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词条 Intrusion detection system
释义

  1. Comparison with firewalls

  2. Intrusion detection

      Analyzed activity   Network intrusion detection systems  Host intrusion detection systems   Detection method   Signature-based  Anomaly-based 

  3. Intrusion prevention

      Classification    Detection methods  

  4. Limitations

  5. Evasion techniques

  6. Development

  7. Free and open source systems

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. Further reading

  11. External links

{{Information security}}{{refimprove|date=September 2018}}

An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application that monitors a network or systems for malicious activity or policy violations. Any malicious activity or violation is typically reported either to an administrator or collected centrally using a security information and event management (SIEM) system. A SIEM system combines outputs from multiple sources, and uses alarm filtering techniques to distinguish malicious activity from false alarms.[1]

IDS types range in scope from single computers to large networks.[2] The most common classifications are network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) and host-based intrusion detection systems (HIDS). A system that monitors important operating system files is an example of an HIDS, while a system that analyzes incoming network traffic is an example of an NIDS. It is also possible to classify IDS by detection approach: the most well-known variants are signature-based detection (recognizing bad patterns, such as malware); and anomaly-based detection (detecting deviations from a model of "good" traffic, which often relies on machine learning). Some IDS products have the ability to respond to detected intrusions. Systems with response capabilities are typically referred to as an intrusion prevention system.[3] Intrusion detection systems can also serve specific purposes by augmenting them with custom tools, such as using a honeypot to attract and characterize malicious traffic.[4]

Comparison with firewalls

Although they both relate to network security, an IDS differs from a firewall in that a firewall looks outwardly for intrusions in order to stop them from happening. Firewalls limit access between networks to prevent intrusion and do not signal an attack from inside the network. An IDS describes a suspected intrusion once it has taken place and signals an alarm. An IDS also watches for attacks that originate from within a system. This is traditionally achieved by examining network communications, identifying heuristics and patterns (often known as signatures) of common computer attacks, and taking action to alert operators. A system that terminates connections is called an intrusion prevention system, and performs access control like an application layer firewall.[5]

Intrusion detection

IDS can be classified by where detection takes place (network or host) and the detection method that is employed (signature or anomaly-based).[6]

For IDS related to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), readers may refer to Butun et al.'s [7] work.

Analyzed activity

Network intrusion detection systems

Network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) are placed at a strategic point or points within the network to monitor traffic to and from all devices on the network. It performs an analysis of passing traffic on the entire subnet, and matches the traffic that is passed on the subnets to the library of known attacks. Once an attack is identified, or abnormal behavior is sensed, the alert can be sent to the administrator. An example of an NIDS would be installing it on the subnet where firewalls are located in order to see if someone is trying to break into the firewall. Ideally one would scan all inbound and outbound traffic, however doing so might create a bottleneck that would impair the overall speed of the network. OPNET and NetSim are commonly used tools for simulating network intrusion detection systems. NID Systems are also capable of comparing signatures for similar packets to link and drop harmful detected packets which have a signature matching the records in the NIDS.

When we classify the design of the NIDS according to the system interactivity property, there are two types: on-line and off-line NIDS, often referred to as inline and tap mode, respectively. On-line NIDS deals with the network in real time. It analyses the Ethernet packets and applies some rules, to decide if it is an attack or not. Off-line NIDS deals with stored data and passes it through some processes to decide if it is an attack or not.

NIDS can be also combined with other technologies to increase detection, and prediction, rates. Artificial Neural Network based IDS are capable of analyzing huge volumes of data, in a smart way, due to the self-organizing structure that allows INS IDS to more efficiently recognize intrusion patterns[8]. Neural networks assist IDS in predicting attacks by learning from mistakes; INN IDS help develop an early warning system, based on two layers. The first layer accepts single values, while the second layer takes the first's layers output as input; the cycle repeats and allows the system to automatically recognize new unforeseen patterns in the network[9]. This system can average 99.9% detection and classification rate, based on research results of 24 network attacks, divided in four categories: DOS, Probe, Remote-to-Local, and user-to-root.[10]

