| 词条 | Fahrpanzer | ||||||
| 释义 |
| name = 5.3 cm Fahrpanzer | image = German_'Fahrpanzer'_with_cannon_5,3cm_photo2.JPG | image_size = 300 | caption =A German 5.3 cm Fahrpanzer at the Royal Military History Museum, Brussels, Belgium. | origin ={{flag|German Empire}} | type = | is_ranged = | is_bladed = | is_explosive = | is_artillery = yes | is_vehicle = | is_missile = | is_UK = | service =1892-1945 | used_by = | wars = Balkan Wars World War I{{Collapsed infobox section begin}} | designer =Hermann Gruson | design_date =1890 | manufacturer =H. Gruson Eisengiesserei & Maschinenfabrik Buckau | unit_cost = | production_date =1892 | number = | variants = | spec_label = | weight =Travel: {{convert|2940|kg|lb|abbr=on}} Combat: {{convert|2240|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[1] | length = | part_length ={{convert|1.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} L/24.5 | width = | height = | diameter = | crew = | cartridge =Fixed QF 53 x 176 R[2] | cartridge_weight ={{convert|1.75|kg|lboz|abbr=on}} | caliber ={{convert|5.3|cm|in|abbr=on}} | barrels = | action = | rate = 30-35 rpm | velocity ={{convert|495|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} | range = | max_range ={{convert|3|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}[1] | feed = | sights = | breech = Falling block action | recoil = | carriage = Horse cart for transport, {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} military gauge tracks | elevation =-10° to +10° | traverse =360°[1] | armour =Turret Face: {{convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on}} Turret Rear: {{convert|15|mm|in|abbr=on}} Tower: {{convert|7|mm|in|abbr=on}} | primary_armament = | secondary_armament = | engine = | engine_power = | pw_ratio = | transmission = | payload_capacity = | suspension = | clearance = | fuel_capacity = | vehicle_range = | speed = | guidance = | steering = }}{{Collapsed infobox section end}}{{Infobox weapon | name = 5.7 cm Fahrpanzer | image = Armoured mobile-gun (cropped).JPG | image_size = 300 | caption = A captured Bulgarian 5.7 cm Fahrpanzer at the Athens Military Museum. | origin ={{flag|German Empire}} | type = | is_ranged = | is_bladed = | is_explosive = | is_artillery = yes | is_vehicle = | is_missile = | is_UK = | service = | used_by = | wars =Balkan Wars World War I{{Collapsed infobox section begin}} | designer = | design_date = | manufacturer = | unit_cost = | production_date = | number = | variants = | spec_label = | weight =Travel: {{convert|3600|kg|lb|abbr=on}} Combat: {{convert|2550|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[3] | length = | part_length ={{convert|1.46|m|ftin|abbr=on}} L/25.6 | width = | height = | diameter = | crew = | cartridge =Fixed QF 57 x 250 R[2] | cartridge_weight ={{convert|2.7-4|kg|lboz|abbr=on}} | caliber ={{convert|5.7|cm|in|abbr=on}} | barrels = | action = | rate = 30-35 rpm | velocity ={{convert|495|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} | range = | max_range ={{convert|5.5|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}[3] | feed = | sights = | breech = Falling block action | recoil = | carriage = Horse cart for transport, 60 cm rail track on site | elevation =-10° to +10° | traverse =360°[3] | armour = | primary_armament = | secondary_armament = | engine = | engine_power = | pw_ratio = | transmission = | payload_capacity = | suspension = | clearance = | fuel_capacity = | vehicle_range = | speed = | guidance = | steering = }}{{Collapsed infobox section end}} The Fahrpanzer was a mobile artillery piece made prior to World War I in Germany, implemented in several German fortifications from 1890 onwards and exported to several foreign military powers prior to the outbreak of hostilities. SpecificationsBeginning in 1878 the German industrialist Hermann Gruson's company located in Magdeburg, Germany specialized in the design and construction of armored gun turrets for fortifications. In 1892 Gruson's company merged with Krupp which greatly increased production capacity and the market for their designs. Gruson works turrets could be found in fortifications in Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, and Italy. One of his companies products was the Fahrpanzer which was a