|location=|pages=|quote=The Kashmiri Pandits are the precursors of Kashmiri Muslims who now form a majority in the valley of Kashmir...Whereas Kashmiri Pandits are of the same ethnic stock as the Kashmiri Muslims, both sharing their habitat, language, dress, food and other habits, Kashmiri Pandits form a constituent part of the Hindu society of India on the religious plane.|via=}}
25. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bhasin|first=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|publisher=Kamla-Raj Enterprises|volume=|pages=15|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=Thus the two population groups, Kashmiri Pandits and Kashmiri Muslims though at the time constituted ethnically homogenous population, came to differ from each other in faith and customs.|via=}}
26. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bhasin|first=M.K.|last2=Nag|first2=Shampa|year=2002|title=A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-13-0-000-000-2002-Web/JHE-13-1-2-001-02-Abst-PDF/JHE-13-1-2-001-02/JHE-13-1-2-001-055-02-Tt.pdf|journal=Journal of Human Ecology|volume=|pages=16|access-date=1 January 2017|quote=The Sheikhs are considered to be the descendants of Hindus and the pure Kashmiri Muslims, professing Sunni faith, the major part of the population of Srinagar district and the Kashmir state.|via=}}
27. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23&lpg=PT23&dq=ethnic+kashmiris+christopher+snedden+neelum+valley&source=bl&ots=P1STXf4f9w&sig=Ey0c11QgQjrbV1mlH36t-TdsB5U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjB_rmx9-DPAhUQ5WMKHZmMDjYQ6AEIMzAD#v=onepage&q=ethnic%20kashmiris%20christopher%20snedden%20neelum%20valley&f=false|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781849046220|location=|pages=|quote=Small numbers of ethnic Kashmiris also live in other parts of J&K. There are Kashmiris who live in areas that border the Kashmir Valley, including Kishtwar (Kishtawar), Bhadarwah, Doda and Ramban, in Jammu in Indian J&K, and in the Neelum and Leepa Valleys of northern Azad Kashmir. Since 1947, many ethnic Kashmiris and their descendants also can be found in Pakistan. Invariably, Kashmiris in Azad Kashmir and Pakistan are Muslims.|via=}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300213/Jammu-and-Kashmir|title=Introduction}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jktourism.org/index.php/cultural/ethnic-groups|title=Introduction}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT73|title=Brahuis|work=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|author=James B. Minahan|accessdate=21 November 2015}}
31. ^{{citation |last=Shah |first=Mahmood Ali |title=Sardari, jirga & local government systems in Balochistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k4iOAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Qasim Printers|pp=6–7}}
32. ^{{citation |last=Minahan |first=James B. |chapter=Brahui |title=Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGClDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |date=31 August 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-954-9 |pages=79–80}}
33. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnckpL8auSIC&pg=PA96&dq=brahui+hindu#v=onepage&q=brahui%20hindu&f=false| title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages|publisher = Columbia University Press|accessdate = 2010-09-09|isbn = 9780231115698|date = 2004-03-01}}
34. ^{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Ritchie|first2=William C.|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2008-04-15|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470756744|page=803}}
35. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abNDLZQ6quYC&pg=PA283#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia|first=James|last=Minahan|page=283|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598846591}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://thediplomat.com/2013/07/the-plight-of-the-hazaras-in-pakistan/|title=The Plight of the Hazaras in Pakistan|author=Malik Ayub Sumbal|website=thediplomat.com|publisher=The Diplomat|accessdate=25 June 2016}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/267225/who-are-the-hazara/|title=Who are the Hazara?|publisher=The Express Tribune|date=5 October 2011|website=tribune.com.pk|accessdate=25 June 2016}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/2777/munshis96677.pdf |title=Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski : Language, Language Contact, and Change |publisher=Repositories.lib.utexas.edu |accessdate=2013-10-20}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9018245/ |title=Burushaski language | work=Encyclopædia Britannica online }}
40. ^{{cite news|last1=Ghoash|first1=Palash|title=Hunza: A Paradise Of High Literacy And Gender Equality In A Remote Corner Of Pakistan|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/hunza-paradise-high-literacy-gender-equality-remote-corner-pakistan-1524688|accessdate=31 July 2016|publisher=International Business Times|date=1 February 2014}}
{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}{{Pakistan topics}}{{Asia topic|Ethnic groups in}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ethnic Groups In Pakistan}}

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