Host intrusion detection systems

{{Main article|Host-based intrusion detection system}}

Host intrusion detection systems (HIDS) run on individual hosts or devices on the network. A HIDS monitors the inbound and outbound packets from the device only and will alert the user or administrator if suspicious activity is detected. It takes a snapshot of existing system files and matches it to the previous snapshot. If the critical system files were modified or deleted, an alert is sent to the administrator to investigate. An example of HIDS usage can be seen on mission critical machines, which are not expected to change their configurations.[11][12]

Detection method

Signature-based

Signature-based IDS refers to the detection of attacks by looking for specific patterns, such as byte sequences in network traffic, or known malicious instruction sequences used by malware.[13] This terminology originates from anti-virus software, which refers to these detected patterns as signatures. Although signature-based IDS can easily detect known attacks, it is difficult to detect new attacks, for which no pattern is available.[14]

{{expand section|date=March 2019}}

In Signature-based IDS, the signatures are released by a vendor for its all products. On-time updating of the IDS with the signature is a key aspect.

Anomaly-based

Anomaly-based intrusion detection systems were primarily introduced to detect unknown attacks, in part due to the rapid development of malware. The basic approach is to use machine learning to create a model of trustworthy activity, and then compare new behavior against this model. Since these models can be trained according to the applications and hardware configurations, machine learning based method has a better generalized property in comparison to traditional signature-based IDS. Although this approach enables the detection of previously unknown attacks, it may suffer from false positives: previously unknown legitimate activity may also be classified as malicious. Most of the existing IDSs suffer from the time-consuming during detection process that degrades the performance of IDSs. Efficient feature selection algorithm makes the classification process used in detection more reliable.[15]

New types of what could be called anomaly-based intrusion detection systems are being viewed by Gartner as User and Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA)[16] (an evolution of the user behavior analytics category) and network traffic analysis (NTA).[17] In particular, NTA deals with malicious insiders as well as targeted external attacks that have compromised a user machine or account. Gartner has noted that some organizations have opted for NTA over more traditional IDS.[18]

{{expand section|date=July 2016}}

Intrusion prevention

Some systems may attempt to stop an intrusion attempt but this is neither required nor expected of a monitoring system. Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) are primarily focused on identifying possible incidents, logging information about them, and reporting attempts. In addition, organizations use IDPS for other purposes, such as identifying problems with security policies, documenting existing threats and deterring individuals from violating security policies. IDPS have become a necessary addition to the security infrastructure of nearly every organization.[19]

IDPS typically record information related to observed events, notify security administrators of important observed events and produce reports. Many IDPS can also respond to a detected threat by attempting to prevent it from succeeding. They use several response techniques, which involve the IDPS stopping the attack itself, changing the security environment (e.g. reconfiguring a firewall) or changing the attack's content.[19]

Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), also known as intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS), are network security appliances that monitor network or system activities for malicious activity. The main functions of intrusion prevention systems are to identify malicious activity, log information about this activity, report it and attempt to block or stop it.{{r|GIDPS}}.

Intrusion prevention systems are considered extensions of intrusion detection systems because they both monitor network traffic and/or system activities for malicious activity. The main differences are, unlike intrusion detection systems, intrusion prevention systems are placed in-line and are able to actively prevent or block intrusions that are detected.{{r|Newman2009|page1=273|WhitmanMattord2009|page2=289}} IPS can take such actions as sending an alarm, dropping detected malicious packets, resetting a connection or blocking traffic from the offending IP address.{{r|Boyles2010}} An IPS also can correct {{nobr|cyclic redundancy check (CRC)}} errors, defragment packet streams, mitigate TCP sequencing issues, and clean up unwanted transport and network layer options.{{r|Newman2009|page1=278|TiptonKrause2007}}.