type of mobile armored pillbox. As designed the Fahrpanzer was mounted on narrow gauge railroad trucks and was wheeled along {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} military gauge tracks to its battle station. When not in use it would be pushed into a protective bunker to avoid damage during heavy bombardment. The Fahrpanzer was not autonomous: as originally designed it could only be pushed into place and rearmed from outside. It is not clear whether in practice any Fahrpanzer were retrofitted to be self-propelled or self-reloading. However artillery pieces of any kind were in short supply during World War I, and many Fahrpanzers were removed from their fortifications and installed in forward trenches by the Germans.[4] For road transport, the Fahrpanzers had purpose-built horse-drawn carriages. Most export models of the Fahrpanzer were sold with such a carriage, and it appears some export Fahrpanzer remained affixed to their carriages for the duration of their military career. All Fahrpanzer were fully armored and operated by a two-man crew. They may have been positioned and rearmed by the gun crew, or by handlers stationed outside the weapon. In any event, the lack of self-propulsion and self-rearming capability placed its operators at risk. The Fahrpanzer could have benefitted from continued development to equip it with such capabilities, however, the emergence of fully autonomous armored tanks on the battlefield effectively rendered the concept obsolete. A period illustration clearly showing several remote-controlled, machine gun-armed Fahrpanzer engaged in trench warfare does exist, however, no photos or documents exist to suggest the idea ever evolved past the conceptual stage.[4] ArmamentThe armament of the Fahrpanzer consisted of one quick-fire gun ranging in size from {{convert|37-65|mm|in|abbr=on}} with the most common sizes being 3.7 cm, 5.3 cm, and 5.7 cm. The Fahrpanzer's guns were capable of +10 degrees and -10 degrees elevation, mounted in a 360-degree rotating turret. The shells were fed from inside by the two-man gun crew, who would be fully protected by the Fahrpanzer's armor until it ran out of ammunition. In practice the firing of the gun destabilized the Fahrpanzer badly, reducing the accuracy of the crew's aim. Since the Fahrpanzer had limited elevation it was a direct fire anti-personnel weapon meant to fire on infantry assaults in the open and the most common types of shells were common, canister and shrapnel.[4] In addition to the Fahrpanzer the Germans also used the 5.3 cm gun in retractable Gruson Works turrets designated the 5 cm SchnellFeuer Kanone in Panzer Lafette and a version on a wheeled pedestal mount designated the 5 cm SchnellFeuer Kanone in Kazematt Lafette for use in armored casemates in German frontier fortifications.[5] Austria-Hungary also produced the 6 cm Fahrpanzer Kanone M98 and the 6 cm Kasemattkanone M98/M99 to arm their fortifications. Despite being designated 6 cm they were actually 5.7 cm guns and the Austro-Hungarian Army designation system just rounded up to the nearest centimeter.[6] The Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Bulgaria also purchased 5.7 cm variants of the Gruson guns. The Bulgarians bought Fahrpanzers while the Italian guns were mounted in retractable turrets such as those at Colle delle Finestre. However, due to a shortage of field artillery, the Royal Italian Army removed a number of guns from fortifications on their western border and placed them on simple two-wheeled box trail carriages for use as infantry support guns under the designation Cannone da 57/25 Gruson. Romanian infantry variant{{Infobox weapon|name=Tunul “Gruson”, calibrul 53 mm, model 1887/1916 | image= Gruson-53-mm-model-1916.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption=53 mm Gruson in infantry gun role in the Romanian army |origin={{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery=yes |is_vehicle= |is_UK= |service=1916-1919 |used_by= |wars=World War I Hungarian-Romanian War{{Collapsed infobox section begin}} |designer=Arsenalul Armatei |design_date= |manufacturer=Arsenalul Armatei |production_date= |number=200+ |weight={{convert|341|kg|lb|abbr=on}}[7] |length= |part_length={{convert|1.