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词条 Evelina Haverfield
释义

  1. Early career

  2. Women's suffrage

  3. World War I

      After the War  

  4. See also

  5. References

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}Evelina Haverfield (9 August 1867 – 21 March 1920)[1] was a British suffragette and aid worker. In the early part of the 20th century, she was involved in Emmeline Pankhurst's militant women's suffrage organisation the Women's Social and Political Union. During World War I she worked as a nurse in Serbia. After the war, she returned to Serbia with her companion Vera Holme to set up an orphanage in Bajina Bašta, a town in the west of the country.[2]

Early career

Evelina's birth is recorded as 'Honourable Evilena Scarlett' (with her first name spelled thus) born on 9 August 1867 at Inverlochy Castle, Kingussie in Scotland.[3][4] She was the third child of the 5 daughters and a son of William Frederick Scarlett, 3rd Baron Abinger and his wife Helen (Eileen) Magruder who was the daughter of a United States Navy Commodore.[4][5][6] Her childhood was divided between London and the Inverlochy estate.[7] In 1880 she went to school in Düsseldorf, Germany.[4] On 10 February 1887, at the age of 19, she married a Royal Artillery officer, Major Henry Wykeham Brooke Tunstall Haverfield, in Kensington, London, and the couple went to live at Sherborne, Dorset. Her husband was 20 years her senior.[4][7] The marriage was a happy one producing two sons, John Campbell Haverfield (born 1887) and Brook Tunstall Haverfield (born 1889) but Henry Haverfield died eight years later.[4][7]

Haverfield enjoyed a lifestyle not yet commonplace for women, for example, she rode a bicycle she called Pegasus.[7] Cycling was embraced by the suffragists as it was vehicle for 'fresh air' and freedom. The sense of liberation was dynamic during the Great War, when mobility was at a high premium and engendered equality. On 19 July 1899, she married John Henry Balguy, from a Derbyshire gentry family,[8] another Royal Artillery major, later a brigadier-general, and a friend of her late husband.[4][9] The ceremony took place in a Dorset hamlet called Caundle Marsh. The bride soon reverted to the name Haverfield and kept her home in Sherborne. On her wedding day, she wrote in her diary: 'I married Major Balguy with no intention of changing my name or mode of life in any way. He is an old friend of my darling Jack.'[10] During the Second Boer War, she travelled to South Africa for two years to act as assistant to her husband who was stationed there. She enjoyed being involved in the military zone and even took part in rifle practice.[7] While there she formed a retirement camp for horses.[4] After ten years, the couple separated, but did not divorce.[11]

Women's suffrage

Haverfield began to take an interest in politics and aligned herself with the moderate women's suffrage groups.[7] She joined the Sherborne branch of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies.[4] In 1908 she attended a rally at the Royal Albert Hall and started supporting the militant suffragettes, joining the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).[4] She took part in numerous protests and was arrested several times for obstructing and assaulting the police.[7]

In 1909 Haverfield took part in the Bill of Rights March.[7] Members of the WSPU, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, attempted to enter the House of Commons. They were blocked by the police and over 100 women were arrested, including Haverfield.[7] Following a WSPU demonstration in 1910 she was arrested for assaulting a police officer after hitting him in the mouth.[4][6] According to the charges brought against her, she had also said "It was not hard enough. Next time I will bring a revolver."[6] In 1911 she was among 200 women arrested in London for breaking windows and damaging government buildings during a public protest against the Manhood Suffrage bill. The Veto bill passing through the Commons was challenged several times by the Lords during efforts by the Liberal government to secure the provisions in their budgets in 1909 and 1910. The Parliament Act 1911

[12] Haverfield's part in this particular protest had been to attempt to disrupt a police cordon by leading police horses out of their rank.[6] In the same year Haverfield began a relationship with her fellow suffragette the actress Vera "Jack" Holme which lasted until Haverfield's death,[13]

although during 1919 Holme was living in Kirkcudbright where she had an affair with the artist Dorothy Johnstone.[14]

World War I

When World War I broke out in 1914, Haverfield became concerned with how women could help in the event of an invasion of the UK and founded the Women's Emergency Corps. In 1915 she volunteered to go abroad with the Scottish Women's Hospitals, joining Elsie Inglis in Serbia.[4][7] In early 1916, they were forced to leave Serbia following the German invasion.[4] Haverfield returned to England and gave press interviews about the situation in Serbia. In August, she travelled at Inglis' request to Dobrudja in Romania.[7] With Flora Sandes she founded the Hon. Evelina Haverfield's and Sert-Major Flora Sandes's Fund for Promoting Comforts for Serbian Soldiers and Prisoners.[6]