Classification

Intrusion prevention systems can be classified into four different types:{{r|GIDPS|Vacca2010}}

  1. Network-based intrusion prevention system (NIPS): monitors the entire network for suspicious traffic by analyzing protocol activity.
  2. Wireless intrusion prevention system (WIPS): monitor a wireless network for suspicious traffic by analyzing wireless networking protocols.
  3. Network behavior analysis (NBA): examines network traffic to identify threats that generate unusual traffic flows, such as distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, certain forms of malware and policy violations.
  4. Host-based intrusion prevention system (HIPS): an installed software package which monitors a single host for suspicious activity by analyzing events occurring within that host.

Detection methods

The majority of intrusion prevention systems utilize one of three detection methods: signature-based, statistical anomaly-based, and stateful protocol analysis.{{r|WhitmanMattord2009|page1=301|KirdaJha2009}}

  1. Signature-based detection: Signature-based IDS monitors packets in the Network and compares with pre-configured and pre-determined attack patterns known as signatures.
  2. Statistical anomaly-based detection: An IDS which is anomaly-based will monitor network traffic and compare it against an established baseline. The baseline will identify what is "normal" for that network – what sort of bandwidth is generally used and what protocols are used. It may however, raise a False Positive alarm for legitimate use of bandwidth if the baselines are not intelligently configured.&91;20&93;
  3. Stateful protocol analysis detection: This method identifies deviations of protocol states by comparing observed events with "pre-determined profiles of generally accepted definitions of benign activity".{{r|WhitmanMattord2009}}

Limitations

  • Noise can severely limit an intrusion detection system's effectiveness. Bad packets generated from software bugs, corrupt DNS data, and local packets that escaped can create a significantly high false-alarm rate.[21]
  • It is not uncommon for the number of real attacks to be far below the number of false-alarms. Number of real attacks is often so far below the number of false-alarms that the real attacks are often missed and ignored.[21]{{Update inline|date=August 2017}}
  • Many attacks are geared for specific versions of software that are usually outdated. A constantly changing library of signatures is needed to mitigate threats. Outdated signature databases can leave the IDS vulnerable to newer strategies.[21]
  • For signature-based IDS, there will be lag between a new threat discovery and its signature being applied to the IDS. During this lag time, the IDS will be unable to identify the threat.[20]
  • It cannot compensate for weak identification and authentication mechanisms or for weaknesses in network protocols. When an attacker gains access due to weak authentication mechanisms then IDS cannot prevent the adversary from any malpractice.
  • Encrypted packets are not processed by most intrusion detection devices. Therefore, the encrypted packet can allow an intrusion to the network that is undiscovered until more significant network intrusions have occurred.
  • Intrusion detection software provides information based on the network address that is associated with the IP packet that is sent into the network. This is beneficial if the network address contained in the IP packet is accurate. However, the address that is contained in the IP packet could be faked or scrambled.
  • Due to the nature of NIDS systems, and the need for them to analyse protocols as they are captured, NIDS systems can be susceptible to the same protocol-based attacks to which network hosts may be vulnerable. Invalid data and TCP/IP stack attacks may cause an NIDS to crash.[22]

Evasion techniques

{{main article|Intrusion detection system evasion techniques}}

There are a number of techniques which attackers are using, the following are considered 'simple' measures which can be taken to evade IDS:

  • Fragmentation: by sending fragmented packets, the attacker will be under the radar and can easily bypass the detection system's ability to detect the attack signature.
  • Avoiding defaults: The TCP port utilised by a protocol does not always provide an indication to the protocol which is being transported. For example, an IDS may expect to detect a trojan on port 12345. If an attacker had reconfigured it to use a different port, the IDS may not be able to detect the presence of the trojan.
  • Coordinated, low-bandwidth attacks: coordinating a scan among numerous attackers (or agents) and allocating different ports or hosts to different attackers makes it difficult for the IDS to correlate the captured packets and deduce that a network scan is in progress.
  • Address spoofing/proxying: attackers can increase the difficulty of the Security Administrators ability to determine the source of the attack by using poorly secured or incorrectly configured proxy servers to bounce an attack. If the source is spoofed and bounced by a server, it makes it very difficult for IDS to detect the origin of the attack.
  • Pattern change evasion: IDS generally rely on 'pattern matching' to detect an attack. By changing the data used in the attack slightly, it may be possible to evade detection. For example, an {{nobr|Internet Message Access Protocol}} (IMAP) server may be vulnerable to a buffer overflow, and an IDS is able to detect the attack signature of 10 common attack tools. By modifying the payload sent by the tool, so that it does not resemble the data that the IDS expects, it may be possible to evade detection.

