“Iqaluit”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Iqaluit ({{IPAc-en|i|ˈ|k|æ|l|u|ɪ|t}} {{respell|ee|KAL|oo|it}}; {{IPA-fr|ikalɥi(t)|lang}}; {{lang-iu|ᐃᖃᓗᐃᑦ}} {{IPA-iu|iqaːluit|}}), meaning "place of fish",^[8] is the capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut, its largest community, and its only city. It was known as Frobisher Bay from 1942 to 1987, after the large bay on the coast of which the city is situated, when the traditional Inuktitut name was restored.

In 1999, Iqaluit was designated the capital of Nunavut after the division of the Northwest Territories into two separate territories. Before this event, Iqaluit was a small city and not well known outside the Canadian Arctic or Canada, with population and economic growth highly limited. This is due to the city's isolation and heavy dependence on expensively imported supplies, as the city, like the rest of Nunavut, has no road, rail, or even ship connections for part of the year to the rest of Canada. The city has a polar climate, influenced by the cold deep waters of the Labrador Current just off Baffin Island; this makes the city of Iqaluit cold, although the city is well south of the Arctic Circle.

As of the 2016 census, the population was 7,740 (Population Centre: 7,082^[9]), an increase of 15.5 percent from the 2011 census. Iqaluit has the lowest population of any capital city in Canada.^[10] Inhabitants of Iqaluit are called Iqalummiut (singular: Iqalummiuq).

History

Iqaluit has been a traditional fishing location used by Inuit for thousands of years. Their name, Iqaluit, means place of many fish.^[11]

World War II resulted in an influx of non-Inuit to the area, as Canada and the United States cooperated in the defence of Europe. In 1942, the United States built an American air base there, on a long-term lease with the Canadian government, in order to provide a stop-over and refuelling site for the short-range aircraft being ferried to Europe to support the war effort. Iqaluit's first permanent resident was Nakasuk, an Inuk guide who helped US Army Air Force planners to choose a site with a large flat area suitable for a landing strip. The wartime airstrip was known as Crystal Two and was part of the Crimson Route.

It had long been used as a campsite and fishing spot by the Inuit, who called it Iqaluit – "place of many fish" in Inuktitut. The US and Canadian authorities named it Frobisher Bay, after the name of the body of water it borders. For the history of the air base, see Frobisher Bay Air Base.

In 1949, after the war, the Hudson's Bay Company moved its south Baffin operations to the neighbouring valley of Niaqunngut, officially called Apex, in order to use the airfield. In the mid-1950s, the population of Frobisher Bay increased rapidly during the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW line, a system of defensive radar stations—see North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)). Hundreds of mostly non-Inuit construction workers, military personnel, and administrative staff moved into the community, and several hundred Inuit followed, to take advantage of the access to jobs and medical care provided by the base operations. By 1957, 489 of the town's 1,200 residents were reported to be Inuit. After 1959, the Canadian government established permanent services at Frobisher Bay, including full-time doctors, a school, and social services. The Inuit population grew rapidly in response, as the government encouraged Inuit to settle permanently in communities supported by government services.

Naval Radio Station (NRS) Frobisher Bay, callsign CFI, was established in July 1954 as a result of the closure of NRS Chimo, Quebec. Station CFI was part of the Supplementary Radio network. Because of its remoteness and size, it was very expensive to operate. Advancing technology eventually forced the closure of CFI in 1967.

The American military left Iqaluit in 1963, as their development of the intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) diminished the strategic value of the DEW line and Arctic airbases. Canada continued to operate an administrative and logistical centre for much of the eastern Arctic at Frobisher Bay. In 1964, the first local elections were held for a community council, and in 1979 for the first mayor. The founding of the Gordon Robertson Educational Centre, now Inuksuk High School, in the early 1970s at Iqaluit confirmed the government's commitment to the community as an administrative centre. At the time of its founding, this was the sole high school operating in what constituted more than one-seventh of Canadian territory.

