| 词条 | Everard Baths |
| 释义 |
| name = Everard Baths | image = Eveard-bath1.jpg | caption = Baths in 2009 | coordinates = {{Coord|40.7454|-73.9892|region:US-NY_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | building_type = Bath house | address = 28 West 28th Street | location = New York City | location_country = United States | opened_date = {{Start date|1888}} | closing_date = {{End date|1986|04}} | renovation_date = 1977 | facilities =private rooms, wet and dry steamrooms, pool }} The Everard Baths or Everard Spa Turkish Bathhouse was a gay bathhouse at 28 West 28th Street in New York City that operated from 1888 to 1986. The venue occupied an adaptively reused church building and was the site of a deadly fire. HistoryEverard Baths was a Turkish bath founded by financier James Everard in 1888 in a former church building, designed in a typical late-nineteenth-century Victorian Romanesque Revival architectural style. James Everard who operated the Everard brewery on 135th Street converted it to a bathhouse in 1888. Everard's bathhouse was intended for general health and fitness.[1]On November 28, 1898, a soldier was found dead in his room at the baths and gas was suspected.[2][2] On January 5, 1919, the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice encouraged a police raid in which the manager and nine customers were arrested for lewd behavior. It was raided again in 1920 with 15 arrests.[3] It was patronized largely by homosexuals by the 1920s and became the community's preeminent social venue from the 1930s onward.[4] It was patronized by gay men before the 1920s and by the 1930s had a reputation as "classiest, safest, and best known of the baths," eventually picking up the nickname "Everhard".[5] The entrance was lit by two green lamps giving it, according to patrons, the appearance of a police precinct and giving rise to speculation that it was owned for a period by the Patrolmen's Benevolent Association of the City of New York (a claim that would be vehemently denied after patrons died in a 1977 fire). Emlyn Williams described a visit in 1927: Up some stairs at a desk an ashen bored man in shirtsleeves produced a ledger crammed with illegible scrawls. I added mine, paid my dollar, was handed a key, towel and robe, hung the key on my wrist and mounted to a large floor as big as a warehouse and as high: intersecting rows of private rooms each windowless cell dark except from the glimmer from above through wire-netting shredded with dust and containing a narrow workhouse bed...[he later heard] a casual whisper, a sigh lighter than thistle-down, a smothered moan. Then appeasement: the snap of a lighter as two strangers sat back for a smoke and polite murmured small talk, such as they might exchange in a gym.[6] Among the documented patrons were Alfred Lunt, Clifton Webb, Noel Coward, Lorenz Hart, Truman Capote, Charles James, Gore Vidal and Rudolf Nureyev.[7] Truman Capote and Ned Rorem wrote about their visits.[8] On May 25, 1977, nine patrons (ages 17 to 40) were killed in a fire: seven from smoke inhalation, one from respiratory burns, and one who had jumped from an upper floor. Contributing factors were the deteriorating conditions and the lack of sprinklers.[9] Firefighters said they were thwarted in rescue efforts by paneling covering the windows. Between 80 and 100 patrons left the building; the indefinite number was because the club did not have registration at the time. Most of the victims were identified by friends rather than family.[10] Accounts said costs were $5 for a locker or $7 for a cubicle ($6 and $9.25 on weekends).[11] Despite total destruction of the top two floors, the two floors were rebuilt and the baths would reopen.[12] However, it was closed in April 1986 by New York City mayor Ed Koch during the city’s campaign to close such venues during the AIDS epidemic.[9] Popular cultureMichael Rumaker wrote a book A Day and a Night at the Baths devoted totally to the baths.[13]The bath is also described in the novels Dancer from the Dance by Andrew Holleran,[14] Faggots by Larry Kramer, and Now Voyagers by James McCourt. References1. ^J. Russiello, A Sympathetic Planning Hierarchy for Redundant Churches: A Comparison of Continued Use and Reuse in Denmark, England and the United States of America] (MSc Conservation of Historic Buildings, University of Bath, 2008), p.383. 2. ^{{cite news|newspaper=Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1898/11/29/102570279.pdf|date=29 November 1898|title=Ex-Soldier Killed by Gas | format=PDF}} 3. ^{{citation | last=Chauncey | first=George | year=1995 | title=Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940 | edition=reprint | publisher=Basic Books | isbn=978-0-465-02621-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M27vzxO0kd0C&cd=1}} 4. ^{{harv|Stein|2004|p=90}} 5. ^{{harv|Miller|1995|p=143}} 6. ^1 {{citation | last1=Colter | first1=Ephen Glenn | year=1996 | title=Policing public sex: queer politics and the future of AIDS activism | last2=Bedfellows | first2=Dangerous | editor1=Ephen Glenn Colter | editor2=Dangerous Bedfellows | publisher=South End Press | isbn=978-0-89608-549-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqMoLytiNlUC}} 7. ^{{citation | last=McCourt | first=James | year=2004 | title=Queer street: rise and fall of an American culture, 1947-1985 : excursions in the mind of the life | publisher=W.W. Norton | isbn=978-0-393-05051-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w095qAb2BsgC&cd=1}} 8. ^{{citation | last=Plimpton | first=George | year=1997 | title=Truman Capote: in which various friends, enemies, acquaintances, and detractors recall his turbulent career | publisher=Nan A. Talese/Doubleday | isbn=978-0-385-23249-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGBoAAAAMAAJ&cd=1}} 9. ^1 Scott Bronstein, “4 New York Bathhouses Still Operate Under City’s Program of Inspections,” The New York Times (3 May 1987). 10. ^[https://select.nytimes.com/mem/archive/pdf?res=F10816F83E5F15768FDDAE0A94DD405B878BF1D3 9 Killed in Bath Fire Identified by Friends - New York Times - May 27, 1977] 11. ^http://bitterqueen.typepad.com/history_of_gay_bars_in_ne/2007/12/the-everard-bat.html 12. ^http://www.colors-of-leather.com/Lthr%20bars/Bars%202nd%20page/EFG/Everard%20Baths.htm 13. ^A Day and a Night at the Baths by Michael Rumaker Grey Fox Press (1979) {{ISBN|0-912516-44-5}} 14. ^{{citation | last=Holleran | first=Andrew | year=2001 | title=Dancer from the dance: a novel | edition=reprint | publisher=Perennial | isbn=978-0-06-093706-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCDrJZyrW-oC&cd=1}} External links
12 : 1888 establishments in New York (state)|1977 events in the United States|1986 disestablishments in New York (state)|Building fires in New York City|Buildings and structures in Manhattan|Burned buildings and structures in the United States|Churches in Manhattan|Closed churches in New York City|Former churches in New York (state)|Gay bathhouses in New York City|LGBT history in New York City|Romanesque Revival architecture in New York City |
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