| 词条 | Eucalyptus coccifera | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Tasmanian snow gum |image = E. coccifera tree form.JPG |image_caption = Eucalyptus coccifera tree line in Mt. Field National Park. |status= |status_system= |genus = Eucalyptus |species = coccifera |authority = Hook.f. |}} Eucalyptus coccifera, otherwise known as the Tasmanian snow gum,[1] is a flowering evergreen of the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Eucalyptus coccifera is a member of the peppermint group (series Piperitae) within subgenus Eucalyptus (formerly Monocalyptus).[2] It is endemic to southern Tasmania, where it generally occupies sub-alpine habitats above {{convert|800|m|ft}} in altitude.[3][4][5]DescriptionEucalyptus coccifera grows as a tall branching shrub or small tree, typically reaching up to {{convert|15|m|ft}} in height. The bark is smooth and light grey to white, with streaks of tan. Adult leaves are alternate, petiolate and lanceolate. The leaves are usually glaucous, yet still green, and possess a characteristic crimson hook at the tip.[4]The flower buds of E. coccifera are usually very glaucous, ribbed and possess a wrinkly operculum, which is shed when the inflorescences emerge. The buds generally occur in umbels of greater than 7 (typical of subgenus Eucalyptus), however the Mt. Wellington population possess only 3 buds per umbel.[2] E. coccifera fruit, like all eucalypts, occurs as woody capsules.[2] The capsules are cup shaped, often glaucous and have a wide, flattened disc.[4]The juvenile foliage contrasts with the adult form in many respects. Juvenile leaves are opposite, sessile (lacking a petiole), round, blue-green and permanently glaucous, but they do possess a small crimson tip. Juvenile branchlets have crimson stems with conspicuous projecting oil glands.[4] Reproduction and propagationEucalyptus flower buds generally take around a year to fully develop, however development takes longer in E. coccifera and other high altitude species. Insects and birds pollinate the emergent flowers, and fertilization can take up to 20 days after pollination. E. coccifera flowering typically occurs between November and February.[2] After fertilization, the hard woody capsule develops. Seeds are released through the capsule valves, which open when the capsule dries. This drying out is either caused by extreme heat and drought, or by fire. Dispersal of seed relies partially on wind, but mostly on gravity: the seeds will usually fall within a couple of metres of the parent tree.[2] E. coccifera is also known to regenerate from underground lignotubers after fire.[1]Distribution and habitatEucalyptus coccifera is endemic to Tasmania, and is the dominant species of many exposed, rocky, dolerite rich sub-alpine regions in Tasmania's south and Central Plateau .[2][4][5] Ecology of E. coccifera in southern TasmaniaClinal variationThe distribution of E. coccifera is limited by altitude: rarely will it be found lower than {{convert|800|m|ft}}, or higher than {{convert|1300|m|ft}} above sea level. Around {{convert|1300|m|ft}} the tree line is often unclear, and E. coccifera can be found in small stands or even as solitary trees. At these altitudes, E. coccifera generally grows to heights below {{convert|10|m|ft}}, often blending into the alpine shrubbery at the highest reaches of its distribution.[2][6] A strong correlation has been found between increasing altitude and declining stem growth rate in E. coccifera.[7] At the lower range of its altitudinal cline, E. coccifera has been observed growing to {{convert|40|m|ft}} in height, but it is more commonly measured at around {{convert|20|m|ft}}, especially in sheltered sites on the Central Plateau and in Mt. Field National Park.[5] Whilst individual and population tree height is the primary change in Eucalyptus coccifera at higher altitudes, observational studies have shown that with increasing altitude, the degree of leaf and bud glaucousness intensifies.[2] This is most likely linked to the increased frost resistance of E. coccifera with increasing altitude.[1] The juvenile foliage of E. coccifera is also more likely to persist for longer at high altitude.[2] Geological associationsThe dominant bedrock underlying both the Mt. Field and Mt. Wellington sub-alpine habitats is Jurassic dolerite. Dolerite is also a feature of the geology of the Central Plateau. These dolerite-rich substrates provide sufficient drainage for the establishment of E. coccifera populations, which prefers well-drained soils. They also offer a potentially rich nutrient source to the sub-alpine plant communities, but the slow rate at which dolerite weathers results in soil of only moderate fertility.[3] Associations with rainfall and water availabilityIt is generally accepted that in Tasmania annual rainfall increases with altitude, and thus the most exposed E. coccifera populations must contend with high annual rainfall (greater than {{convert|1300|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} on Mt. Wellington, and around {{convert|2500|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} at Mt. Field).[3] Despite this, water availability can often be an issue for E. coccifera and other subalpine species. This is due to the sporadic nature of Tasmanian rainfall, and a number of other factors including soil type, slope and wind action.