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词条 European Radical Alliance
释义

  1. History

  2. Member parties on 19 July 1994

  3. Sources

  4. References

{{Infobox European Parliament group
|name = European Radical Alliance
|title = European Radical Alliance
|image = Image:Logo of the Group of the European Radical Alliance.png
|imagecaption = ERA logo
|from = 19 July 1994[1]
|to = 20 July 1999[2]
|precededby = Rainbow Group
|succeededby = Greens–European Free Alliance
|englishabbr = ERA[3]
|frenchabbr = ARE[2]
|formalname = Group of the European Radical Alliance[5][6]
|associated= European Free Alliance
|ideology = Regionalism[1]
|chairs = Catherine Lalumière[8]
|meps = 19 (19 July 1994),
21 (5 May 1999),
13 (13 June 1999)
|}}

The Group of the European Radical Alliance (ERA) was a heterogeneous political group with seats in the European Parliament between 1994 and 1999. It was formed by regionalist parties form the former Rainbow Group,[2] although its largest and dominant member party was the French Energie Radicale.[3][4]

History

In 1989[2][1] the Rainbow Group split. The Greens went off to form the Green Group, whilst the Regionalists stayed in the rump of Rainbow Group. The 1994 elections saw a considerable reduction in Regionalist representation in the Parliament, with only the Canary Isles autonomists, Lega Nord, the Scottish National Party (SNP) and People's Union (VU) keeping their MEPs.[14] But Lega Nord had been suspended from the European Free Alliance following its decision to join the coalition Italian government alongside the right-wing National Alliance.[14] Given this reduction in numbers, the weakened EFA were no longer able to maintain their own group.

The French Energie Radicale were considered centrist enough to be possible members of the ELDR Group[16] (their successors, the Radical Party of the Left, became observers in the ELDR Party in 2006[17]) but instead they allied themselves with the members of the Pannella-Reformers List and the rump EFA to form the Group of the European Radical Alliance.[2]

The ERA stayed in existence until 1999, when a loss of support forced the European Free Alliance members of the ERA to rejoin with the Green Group to create the Greens–European Free Alliance (Greens/EFA) group.[2]

{{clr}}

Member parties on 19 July 1994

Member state Party MEPs Notes
FranceEnergie Radicale[20][14]13[20][14]
United KingdomScottish National Party[20][14]2[20][14]
ItalyPannella-Reformers List[20][14]2[20][14]
BelgiumPeople's Union/Flemish Free Democrats[20][14]1[20][14]
SpainCanarian Coalition[36]1Isidoro Sánchez García[36]

Sources

  • "Regionalist Parties in Western Europe", {{ISBN|0-415-16437-0}}, de Winter & Türsan 1998 [5]
  • Democracy in the European Parliament[6]
  • Development of Political Groups in the European Parliament[7]
  • Group names 1999[8]
  • Europe Politique[9]
  • European Parliament MEP Archives[10][11][12]
  • European Union Basics FAQ, by Roland Siebelink & Bart Schelfhout[13]
  • OneEurope magazine[14]
  • ELDR[15]

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=James Mitchell|chapter=Member State or Euro-Region? The SNP, Plaid Cymru, and Europe|editor1=David Baker|editor2=David Seawright|title=Britain for and Against Europe: British Politics and the Question of European Integration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBKbtzPdbhQC&pg=PA246|year=1998|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-828078-1|page=246}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=Colin Pilkington|title=Britain in the European Union Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7uDHZRfZ64C&pg=PA169|year=2001|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5791-5|page=169}}
3. ^{{cite book|author=Julie Smith|title=Europe's Elected Parliament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cih99qAd_uwC&pg=PA92|year=1999|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-85075-999-7|page=92}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Luciano Bardi|chapter=Transnational Trends: The Evolution of the European Party System|editor1=Bernard Steunenberg|editor2=J. J. A. Thomassen|title=The European Parliament: Moving Toward Democracy in the EU|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q30nv4B5icsC&pg=PA215|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-0126-3|page=215}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite book | last = de Winter | first = Lieven |author2=Türsan, Huri | title = Regionalist Parties in Western Europe | publisher = Routledge | date = 1998 | pages = 190–201 | isbn = 0-415-16437-0}}
6. ^1 Democracy in the European Parliament
7. ^1 2 Development of Political Groups in the European Parliament {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607130820/http://www.ena.lu/?doc=4327&lang=2 |date=June 7, 2011 }}
8. ^1 Group names 1999
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 G/EFA on Europe Politique
10. ^1 European Parliament profile of Catherine Lalumière
11. ^1 European Parliament profile of Jaak Vandemeulebroucke
12. ^1 2 European Parliament profile of Isidoro Sánchez García
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 European Union Basics FAQ, Part 3
14. ^1 OneEurope magazine, issue 11
15. ^1 ELDR State of the Party: Activity Report of the ELDR Party, April 1999 - October 2006
{{European Parliament groups}}

6 : Former European Parliament party groups|Regionalism (politics)|1994 establishments in the European Union|1999 disestablishments in the European Union|Organizations established in 1994|Organizations disestablished in 1999
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