| 词条 | Eva Carrière |
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Eva Carrière (born Marthe Béraud 1886 in France, died sometime after 1922), also known as Eva C, was a prominent spiritualist and psychic in the early 20th century. BiographyBéraud was born 1886 in France, the daughter of a French officer.[1][2] She became engaged to Maurice Noël, a soldier who died in the Congo from tropical disease in 1904 before the marriage could take place. Béraud lived with General Elie Noël and his wife at Villa Carmen in Algiers. She claimed she developed her psychic ability after the death of her fiancé.[3] In 1905, she held a series of séances at Villa Carmen and sitters were invited. In these séances she claimed to materialize a spirit called Bien Boa, a 300-year-old Brahmin Hindu. However, photographs taken of Boa looked like the figure was made from a large cardboard cutout.[4] In other sittings Charles Richet reported that Boa was breathing, had moved around the room and had touched him. A photograph revealed Boa to be a man dressed up in a cloak, helmet and beard.[5] A newspaper article in 1906 revealed that an Arab coachman known as Areski, who had previously worked at the villa, had been hired to play the part of Bien Boa and that the entire thing was a hoax. Areski wrote that he made his appearance into the room by a trapdoor. Béraud also admitted to being involved with the hoax.[6] In 1909, Béraud changed her name to Eva Carrière (Eva C) to hide the fraud of her past and began a new career as a psychic.[7] Béraud had a sexual relationship with a woman 25 years her elder, Juliette Bisson (1861–1956), with whom she performed during her seances.[8] Beraud died sometime after 1922. InvestigationsCarrière's psychic performances were investigated by Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the Sherlock Holmes mystery series.[9] He believed that her performances were genuine and that she was not engaged in any deception. Another psychic investigator of the time, Harry Houdini, observed one of her séances and asserted that they were fraudulent. Houdini was never convinced by Carrière and likened her performance to a magician's trick, the Hindu needle trick.[10] The physician-psychical researcher Gustav Geley investigated Carrière and wrote she was a genuine psychic but never-published photographs were discovered after Geley's death which revealed fraudulent activity from the psychic's companion, Juliette Bisson, such as wires seen running from Carrière's head supporting fake ectoplasm.[11] Another physician-psychical researcher, Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, investigated Carrière and believed the ectoplasm she produced was genuine. The psychiatrist Mathilde Ludendorff wrote that the experiments of Schrenck-Notzing were unscientific and that he had been duped by tricks of Carrière.[12] In the Schrenck-Notzing psychic sessions with Carrière the scientific controls were scarce and there was evidence that she had freed her hands in the séance room.[13] Carrière has been described as "perverse and neurotic".[14] She was well known for running around the séance room naked indulging in sexual activities with her audience. Her companion Juliette Bisson would, during the course of the séance sittings with Schrenck-Notzing, introduce her finger into Eva's vagina to ensure no "ectoplasm" had been loaded there beforehand to fool the investigators, and she would also strip nude at the end of a séance and demanded another full-on gynecological exam.[8] The psychic sessions of Carrière with Schrenck-Notzing have been described as pornographic. The photographs that were taken during the séances show Carrière in the nude emerging from her cabinet and others revealing fake ectoplasm strings hanging from her breasts. Another photograph revealed ectoplasm in the shape of a deflated and disembodied penis.[15] According to historian Ruth Brandon, Juliette Bisson and Carrière were in a sexual relationship together, and they worked in collaboration with each other to fake the ectoplasm and eroticize their male audience.[16] In 1920, anthropologist Eric Dingwall and physician-psychical researcher V. J. Woolley tested Carrière in London. They found no evidence of psychic phenomena, discovered that her ectoplasm was made from chewed paper, and said "the séances proved negative".[17] Ruth Brandon wrote that Carrière produced some of her effects by regurgitation, hiding her ectoplasm in the séance cabinet and using her secret accomplice Juliette Bisson.[16] According to Harry Price, the photographs of her ectoplasm taken with Schrenck-Notzing looked artificial and two-dimensional, made from cardboard and newspaper portraits, and that there were no scientific controls, as both her hands were free. In 1920, Carrière was investigated by the Society for Psychical Research (SPR) in London. She was also investigated in 1922 and the result of the tests were negative.[18] In 1954, Donald West wrote that Carrière´s ectoplasm was made of cut-out paper faces from newspapers and magazines, on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs. A photograph of Carrière taken from the back of the ectoplasm face revealed it was made from a magazine cut out, complete with the letters "Le Miro". The two-dimensional face had been clipped from the French magazine Le Miroir.