[3] The rocky substrates of sub-alpine Mt. Field and Mt. Wellington drain very effectively, therefore waterlogging isn’t generally a problem. However, it has been shown that waterlogging is a limiting factor on the growth rate of E. coccifera and can, as a consequence, affect the success of the species in susceptible areas.[6][7] Other environmental associationsEucalyptus coccifera has a high tolerance to frost and to drought, allowing it to occupy very exposed substrates at high altitude. E. coccifera must contend with hot and dry temperatures during the peak of summer, as well as very cold, frosty conditions in winter.[3][5]Temperature and lightAt {{convert|1250|m|ft}} above sea level on Mt. Wellington, the mean maximum temperature in July is {{convert|1.9|C|F}}, and the mean minimum is {{convert|-2.0|C|F}}. In January, the mean maximum is {{convert|12.8|C|F|0}} and the mean minimum is {{convert|4.4|C|F}}.[7] There is a stronger maritime effect (oceanic climate) on Mt. Wellington, due to its closer proximity to the ocean, than at Mt. Field. This results in milder temperatures, especially in summer. Despite the increased exposure of sites at very high altitudes, solar radiation is not thought to markedly affect temperatures, nor does it have much impact on the growth rate of E. coccifera.[7] Frost, snow and mistWhilst E. coccifera is considered fairly frost-hardy, rare extreme frost events are thought to be one of the principle determinants of subalpine species distribution.[1] Similarly, the duration of snow lie dictates, to a large extent, the species that can persist in alpine/sub-alpine habitats. As snow lie in Tasmania is not permanent, woody species such as E. coccifera and its underlying shrub population can persist at higher altitudes.[3][8] Another factor that can impact on the growth of E. coccifera is mist. Mist is generally more prevalent with increasing altitude, particularly in the colder months, and can affect the ability of eucalypts (and other plants) to photosynthesize by decreasing light penetration and increasing condensation on leaves.[3][7] Co-occurring species
Table 1. Showing changes in eucalypt species with increasing altitude in Mt. Field National Park.[9] The understorey of sub-alpine habitats is typically dominated by woody shrubs of the Ericaceae (genera Richea, Epacris and Cyathodes) and Proteaceae families (Orites acicularis, Orites revoluta).[3][5][9] Low-lying conifers of the Cupressaceae (Diselma archerii) and Podocarpaceae (Microachrys tetragona, Phaerosphaera hookeriana) are also common in these sclerophyllous heaths.[3][8][9] At lower altitudes, other eucalypt species such as E. subcrenulata (Mt. Field), E. urnigera (Mt. Field and Mt. Wellington) and E. delegatensis (Mt. Field and Mt. Wellington) become increasingly common in E. coccifera woodland.[5] Further readingReid, J.B., Robert, S.H., Brown, M.J., & Hovenden, M.J. (editors) (1999). ‘Vegetation of Tasmania’, Australian Biological Resources Study. References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last=Gilfedder|first=L|title=Factors influencing the maintenance of an inverted Eucalyptus coccifera tree-line on the Mt Wellington Plateau, Tasmania|journal=Australian Journal of Ecology|year=1988|volume=13|issue=4|pages=495–503|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1988.tb00998.x}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q159782}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book|title=Vegetation of Tasmania|year=1999|pages=198–223|author1=Reid, J.B. |author2=Potts, B.M.|chapter=Eucalypt Biology}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book|title=Vegetation of Tasmania|year=1999|pages=333–356|author=Crowden, R.K.|chapter=Alpine Vegetation}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|title=EucaFlip: Life-size guide to the eucalypts of Tasmania|year=2007|author1=Wiltshere, R. |author2=Potts, B.}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|title=From Forest to Fjaeldmark: Descriptions of Tasmania's Vegetation|year=2013|publisher=Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania|author1=Kitchener, A. |author2=Harris, S.|edition=2nd}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|title=Vegetation of Tasmania|year=1999|pages=265–285|author=Kirkpatrick, J.B.|chapter=Grassy Vegetation and Subalpine Eucalypt Communities}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|title=Growth rate and basal area response curves of four Eucalyptus species on Mt. Wellington, Tasmania|journal=Journal of Vegetation Science|year=1994|volume=5|issue=1|pages=13–24|author1=Pyrke, A.F. |author2=Kirkpatrick, J.B.|doi=10.2307/3235633|jstor=3235633}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Vegetation and Climates in Southern Tasmania since the Last Glaciation|journal=Quaternary Research|year=1979|volume=11|issue=3|pages=306–341|author=Macphail, M.K.|doi=10.1016/0033-5894(79)90078-4}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Data obtained 11th and 12th of February 2014 in Mt. Field National Park.|author1=R. Endall |author2=O. Lovell |author3=T.F. Yean |author4=J. Wang }} 5 : Eucalyptus|Myrtales of Australia|Flora of Tasmania|Endemic flora of Tasmania|Plants described in 1847 |
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