On 1 January 1987, the name of the municipality was changed from "Frobisher Bay" to "Iqaluit" – aligning official usage with the name that the Inuit population had always used. (Many documents were made that referred to Iqaluit as Frobisher Bay for several years after 1987). In December 1995, Iqaluit was selected by a territory-wide referendum to serve as Nunavut's future capital; it was chosen over Rankin Inlet. On 19 April 2001, it was designated a city.

Canada designated Iqaluit as the host city for the 2010 meeting of the G7 finance ministers, held on 5–6 February.^[12] The requirements for the international meeting strained the northern communications technology infrastructure and required supplemental investment.^[13]

Timeline

Geography

Iqaluit is located in the Everett Mountains rising from Koojesse (Kuujussi) Inlet, an inlet of Frobisher Bay, on the southeast part of Baffin Island. It is well to the east of Nunavut's mainland, and northeast of Hudson Bay.

Climate

Iqaluit has a tundra climate (Köppen: ET) typical of the Arctic region, although it is well outside the Arctic Circle. The city features very long, cold winters and brief summers that are too cool to permit the growth of trees. Although it is north of the tree line, there are still shrubs, which are woody plants. These include the Arctic willow (Salix arctica), which is hard to recognize as a tree because of its low height. The permafrost does not allow the taproot to get deeper than {{convert|6|in|abbr=on|order=flip}}, disallowing vertical growth. The Arctic willow may be up to around {{Convert|25|ft|abbr=on|order=flip}} horizontally, but only {{convert|6|in|abbr=on|order=flip}} tall. Average monthly temperatures are below freezing for eight months of the year.^[16] Iqaluit averages just over {{convert|400|mm|abbr=on}} of precipitation annually, much wetter than many other localities in the Arctic Archipelago, with the summer being the wettest season. Temperatures of the winter months are comparable to other northern communities further west on the continent such as Yellowknife and to some extent even Fairbanks, even though Iqaluit is a few degrees colder than the latter. Summer temperatures are, however, much colder due to its easterly maritime position affected by the waters of the cold Baffin Island Current. This means that the tree line is much further south in the eastern part of Canada, being as southbound, in spite of low elevation, as northern Labrador.^[17]

In comparison, the climate of Iqaluit is severely cold compared to Gulf Stream locations on the same latitude. For example, the Norwegian city of Trondheim has an annual mean temperature that is {{convert|16|C-change}} milder.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Iqaluit was {{convert|26.7|C|0}} on 21 July 2008.^[22] The lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-45.6|C|0}} on 10 February 1967.^[23]

Cityscape

Neighbourhoods

Suburbs

Apex, officially and functionally part of the City of Iqaluit, is a small community about {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} southeast ({{Coord|63|43|47|N|068|26|48|W|type:city_region:CA-NU_scale:20000|name=Apex}}) from Iqaluit's centre and is known in Inuktitut as Niaqunngut. It is located on a small peninsula separating Koojesse Inlet from Tarr Inlet. There is a women's shelter, a church, a primary school (Nanook Elementary School), a design shop and a bed-and-breakfast in the community. Apex was where most Inuit lived when Iqaluit was a military site, and as such the suburb was off-limits to anyone not working at the base.

Architecture and attractions

Much of Iqaluit's architecture is functional – designed to minimize material costs, while retaining heat and withstanding the climate. Early architecture runs from the 1950s military barracks of the original DEW line installation, through the 1970s white hyper-modernist fibreglass block of the Nakasuk School and Municipal Offices and Arena, to the lines of the steel-reinforced concrete high-rise complex on the hill above it. A number of older Hudson's Bay Company and early 1950s buildings have been retained and restored in Apex (the former nursing station has been revived as the Rannva Bed and Breakfast, the HBC buildings as an art gallery). The newer buildings are more colourful and diverse, and closer to the norms of southern architecture.

The principal exception is the Nunavut Legislative Assembly Building, which is remarkable for its colourful interior, adorned with some of the very best in Inuit art. A new legislative building is in planning to be developed and built outside the city on the Apex Road.