Development

The earliest preliminary IDS concept was delineated in 1980 by James Anderson at the National Security Agency and consisted of a set of tools intended to help administrators review audit trails.[23] User access logs, file access logs, and system event logs are examples of audit trails.

Fred Cohen noted in 1987 that it is impossible to detect an intrusion in every case, and that the resources needed to detect intrusions grow with the amount of usage.[24]Dorothy E. Denning, assisted by Peter G. Neumann, published a model of an IDS in 1986 that formed the basis for many systems today.[25] Her model used statistics for anomaly detection, and resulted in an early IDS at SRI International named the Intrusion Detection Expert System (IDES), which ran on Sun workstations and could consider both user and network level data.[26] IDES had a dual approach with a rule-based Expert System to detect known types of intrusions plus a statistical anomaly detection component based on profiles of users, host systems, and target systems. The author of "IDES: An Intelligent System for Detecting Intruders," Teresa F. Lunt, proposed adding an Artificial neural network as a third component. She said all three components could then report to a resolver. SRI followed IDES in 1993 with the Next-generation Intrusion Detection Expert System (NIDES).[27]

The Multics intrusion detection and alerting system (MIDAS), an expert system using P-BEST and Lisp, was developed in 1988 based on the work of Denning and Neumann.[28] Haystack was also developed in that year using statistics to reduce audit trails.[29]

In 1986 the National Security Agency started an IDS research transfer program under Rebecca Bace. Bace later published the seminal text on the subject, Intrusion Detection, in 2000.[30]

Wisdom & Sense (W&S) was a statistics-based anomaly detector developed in 1989 at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.[31] W&S created rules based on statistical analysis, and then used those rules for anomaly detection.

In 1990, the Time-based Inductive Machine (TIM) did anomaly detection using inductive learning of sequential user patterns in Common Lisp on a VAX 3500 computer.[32] The Network Security Monitor (NSM) performed masking on access matrices for anomaly detection on a Sun-3/50 workstation.[33] The Information Security Officer's Assistant (ISOA) was a 1990 prototype that considered a variety of strategies including statistics, a profile checker, and an expert system.[34] ComputerWatch at AT&T Bell Labs used statistics and rules for audit data reduction and intrusion detection.[35]

Then, in 1991, researchers at the University of California, Davis created a prototype Distributed Intrusion Detection System (DIDS), which was also an expert system.[36] The Network Anomaly Detection and Intrusion Reporter (NADIR), also in 1991, was a prototype IDS developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Integrated Computing Network (ICN), and was heavily influenced by the work of Denning and Lunt.[37] NADIR used a statistics-based anomaly detector and an expert system.

The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announced Bro in 1998, which used its own rule language for packet analysis from libpcap data.[38] Network Flight Recorder (NFR) in 1999 also used libpcap.[39]

APE was developed as a packet sniffer, also using libpcap, in November, 1998, and was renamed Snort one month later. Snort has since become the world's largest used IDS/IPS system with over 300,000 active users.[40] It can monitor both local systems, and remote capture points using the TZSP protocol.