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} L/24.5 |width= |height= |crew= |cartridge=Fixed QF 53 x 176mm R[8] |cartridge_weight={{convert|1.65|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |caliber={{convert|5.3|cm|in|abbr=on}} |action= |rate= |velocity={{convert|480|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} |range= |max_range={{convert|400|m|yd|abbr=on}} |feed= |sights= |breech= |recoil= |carriage=Box trail |elevation=-7° to +35° |traverse=40° }}{{Collapsed infobox section end}} Romania purchased 334 Gruson Fahrpanzers, in the 53 mm caliber. These were initially deployed on the Siret Line at Focşani (15 batteries, with 6 turrets each), Nămoloasa (24 batteries of 3-5 turrets), Galati (30 batteries of 6 turrets and 10 batteries of 3 turrets) and Brateş (10 turrets). The bridgeheads (not part of that Line) at Cernavodă and Turtucaia were equipped with 28 turrets, and the one at Silistra was equipped with 17 turrets. These guns remained in their emplacements for about twenty years, before being transformed into infantry guns between 1914 and 1916 by mounting them on Romanian-built gun carriages. A few were transformed into anti-aircraft guns.[9] Surviving examplesThe Fahrpanzer on display in the Army Museum in Brussels has long been cited as the only remaining example, however pictures of restored Fahrpanzers can be found originating from Bulgaria,[10] Greece, Switzerland, France, and South America. There are also numerous Fahrpanzers on display in the Polish Army Museum and Museum of Polish Military Technology, both in Warsaw. There is at least one in Vina del Mar, on the beach near Valparaiso, Chile, at the Naval Gun Museum.[11] Users{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
Weapons of similar configuration, era, and performance
Photo galleryReferences{{Commons category|Fahrpanzer}}{{Commons category|Cannone da 57/25 Gruson}}{{Commons category|Fahrpanzer in the Royal Danish Arsenal Museum}}1. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/893163385|title=German artillery:1914-1918|last=Fleischer|first= Wolfgang|isbn=9781473823983|page=110|location=Barnsley|oclc=893163385}} 2. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/ammotable7.htm|title=48-57 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES|website=www.quarryhs.co.uk|access-date=2018-11-07}} 3. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.bulgarianartillery.it/Bulgarian%20Artillery%201/Gruson%2057mm%201892.htm|title=Gruson 57mm 1892|website=www.bulgarianartillery.it|access-date=2018-11-08}} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.landships.info/landships/artillery_articles/Gruson_Fahrpanzer.html|title=Gruson Fahrpanzer|last=|first=|date=|website=www.landships.info|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=7 November 2018}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.passioncompassion1418.com/Canons/Eng_AfficheCanonGET.php?IdCanonAffiche=1308|title=5 cm SchnellFeuer Kanone in Kazematt Lafette|last=|first=|date=|website=www.passioncompassion1418.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.fortyfikacje.net/forum/printview.php?t=887&start=190|title=Zobacz temat - Austro-wegierski "Blockhauzy" obrony mostow kolejo|website=www.fortyfikacje.net|access-date=2018-11-08}} 7. ^Gruson 53mm field gun M. 1887/1916 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/ammotable7.htm|title=48-57 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES|website=www.quarryhs.co.uk|access-date=2018-11-07}} 9. ^Adrian Storea, Gheorghe Băjenaru (2010) Artileria română în date şi imagini (in Romanian), {{ISBN|978-606-524-080-3}}, page 61 10. ^ 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Museos/MuseoCanionesVinadelMar.htm|title=MUSEO DE CAÑONES DE VIÑA DEL MAR - CHILE|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}} 12. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/wiki/index.php/Gruson_5.3cm_L/24_Fahrpanzer|title=Gruson 5.3cm L/24 Fahrpanzer - WO1Wiki|website=www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl|language=nl|access-date=2018-11-08}} External links
3 : World War I artillery of Germany|Artillery of Switzerland|Romania in World War I |
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