Another distinctive building was St. Jude's Anglican Cathedral, see of the Anglican Diocese of The Arctic, which was a white building shaped like an igloo. The altar was built by the parishioners, under the guidance of Markoosie Peter, a traditional master carpenter. It was shaped like a traditional Inuit sled, and the cross composed of two crossed narwhal tusks. An incident of arson severely affected the Cathedral structure and interior on 5 November 2005,^[24] and it was demolished on 1 June 2006. The cathedral is slowly being rebuilt (foundation 2008 superstructure 2010) and fund-raising continues locally and internationally. In December 2010, the exterior of a similarly shaped replacement cathedral was completed, and interior work was planned for 2011 with a potential opening for Christmas 2011. The current building, informally referred to as the Igloo Cathedral, was opened on June 3, 2012. The unique building, in the shape of an igloo, has traditionally been a landmark and tourist attraction in Iqaluit, besides its important spiritual role for Iqalummiut (people of Iqaluit).

On a ridge overlooking the city is the distinctive blue and white Inuksuk High School. The school is made up of four square sections joined together that give a cloverleaf shape when viewed from the air.

The city is also the location of the Nunatta Sunakkutaangit Museum, which houses a large collection of Inuit and Arctic objects. The museum is housed in a restored and extended Hudson's Bay Company building, clad in the HBC signature red and white, transported to Iqaluit from its original site on the Apex Beach.

Just west of Iqaluit is the Sylvia Grinnell Territorial Park Reserve. This park is dominated by the valley of the Sylvia Grinnell River. A small visitor's centre with viewing platform is located on top of a hill overlooking scenic waterfalls, tidal flats and traditional fishing sites.

Nearby on an island near Peterhead Inlet, is the Qaummaarviit Territorial Historic Park. It is a site with a long Inuit history and numerous artifacts have been recovered, including the remains of 11 semi-buried sod houses.

A little farther, across Frobisher Bay, are the Katannilik Territorial Park Reserve and the Soper Heritage River Park forming a park corridor linking Iqaluit along traditional overland travel routes with Kimmirut (formerly Lake Harbour). Frobisher Bay extends for almost {{convert|70|mi|order=flip|sigfig=2}} to the east, with moderate hills, glaciers and traditional and summer camp sites, opening into the Davis Straits which divide Nunavut from Greenland.

Iqaluit, like many Nunavut communities, has a volunteer-run annual spring festival. Called Toonik Tyme it involves a combination of traditional Inuit activities combined with more modern events, while the Alianait Music and Arts Festival is held for a week each June 21.

Demographics

The 2016 census reported that there were 7,740, people living in Iqaluit, a 15.5% increase from 2011 census. The land area of the city is {{convert|52.50|km2|abbr=on}}, therefore a population density of {{convert|147.4|PD/sqkm}}. Iqaluit has 3,419 private dwellings, 2,749 of which are occupied by usual residents.^[10] The median value of these dwellings is $376,639, quite a bit higher than the national median at $280,552. The average household has about 2.8 people living in it, and the average family has 1.4 children living at home with them. The median (after-tax) household income in Iqaluit is quite high, $98,921, almost double the national rate at $54,089. The median income for an individual in the city, is also high, $60,688. 5.9% of people (over 15 years old) are either divorced or separated, which is quite a bit lower than the national rate at 8.6%. Also, 53.3% of the population is either married or living with a common law partner.

Iqaluit has quite a young population, the median age of the population is more than 10 years younger than the national rate, 30.1 years old compared to 40.6 years old.

Iqaluit has the most Inuit people in both numbers (3,900) and percentages (59.1%), of all Canadian cities with populations greater than 5,000. The racial make up is:^[25]

There is no "majority mother tongue" in Iqaluit, as 45.4% reported their mother tongue as being English, and 45.4% also reported their mother tongue as Inuktitut. 97.2% of Iqalummiuts can speak English, however, whereas only 53.1% can speak Inuktitut. French was the mother tongue of 4.8% of the population, which is the same figure of the population who can speak the language. As of 2012, "Pirurvik, Iqaluit’s Inuktitut language training centre, has a new goal: to train instructors from Nunavut communities to teach Inuktitut in different ways and in their own dialects when they return home."^[27]

74.9% of the population practise some form of Christianity (Anglican is the most popular at 42.6%), and 22.9% of the population identify as having no religious affiliation. There are other religions practised in the city, just not in large numbers.