The Audit Data Analysis and Mining (ADAM) IDS in 2001 used tcpdump to build profiles of rules for classifications.[41] In 2003, Yongguang Zhang and Wenke Lee argue for the importance of IDS in networks with mobile nodes.[42]

In 2015, Viegas and his colleagues [43] proposed an anomaly-based intrusion detection engine, aiming System-on-Chip (SoC) for applications in Internet of Things (IoT), for instance. The proposal applies machine learning for anomaly detection, providing energy-efficiency to a Decision Tree, Naive-Bayes, and k-Nearest Neighbors classifiers implementation in an Atom CPU and its hardware-friendly implementation in a FPGA.[44][45] In the literature, this was the first work that implement each classifier equivalently in software and hardware and measures its energy consumption on both. Additionally, it was the first time that was measured the energy consumption for extracting each features used to make the network packet classification, implemented in software and hardware.[46]

Free and open source systems

  • ACARM-ng
  • AIDE
  • Bro NIDS
  • Fail2ban
  • OSSEC HIDS
  • Prelude Hybrid IDS
  • Sagan
  • Samhain
  • Snort
  • Suricata

See also

  • Application protocol-based intrusion detection system (APIDS)
  • Artificial immune system
  • Bypass switch
  • Denial-of-service attack
  • DNS analytics
  • Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format
  • Protocol-based intrusion detection system (PIDS)
  • Real-time adaptive security
  • Security management
  • Software-defined protection

References

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41. ^Barbara, Daniel, Couto, Julia, Jajodia, Sushil, Popyack, Leonard, and Wu, Ningning, "ADAM: Detecting Intrusions by Data Mining," Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Information Assurance and Security, West Point, NY, June 5–6, 2001
42. ^Intrusion Detection Techniques for Mobile Wireless Networks, ACM WINET 2003
43. ^{{Cite journal|last=Viegas|first=E.|last2=Santin|first2=A. O.|last3=Fran?a|first3=A.|last4=Jasinski|first4=R.|last5=Pedroni|first5=V. A.|last6=Oliveira|first6=L. S.|date=2017-01-01|title=Towards an Energy-Efficient Anomaly-Based Intrusion Detection Engine for Embedded Systems|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7463065/|journal=IEEE Transactions on Computers|volume=66|issue=1|pages=163–177|doi=10.1109/TC.2016.2560839|issn=0018-9340}}
44. ^{{Cite book|last=França|first=A. L.|last2=Jasinski|first2=R.|last3=Cemin|first3=P.|last4=Pedroni|first4=V. A.|last5=Santin|first5=A. O.|date=2015-05-01|title=The energy cost of network security: A hardware vs. software comparison|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7168575/|journal=2015 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)|pages=81–84|doi=10.1109/ISCAS.2015.7168575|isbn=978-1-4799-8391-9}}
45. ^{{Cite book|last=França|first=A. L. P. d|last2=Jasinski|first2=R. P.|last3=Pedroni|first3=V. A.|last4=Santin|first4=A. O.|date=2014-07-01|title=Moving Network Protection from Software to Hardware: An Energy Efficiency Analysis|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/lpdocs/epic03/wrapper.htm?arnumber=6903406|journal=2014 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI|pages=456–461|doi=10.1109/ISVLSI.2014.89|isbn=978-1-4799-3765-3}}
46. ^{{Cite web|url=https://secplab.ppgia.pucpr.br/files/papers/2016-1.pdf|title=Towards an Energy-Efficient Anomaly-Based Intrusion Detection Engine for Embedded Systems|date=|website=SecPLab|access-date=}}
47. ^{{cite book | author=Robert C. Newman | title=Computer Security: Protecting Digital Resources | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgSBGXKXuzsC | accessdate=25 June 2010 | date=19 February 2009 | publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning | isbn=978-0-7637-5994-0}}
48. ^{{cite book | author1=Michael E. Whitman | author2=Herbert J. Mattord | title=Principles of Information Security | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPonBssSm0kC | accessdate=25 June 2010 | year=2009 | publisher=Cengage Learning EMEA | isbn=978-1-4239-0177-8}}
49. ^{{cite book | author=Tim Boyles | title=CCNA Security Study Guide: Exam 640-553 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHzAcvHWbx4C&pg=PA249 | accessdate=29 June 2010 | year=2010 | publisher=John Wiley and Sons | isbn=978-0-470-52767-2 | page=249}}
50. ^{{cite book | author1=Harold F. Tipton | author2=Micki Krause | title=Information Security Management Handbook | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0Lwc6ZEQhcC&pg=PA1000 | accessdate=29 June 2010 | year=2007 | publisher=CRC Press | isbn=978-1-4200-1358-0 | page=1000}}
51. ^{{cite book | author=John R. Vacca | title=Managing Information Security | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwKkb-kpmksC&pg=PA137 | accessdate=29 June 2010 | year=2010 | publisher=Syngress | isbn=978-1-59749-533-2 | page=137}}
52. ^{{cite book | author1=Engin Kirda | author2=Somesh Jha | author3=Davide Balzarotti | title=Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection: 12th International Symposium, RAID 2009, Saint-Malo, France, September 23–25, 2009, Proceedings | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVuQbKQM3UwC&pg=PA162 | accessdate=29 June 2010 | year=2009 | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-642-04341-3 | page=162}}
[47][48][49][50][51][52]
}}{{NIST-PD|article=Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems, SP800-94
|url=http://csrc.ncsl.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-94/SP800-94.pdf
|author=Karen Scarfone, Peter Mell
|accessdate=1 January 2010}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|last1=Bace|first1=Rebecca Gurley|title=Intrusion Detection|date=2000|publisher=Macmillan Technical|location=Indianapolis, IN|isbn=978-1578701858}}
  • {{cite web