After the War

Following the end of the war, Evelina turned her attention to the orphaned Serbian children.[7] She travelled to Serbia with Vera Holme and helped to build a children's health centre in Bajina Basta which was later named after her.[15] She died on 21 March 1920 of pneumonia and is buried in the cemetery at Bajina Basta.[2] Holme was left £50 a year for life by Haverfield.[16]

See also

  • History of the bicycle craze
  • Elsie Inglis

References

1. ^{{cite book |url= |title=Genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry: founded by the late Sir Bernard Burke |volume=Band 1 |first1=Bernard |last1=Burke |first2=Charles Harry Clinton |last2=Pirie-Gordon |edition=15. Auflage |year=1937 |publisher=Shaw |pages=90}}
2. ^1 {{Cite web|url = http://cohse-union.blogspot.co.uk/2008/03/womens-reserve-ambulance-world-war-one.html|title = Women's Reserve Ambulance – World War One|date = |access-date = |website = COHSE Britain's Health Service Union|publisher = |last = |first = }}
3. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk|title = SR Birth Search Return for Scarlett 1865 – 1869|date = |access-date = |website = Scotland's People|publisher = |last = |first = }}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{Cite web | last = Crawford | first = Elizabeth | title = Haverfield, Evelina (1867–1920) | work = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = September 2004 | url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/56235 | accessdate =23 January 2010 }}
5. ^{{Cite web|url = http://thepeerage.com/p4805.htm#i48050|title = Lt.-Gen. William Frederick Scarlett, 3rd Baron Abinger|date = |access-date = |website = The Peerage|publisher = |last = |first = }}
6. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book | last = Crawford | first = Elizabeth | title = The women's suffrage movement: a reference guide, 1866–1928 | publisher = Routledge | date = 2001 | pages = 279 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=giffod3v0FsC&pg=RA1-PA279 | isbn = 0-415-23926-5}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{Cite web | last = Gaddes | first = Boyce | title = The Life of Evelina Haverfield | publisher = FirstWorldWar.com | date = 22 August 2009 | url = http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/haverfield_01.htm | accessdate =23 January 2010 }}
8. ^A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland, fifth ed., vol. I, Sir Bernard Burke, 1871, p. 51, 'Balguy of Duffield' pedigree
9. ^{{cite web | title = Lot 422, 13 September 2012 | work = Orders, Decorations, Medals and Militaria (13 – 14 September 2012) | publisher = Dix Noonan Webb | url = http://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/catalogue-archive/lot.php?department=Medals&lot_id=85862 | doi = | accessdate =30 June 2010 }}
10. ^Rise Up Women! The Remarkable Lives of the Suffragettes, Diane Atkinson, Bloomsbury, 2018
11. ^Women and War: A Historical Encyclopaedia from Antiquity to the Present, vol. 1, ed. Bernard A. Cook, ABC CLIO, 2006, p. 277
12. ^{{Citation | author2-link = | title = Women Smash London Windows | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 22 November 1911 | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D04EFDD1E31E233A25751C2A9679D946096D6CF | accessdate =23 January 2010}}
13. ^{{Cite web | title = Papers of Vera (Jack) Holme | publisher = The National Archives | url = http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=106-7vjh&cid=-1#-1 | accessdate = 30 June 2013 }}
14. ^Vera ‘Jack’ Holme – one of the stars of the Women’s Library Collection, Gillian Murphy, LSE, Retrieved 15 Mar 2017
15. ^{{Cite news | title = A Great Loss | newspaper = The Globe | date = 26 March 1920 |page=2 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=fzk8AAAAIBAJ&sjid=_ikMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2220%2C8656870 | accessdate =5 March 2016}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/WholmeV.htm|title=Vera Holme|work=Spartacus Educational|access-date=2017-05-16}}
{{Commons category|Evelina Haverfield}}{{s-start}}{{s-off}}{{succession box|title=Honorary Treasurer of the East London Federation of Suffragettes|before=Sybil Thomas|after=Edgar Lansbury|years=1914}}{{s-end}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Haverfield, Evelina}}

15 : 1867 births|1920 deaths|People from Badenoch and Strathspey|People from Kingussie|British suffragists|British nurses|Female wartime nurses|Female nurses in World War I|British women in World War I|Women of the Victorian era|Members of the Workers' Socialist Federation|Deaths from pneumonia|Infectious disease deaths in Serbia|Burials at Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches|Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service
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