Education

The Qikiqtani School Operations based in Pond Inlet operates five schools in the area. Nanook Elementary School, located in Apex, Nakasuk School and Joamie Ilinniarvik School offer kindergarten to grade 5. Aqsarniit Ilinniarvik School offers grades 6 to 8 and Inuksuk High School offers grades 9 to 12.^[28]

The Commission scolaire francophone du Nunavut runs École des Trois-Soleils and offers kindergarten to grade 8.^[29]

At the post-secondary level there are two, Nunavut Arctic College (Nunatta Campus) and Akitsiraq Law School.

Infrastructure

Emergency services

Emergency services (fire and ambulance) are provided by city from a single station on Niaqunngusiariaq.^[30]

Iqaluit Airport Emergency Services is responsible for fire services at the airport. Following a fire at the airport in 1998, the Government of Nunavut re-opened the fire station at the airport.^[31] Their fleet consists of:

Policing in Iqaluit, as with the rest of Nunavut is contracted to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) V Division.^[32]

Medical services

Qikiqtani General Hospital is the primary care facility in the city. There is also a Family Practice Clinic providing primary care services by Nurse Practitioners. There are two dental clinics in the city.

Transportation

Iqaluit is the smallest Canadian capital in terms of population, and the only capital that is not connected to other settlements by a highway. Located on an island remote from the Canadian highway system, Iqaluit is generally only accessible by aircraft and, subject to ice conditions, by boat.

Iqaluit Airport is a modern facility with a runway long enough for most modern jet aircraft. A new, larger passenger terminal building north of the old terminal was completed in 2018.

Iqaluit shared its runway with the Royal Canadian Air Force until the Canadian Forces stopped using Iqaluit as a Forward Operating Location (FOL). The barracks and CF-18 hangars are maintained. The airport was a centre for cold-weather testing of new aircraft, such as the Airbus A380 in February 2006.

Rumours that Iqaluit was an emergency landing site for the Space Shuttle are false.^[35]

In the middle of summer, a few ships—generally no larger than a Liberty-class vessel—transport bulk and heavy goods to the city. Cargo is off-loaded onto barges as the harbour is not deep enough. The city is planning a deepwater port.^[36] Experienced locals also cross the Hudson Strait from the Canadian mainland when it freezes over, either on foot or by dog sled or snowmobile, a distance of over {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}}.

Iqaluit has a local road system only stretching from the nearby community of Apex to the Sylvia Grinnell Territorial Park, {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} west of town. Iqaluit has no public transportation, although there is citywide taxi service. There used to be bus service in the city, but the service was cancelled due to low ridership. Motor cars are increasing in number, to the extent of causing occasional traffic jams known locally as "the rush minute". However, the cost of shipping automobiles and the wear-and-tear of the harsh Arctic climate combined with its notoriously rough roadways mean that snowmobiles remain the preferred form of personal transportation. All-terrain vehicles are also increasingly common in most of the Canadian Arctic. Snowmobiles are used to travel within the city and in the surrounding area. In winter, dog sleds are still used, but primarily for recreation. In winter, the nearby Qaummaarviit Territorial Historic Park and the more remote Katannilik Territorial Park Reserve are only accessible by snowmobile, dog sled or foot. In the summer, both are accessible by boat. Most major roads within Iqaluit are paved with asphalt, but local and smaller roads are gravel. Roads do not have traffic signals, but use stop signs to control intersections.