|url = http://www.softpanorama.org/Articles/architectural_issues_of_intrusion_detection_infrastructure.shtml
|title = Architectural Issues of Intrusion Detection Infrastructure in Large Enterprises (Revision 0.82)
|publisher = Softpanorama
|first = Nikolai
|last = Bezroukov
|date = 11 December 2008
|accessdate = 30 July 2010
}}
  • {{cite journal

|author = P.M. Mafra and J.S. Fraga and A.O. Santin
|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022000013001207
|title = Algorithms for a distributed IDS in MANETs
|journal = Journal of Computer and System Sciences
|volume = 80
|number = 3
|pages = 554–570
|year = 2014
|doi=10.1016/j.jcss.2013.06.011
}}
  • {{cite journal | last1 = Hansen | first1 = James V. | last2 = Benjamin Lowry | first2 = Paul | last3 = Meservy | first3 = Rayman | last4 = McDonald | first4 = Dan | year = 2007 | title = Genetic programming for prevention of cyberterrorism through dynamic and evolving intrusion detection | ssrn = 877981 | journal = Decision Support Systems (DSS) | volume = 43 | issue = 4| pages = 1362–1374 | doi = 10.1016/j.dss.2006.04.004 }}
  • {{cite journal

|url = http://csrc.ncsl.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-94/SP800-94.pdf
|title = Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS)
|first1 = Karen
|last1 = Scarfone
|first2 = Peter
|last2 = Mell
|journal = Computer Security Resource Center
|issue = 800–94
|accessdate = 1 January 2010
|date=February 2007
}}
  • {{cite journal

|title = A Brief Study on Different Intrusions and Machine Learning-based Anomaly Detection Methods in Wireless Sensor Networks
|first1 = J.
|last1 = Saranya
|first2 = G.
|last2 = Padmavathi
|journal = Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women
|issue = 6(4)
|url = http://ijana.in/papers/V6I4-10.pdf
|accessdate = 4 April 2015
|date=2015
}}
  • {{cite web

|title = Evasions In Intrusion Prevention Detection Systems
|url = http://www.virusbtn.com/virusbulletin/archive/2010/04/vb201004-evasions-in-IPS-IDS
|publisher = Virus Bulletin
|first1 = Abhishek
|last1 = Singh
|accessdate = 1 April 2010
}}

External links

  • {{dmoz|Computers/Security/Intrusion_Detection_Systems|Intrusion Detection Systems}}
  • Common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVE) by product
  • NIST SP 800-83, Guide to Malware Incident Prevention and Handling
  • NIST SP 800-94, Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS)
  • Study by Gartner "Magic Quadrant for Network Intrusion Prevention System Appliances"
{{Malware}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Intrusion Detection System}}

4 : Intrusion detection systems|Computer network security|Computer security|System administration
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