[19] Back issues of the magazine also matched some of Carrière's ectoplasm faces.[20] In 1913, a Miss Barkley in an article in the newspaper Neue Wiener Tagblatt exposed the fraud of Carrière: Miss Eva prepared the heads before every séance, and endeavoured to make them unrecognizable. A clean-shaven face was decorated with a beard. Grey hairs became black curls, a broad forehead was made into a narrow one. In spite of all her endeavours, she could not obliterate certain characteristic lines.[16] Carrière used cut out faces of Woodrow Wilson, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria, French president Raymond Poincaré, and the actress Mona Delza.[21] Also in 1954, Rudolf Lambert, an SPR member, published details of fraud which had been covered up by many early members of the Institute Metapsychique International (IMI).[22] Lambert had studied Gustav Geley's files on Eva Carrière, and discovered photographs taken by her companion Juliette Bisson depicting fraudulent ectoplasm.[22] Various "materializations" were artificially attached to Eva's hair by wires. Geley never published his discovery. Eugéne Osty, the director of the Institute, and members Jean Meyer, Albert von Schrenck-Notzing and Charles Richet all knew about the fraudulent photographs, but were firm believers in spirituality phenomena, so demanded the scandal be kept secret.[22] GallerySee also
References1. ^McCabe, Joseph. (1920). Spiritualism: A Popular History from 1847. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 226 2. ^Room, Adrian. (2010). Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins, 5th ed. McFarland. p. 84. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-4373-4}} 3. ^Lewis Spence. (2010). Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. Kessinger Publishing. p. 310. {{ISBN|978-1161361827}} 4. ^Raymond Buckland. (2005). The Spirit Book: The Encyclopedia of Clairvoyance, Channeling, and Spirit Communication. Visible Ink Press. p. 131. {{ISBN|978-1578592135}} 5. ^M. Brady Brower. (2010). Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena in Modern France. University of Illinois Press. p. 84-86. {{ISBN|978-0252077517}} 6. ^Peter H. Aykroyd, Angela Narth and Dan Aykroyd. (2009). A History of Ghosts: The True Story of Séances, psychics, Ghosts, and Ghostbusters. Rodale Books. p. 59. {{ISBN|978-1605298757}} 7. ^Sofie Lachapelle. (2011). Investigating the Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853-1931. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 110. {{ISBN|978-1421400136}} 8. ^1 Kalush (2006). The Secret Life of Houdini: The Making of America's First Superhero. Atria Books. p. 419. {{ISBN|978-0743272087}} 9. ^Jack and Beverly's Spirit Photographs 10. ^Harry Houdini. (2011). A Magician among the Spirits (Cambridge Library Collection - Spiritualism and Esoteric Knowledge). Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1108027489}} 11. ^See the entry for ectoplasm in J. Gordon Melton. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena. Visible Ink Press. {{ISBN|978-1578592098}} 12. ^{{cite journal | pmc= 3381523 | pmid=23002296 | doi=10.1017/mdh.2011.36 | volume=56 | title=Policing epistemic deviance: Albert Von Schrenck-Notzing and Albert Moll(1) | journal=Med Hist | pages=255–76 | last1 = Sommer | first1 = A}} 13. ^Peter H. Aykroyd, Angela Narth. (2009). A History of Ghosts: The True Story of Séances, psychics, Ghosts, and Ghostbusters. Rodale Books. p. 62. {{ISBN|978-1605298757}} 14. ^Spirit Summonings. Time-Life Books. 1989. p. 64. {{ISBN|978-0809463442}} 15. ^Bawdy Technologies and the Birth of Ectoplasm By L. Anne Delgado 16. ^1 2 Ruth Brandon. (1983). The Spiritualists: The Passion for the Occult in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 152-160. {{ISBN|0-297-78249-5}} 17. ^Simeon Edmunds. (1966). Spiritualism: A Critical Survey. Aquarian Press. pp. 110-111. {{ISBN|978-0850300130}} "In 1920 Eva C came to London at the invitation of the SPR. Forty séances, held under the direction of Dr. E. J. Dingwall and Dr. J. V. Woolley, proved entirely negative. The small amount of 'ectoplasm' produced proved on analysis to be nothing more than chewed up paper." 18. ^Harry Price. (1939). Fifty Years of Psychical Research. Longmans, Green & Co. {{ISBN|978-0766142428}} 19. ^Donald J. West. (1954). Psychical Research Today. Chapter Séance-Room Phenomena. Duckworth. p. 49 20. ^Georgess McHargue. (1972). Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement. Doubleday. p. 187 21. ^Gordon Stein. (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 520. {{ISBN|978-1573920216}} 22. ^1 2 Sofie Lachapelle. (2011). Investigating the Supernatural: From Spiritism and Occultism to Psychical Research and Metapsychics in France, 1853-1931. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 144-145. {{ISBN|978-1421400136}} Further reading
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6 : French fraudsters|French psychics|French spiritual mediums|1886 births|Year of death missing|20th-century deaths |
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