Residents and businesses identify their locations mostly by building number, and occasionally by the name of a prominent structure. Residents know where in the city certain series of building numbers are located; numbers tend to be aggregated in blocks, so someone might say that they live in the 2600s. Around 2003, street names were developed, although there were delays in finalizing them and posting the signs. Street numbers have not been assigned, and building numbers continue to be used. Iqaluit is the only Canadian capital city not to have traffic signals.^[37]

Waste and water treatment

The city's infrastructure is stressed by growth and lack of means to upgrade. Waste from the city is disposed off into an open air dump on Akilliq Drive (West 40) located south of the city.^[38]

Although the city has water treatment facilities, raw sewage from the city is often dumped untreated into nearby Frobisher Bay.^[38]

As the dump has reached capacity, the city plans to open a second dump {{convert|9|km|mi}} north of the city.^[39] Iqaluit does not have a recycling program in place with all recyclable materials sent into the waste stream.

Media

Communications

Press

Radio

Television

Iqaluit was served by CFFB-TV channel 8, a CBC Television/CBC North repeater of CFYK-DT (Yellowknife) until July 31, 2012 when it was closed because of budget cuts at the CBC.^[40]^[41]

Notable people

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.city.iqaluit.nu.ca/i18n/english/members.html|title=Council Members|publisher=City.iqaluit.nu.ca|date=|accessdate=2011-03-02|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510084147/http://www.city.iqaluit.nu.ca/i18n/english/members.html|archivedate=2011-05-10|df=}}
2. ^Results for the constituency of Iqaluit-Manirajak {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113235831/http://www1.elections.nu.ca/apps/Elections/dspResults.aspx?election=21&const=Iqaluit-Manirajak|date=2013-11-13}} at Elections Nunavut
3. ^Results for the constituency of Iqaluit-Niaqunnguu {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114000229/http://www1.elections.nu.ca/apps/Elections/dspResults.aspx?election=21&const=Iqaluit-Niaqunnguu|date=2013-11-14}} at Elections Nunavut
4. ^Results for the constituency of Iqaluit-Sinaa {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113235759/http://www1.elections.nu.ca/apps/Elections/dspResults.aspx?election=21&const=Iqaluit-Sinaa|date=2013-11-13}} at Elections Nunavut
5. ^Results for the constituency of Iqaluit-Tasiluk {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114000331/http://www1.elections.nu.ca/apps/Elections/dspResults.aspx?election=21&const=Iqaluit-Tasiluk|date=2013-11-14}}
6. ^"MAYOR MADELEINE REDFERN" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408081429/http://www.city.iqaluit.nu.ca/city-hall/mayor|date=2017-04-08}}. City of Iqaluit, April 7, 2017.
7. ^Elevation at airport. {{CFS}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iqaluit|title=Iqaluit {{!}} Nunavut, Canada|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-09-17|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918023617/https://www.britannica.com/place/Iqaluit|archivedate=2017-09-18|df=}}
9. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=0306&Geo2=CD&Code2=6204&Data=Count&SearchText=Iqaluit&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=0306&TABID=11|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census Iqaluit [Population centre]|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2016|accessdate=2016-03-03|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304044325/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=POPC&Code1=0306&Geo2=CD&Code2=6204&Data=Count&SearchText=Iqaluit&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=0306&TABID=11|archivedate=2017-03-04|df=}}
10. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=6204003&Geo2=CD&Code2=6204&Data=Count&SearchText=Iqaluit&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=6204003&TABID=11|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census|publisher=Statistics Canada|accessdate=2017-03-02|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304044341/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=6204003&Geo2=CD&Code2=6204&Data=Count&SearchText=Iqaluit&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=6204003&TABID=11|archivedate=2017-03-04|df=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.city.iqaluit.nu.ca/visitors/explore-iqaluit/history|title=About Iqaluit: History & Milestones - City of Iqaluit|author=|date=|website=www.city.iqaluit.nu.ca|accessdate=2 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502131725/https://www.city.iqaluit.nu.ca/visitors/explore-iqaluit/history|archivedate=2 May 2018|df=}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/iqaluit-g7-talks-serious-business-aglukkaq-1.924821 |title=Iqaluit G7 talks serious business: Aglukkaq|publisher=Cbc.ca |date=2010-02-02 |accessdate=2013-12-12| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922173405/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2010/02/02/iqa-g7-talks.html | archivedate=2012-09-22|deadurl=no}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/g7-tests-nunavut-data-networks-1.890104 |title=G7 tests Nunavut data networks |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=2010-02-04 |accessdate=2013-12-12 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120104203326/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2010/02/04/iqaluit-g7-communications.html | archivedate=2012-01-04 |deadurl=no}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nunanet.com/~nunat/week/51215.html#2 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070311101305/http://www.nunanet.com/~nunat/week/51215.html%232 |dead-url=yes|title=Iqaluit Wins the Capital Plebiscite |date=December 15, 1995 |publisher=Nunatisaq News |accessdate=2006-07-30}}
15. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2009/11/18/nunavut-g7-meet.html |title=Iqaluit to host G7 finance meeting |publisher=CBC News |date=2009-11-18 |accessdate=2012-08-25 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114180504/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2009/11/18/nunavut-g7-meet.html |archivedate=2012-11-14 |df= }}
16. ^{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/ | title = Iqaluit A | work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981−2010 | publisher = Environment Canada | accessdate = September 6, 2013 | df = }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/files/K-12/Curriculum/social-studies/circumpolar-world/maps/C2-Map-Page-17-The-Treeline-in-Canada.pdf|title=The Treeline in Canada|publisher=NWT Department of Education, Culture and Employment|accessdate=10 February 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210030744/http://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/files/K-12/Curriculum/social-studies/circumpolar-world/maps/C2-Map-Page-17-The-Treeline-in-Canada.pdf|archivedate=10 February 2015|df=}}
18. ^¹{{cite web |publisher = Environment Canada |url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2004-12-16%7C2016-05-13&dlyRange=2004-05-25%7C2016-05-13&mlyRange=2005-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=42503&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=14&txtStationName=iqaluit&timeframe=2&Year=2008 |id = Climate ID: 2402592 |title = July 2008 |work = Canadian Climate Data |accessdate = 14 May 2016 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160610034909/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2004-12-16%7C2016-05-13&dlyRange=2004-05-25%7C2016-05-13&mlyRange=2005-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=42503&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&Month=7&Day=14&txtStationName=iqaluit&timeframe=2&Year=2008 |archivedate = 10 June 2016 |df = }}
19. ^¹{{cite web | publisher = Environment Canada | url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=1758 | id = Climate ID: 2402590 | title = Iqaluit A | work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 | accessdate = February 24, 2014 | deadurl = no | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170516193447/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=1758 | archivedate = May 16, 2017 | df = }}
20. ^{{cite web |publisher = Environment Canada |url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2014-02-06&dlyRange=1946-01-01%7C2008-07-17&mlyRange=1946-01-01%7C2007-09-01&StationID=1758&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=14&txtStationName=iqaluit&timeframe=2&Year=1999 |id = Climate ID: 2402590 |title = March 1999 |work = Canadian Climate Data |accessdate = 14 May 2016 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160610041412/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2014-02-06&dlyRange=1946-01-01%7C2008-07-17&mlyRange=1946-01-01%7C2007-09-01&StationID=1758&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&Month=3&Day=14&txtStationName=iqaluit&timeframe=2&Year=1999 |archivedate = 10 June 2016 |df = }}
21. ^{{cite web |publisher = Environment Canada |url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2004-12-16%7C2016-05-13&dlyRange=2004-05-25%7C2016-05-13&mlyRange=2005-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=42503&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=iqaluit&timeframe=2&Year=2010&Month=9# |id = Climate ID: 2402592 |title = September 2010 |work = Canadian Climate Data |accessdate = 14 May 2016 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160610040457/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2004-12-16%7C2016-05-13&dlyRange=2004-05-25%7C2016-05-13&mlyRange=2005-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=42503&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=iqaluit&timeframe=2&Year=2010&Month=9 |archivedate = 10 June 2016 |df = }}
22. ^{{cite web |publisher = Environment Canada |url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2004-12-16%7C2016-05-13&dlyRange=2004-05-25%7C2016-05-13&mlyRange=2005-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=42503&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=iqaluit&timeframe=2&Year=2015&Month=10# |id = Climate ID: 2402592 |title = October 2015 |work = Canadian Climate Data |accessdate = 14 May 2016 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160610032411/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2004-12-16%7C2016-05-13&dlyRange=2004-05-25%7C2016-05-13&mlyRange=2005-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=42503&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=iqaluit&timeframe=2&Year=2015&Month=10 |archivedate = 10 June 2016 |df = }}
23. ^{{cite web |publisher = Environment Canada |url = http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2004-12-16%7C2016-05-13&dlyRange=2004-05-25%7C2016-05-13&mlyRange=2005-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=42503&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=iqaluit&timeframe=2&Year=2010&Month=12# |id = Climate ID: 2402592 |title = December 2010 |work = Canadian Climate Data |accessdate = 14 May 2016 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160610041200/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=2004-12-16%7C2016-05-13&dlyRange=2004-05-25%7C2016-05-13&mlyRange=2005-03-01%7C2007-11-01&StationID=42503&Prov=NU&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=3&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=iqaluit&timeframe=2&Year=2010&Month=12 |archivedate = 10 June 2016 |df = }}
24. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2005/11/10/iqaluit-church051110.html | work=CBC News | title=Iqaluit officials confirm cathedral fire was deliberately set | date=2005-11-10}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=6204003&Geo2=CD&Code2=6204&Data=Count&SearchText=Iqaluit&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible+minority&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Iqaluit, City [Census subdivision], Nunavut and Baffin, Region [Census division], Nunavut|first=Government of Canada, Statistics|last=Canada|date=|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|accessdate=2 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054352/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E|archivedate=17 March 2017|df=}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=6204003&Geo2=CD&Code2=6204&Data=Count&SearchText=Iqaluit&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Aboriginal+peoples&TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Iqaluit, City [Census subdivision], Nunavut and Baffin, Region [Census division], Nunavut|first=Government of Canada, Statistics|last=Canada|date=|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|accessdate=2 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317054352/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E|archivedate=17 March 2017|df=}}
27. ^{{Cite news |last = Dawson |first = Samantha |title = A new way to nurture the Inuit language: train the instructors |work = NunatsiaqOnline |accessdate = 2013-01-24 |date = 2013-01-17 |url = http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/65674a_new_way_to_spread_the_inuit_language_train_the_instructors/ |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130208065849/http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/65674a_new_way_to_spread_the_inuit_language_train_the_instructors |archivedate = 2013-02-08 |df = }}
28. ^Nunavut Schools Contact List {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101034241/http://www.gov.nu.ca/sites/default/files/nunavut_school_contact_list_24-sept-2015.pdf |date=2016-01-01 }}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/98789_iqaluits_french-language_school_spreads_its_wings/|title=Nunatsiaq News 2011-06-16: NEWS: Iqaluit’s French-language school spreads its wings|author=|date=|website=www.nunatsiaqonline.ca|accessdate=2 May 2018|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213200431/http://www.nunatsiaqonline.ca/stories/article/98789_iqaluits_french-language_school_spreads_its_wings/|archivedate=2018-02-13|df=}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.city.iqaluit.nu.ca/i18n/english/emergencyser.html |title=Welcome to the City of Iqaluit |publisher=City.iqaluit.nu.ca |date= |accessdate=2013-08-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922052700/http://www.city.iqaluit.nu.ca/i18n/english/emergencyser.html |archivedate=2013-09-22 |df= }}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://bst.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/aviation/1998/a98q0192/a98q0192.asp |title=Transportation Safety Board of Canada - Aviation Investigation Report A98Q0192 |publisher=Bst.gc.ca |date= |accessdate=2013-08-08 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130808234526/http://bst.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/aviation/1998/a98q0192/a98q0192.asp |archivedate=2013-08-08 |df= }}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rcmp.gc.ca/nu/about-ausujet-eng.htm|title=Nunavut - Royal Canadian Mounted Police|first=Government of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted|last=Police|date=|website=www.rcmp.gc.ca|accessdate=2 May 2018}}
33. ^{{cite web |url=http://micro.newswire.ca/release.cgi?rkey=1711096773&view=13213-0&Start=0&htm=0 |title=Air Canada expands its network north to Iqaluit |publisher=Micro.newswire.ca |date=2010-03-28 |accessdate=2011-03-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903232025/http://micro.newswire.ca/release.cgi?rkey=1711096773&view=13213-0&Start=0&htm=0 |archivedate=2015-09-03 |df= }}
34. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2011/07/04/air-canada-iqaluit-flights.html |title=Air Canada discontinues Iqaluit flights |publisher=www.cbc.ca |date=2011-07-04 |accessdate=2011-08-02 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810105736/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2011/07/04/air-canada-iqaluit-flights.html |archivedate=2011-08-10 |df= }}
35. ^{{cite web |author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/facility/sts-els.htm |title=List of Space Shuttle emergency landing sites at |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date=2005-04-27 |accessdate=2011-03-02 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331115426/http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/facility/sts-els.htm |archivedate=2016-03-31 |df= }}
36. ^Strategic Plan for the Iqaluit Deepwater Port Project {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031013206/http://www.city.iqaluit.nu.ca/i18n/english/pdf/portproject.pdf |date=2008-10-31 }}, retrieved from the City of Iqaluit web site, October 2008
37. ^ {{Dead link|date=July 2010}}
38. ^¹{{cite web |author=Nov 22, 2011 7:53 PM CST |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2011/11/22/north-big-fix-iqaluit.html |title=Iqaluit’s infrastructure struggles to keep up with growth - North - CBC News |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=2011-11-22 |accessdate=2013-08-08 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807131102/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2011/11/22/north-big-fix-iqaluit.html |archivedate=2013-08-07 |df= }}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.ca.msn.com/local/north/as-iqaluit-landfill-overflows-residents-propose-incinerator |title=As Iqaluit landfill overflows, residents propose incinerator - News - MSN CA |publisher=News.ca.msn.com |date=2013-07-22 |accessdate=2013-08-08}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/media-centre/2012/04/04/|title=April 4 • CBC/Radio-Canada|author=|date=|website=cbc.radio-canada.ca|accessdate=2 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150101094100/http://cbc.radio-canada.ca/en/media-centre/2012/04/04/|archivedate=1 January 2015|df=}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2012/2012-384.htm|title=ARCHIVED - Revocation of licences for the rebroadcasting stations CBIT Sydney and CBKST Saskatoon and licence amendment to remove analog transmitters for 23 English- and French-language television stations|first=Government of Canada, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|last=(CRTC)|date=|website=www.crtc.gc.ca|accessdate=2 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AYUwCfBq?url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2012/2012-384.htm|archivedate=9 September 2012|df=}}
42. ^"Inuk filmmaker mourned" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001307/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/inuk-filmmaker-mourned-1.860081 |date=2017-02-02 }}. CBC News, November 20, 2009.
43. ^¹[https://books.google.com/books?id=bKOxw3HB51YC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&dq=Simonie+Michael The road to Nunavut: the progress of the eastern Arctic Inuit since the Second World War] by Ronald Quinn Duffy
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.civilization.ca/media/docs/fs60s03e.html |title=Fact Sheet |language=fr |publisher=Civilization.ca |date= |accessdate=2011-03-02 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605132728/http://www.civilization.ca/media/docs/fs60s03e.html |archivedate=2009-06-05 |df= }}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vancouver2010.com/en/news/feature-stories/-/50870/32574/xaafsx/chasing-his-dreams-aqpik-peter.html |title=Chasing his dreams – Aqpik Peter leads way for Inuit youth |publisher=Vancouver2010.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-02}}
46. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2011/05/31/nunavut-legislature-spring.html |title=Nunavut MLAs choose Tootoo as new Speaker |publisher=cbc.ca/news |date=2011-05-31 |accessdate=2011-07-31 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505173640/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/story/2011/05/31/nunavut-legislature-spring.html |archivedate=2012-05-05 |df= }}