“Fail Monastery”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Other spelling variations for the monastery are 'Valle' (1307), 'Faleford' (1368), 'Feil' (1654), 'Feill' (1732), 'Faill' or 'Ffele'^[4] References refer loosely to both monks and friars and the establishment is sometimes marked on maps as a priory.

The Trinitarians

Also known as the 'Red Friars', or 'Mathurines' from the monastery of Saint Mathurin in Paris.^[5] The monks were charged with the duty of saving captives from slavery and as such, were called 'Fratres de Redemptione Captivorum' or 'The Fathers of Redemption'.^[5] The monks either paid the ransom of Christians or purchased pagan captives to exchange for Christians.^[6] The monks wore a white outer garment with a red and blue cross^[6] on the shoulder or over the breast.^[7] The monks were not permitted to ride horses and had to use asses for transport.^[6]

In Scotland the order had friaries at Aberdeen;^[8] Berwick;^[9] Dirleton;^[10] Dunbar;^[11] Houston (East Lothian);^[12] Peebles;^[13] and Scotlandswell.^[14] Kettins in Angus, only a parish church, was however appropriated to the Trinitarian friars.^[15]

William Aiton records that the monastery was established by John de Graham, Lord of Tarbolton in 1252,^[16] however Love regards Andrew Bruce^[1] as being the founder.

The monastery originally lay within the civil and ecclesiastical Parish of Barnweil or Barnwell, which was suppressed in 1673, its lands joining the Parishes of Craigie and Tarbolton.^[17] Founded about 1252, the monastery was partially destroyed by fire in 1349 or 1359.^[18] Two thirds of the monastery's income was ordered to be spent on redeeming Christian slaves and as a consequence and also as an order, the Trinitarians buildings were not overly ornate.^[6]

Although Tarbolton was twice subject to the jurisdiction of the monks of Fail, it did not remain with them, but remained an independent rectory. In 1429 Tarbolton was erected into a prebend or canonry of Glasgow Cathedral. Barnweil, a vicarage of the monks of Fail, was annexed partly to Tarbolton, and partly to Craigie in 1653. The church ruins, which stood near to an old castle of the same name, have been allowed to go to total ruin.^[19]

The principal of Trinitarian monasteries was called the 'Minister'^[6] and as head of the order in Scotland, had a seat in the Scottish Parliament.^[20] In 1343 John was the Minister of the House of the Holy Trinity and he persuaded, by the gift a white horse, John de Graham, Lord of Tarbolton, to revoke his gift of the rights of patronage to the kirk of Tarbolton and the lands of Unthank. John stole the white horse back and the agreement was nullified^[4]

In 1368 John Stewart, Earl of Carrick and Lord of Kyle-Stewart confirmed a charter of 1338 made by John of Grame, Lord of Tarbolton, conveying the rights of patronage and advowson of Tarbolton Church to God and the house of Faleford, the minister and brothers, and their successors of the order of holy Trinity and Captives... Hugh of Eglintoun, Lord of that Ilk and others bore witness.^[21]

Friar William Houston became Minister of Fail in the early 16th century however his nephew attempted to oust him and went so far as to invade Failford "..with a body of supporters armed with balistas, bows, mangonels and all sorts of offensive arms, and had broken down the gate and all the doors in an attempt to oust the minister."^[22]

In 1546 Robert Cunninghame was the 'Minister' of Fail, living off the income and not carrying out the responsibilities of the position, indeed the community of friars at Fail had been the subject of several investigations since the mid-fifteenth century. Robert was married and also held the lands of Montgreenan whilst continuing to use the title of 'Minister' and to act as the provincial of the Trinitarian order in Scotland.^[23]

The parish churches of Barnweill, Symington, and Galston in old Kyle, Torthorwald in old Dumfriesshire, and Inverchoalan in old Argylshire, belonged to the Monastery of Fail.^[34] Saint Anne's Well, Monk Muir and the Monk Road within the parish of Galston evoke links with the Monastery of Fail.^[24] At Symington it is recorded that The church of Symonstoun was granted to the convent which was founded at Feil, or Faile, in Kyle, during the year 1252, and it continued to belong to that convent until the Reformation. The cure was served by a vicar pensioner who had a settled income and a glebe, and the minister and brothers of Faile enjoyed the remainder of the tithes and revenues.^[25]

The monks of Melrose held extensive lands in the area and were in close competition with the Friars of Fail for lands and income.^[4]

In the reign of Robert II (1316–1390) the patronage of the 'Kirk of Fail' was granted to James de Lindsay of Crawforde and in 1470 James de Quhit of Fale is mentioned.^[26] In 1562 Robert Cuninghame was the Minister of Fail.^[26]

It is recorded in 1562 that the Laird of Lamont, such was his contempt for the Minister of Fail, had paid no rent for six years.^[40]

In 1459 King James II and his Queen, Mary of Gueldress submitted a petition to suppress the order of Trinitarian Friars and to pass their churches and revenues to the Trinity Collegiate Church and Hospital in Edinburgh. The given reason was that the friars were evil, unclean, and unfit to continue observance of their rule. The public outcry was such that the petition was refused, however an echo of substance in the allegations is derived from the above quoted rhyme.^[28]

Thomas the Rhymer

William Wallace's biographer, Thomas the Rhymer, is said to have been at Fail when William Wallace was imprisoned by the English in 1305.^[29]^[45] He is said to have been a frequent visitor to the Minister and may have retired to Failford and died there.^[30]

The dissolution of the monastery

The lords of Council ordered the destruction of the monastery in 1561,^[2] however two poor men still lived in the convent in 1562 and had £22 a year for subsistence while four old beidmen of the convent lived outside.^[31]^[32]^[33] The term 'convent' at that time did not infer a community of women.

In 1565, Robert Cunninghame, minister of Fail, granted a charter to J. Cunninghame Esq that conveyed to him the lands of Brownhill, and the farms of the Fail estate. William Wallace, brother of Sir Hugh Wallace of Craigie Castle appears to have then acquired the patronage of the monastery. He died in 1617.^[40]

The Wallace family of nearby Craigie carried out repairs the Ministers dwelling, converting it into more of a defensive structure, known locally as the 'Fail Castle' and marked as such on some of the contemporary maps.^[1]

The castle

Circa 1617 William Wallace, grandson of Sir Hugh Wallace of Craigie, expected to inherit the property from his father, also William Wallace, known as Minister of Fail, the commendator. He listed the monastery lands as the manor place of Failford and the gardens known as the West Yaird, Neltoun Yaird, Gardine Yaird, Yeister Yaird, and Kirk Yaird.^[34]

In August 1618 Walter Whyteford was granted the Monastery of Fail in place of William Wallace; this grant was ratified by Parliament in 1621. The Whitefords also had properties at Blaiquharn (previously Whiteford) and Dunduff Castle near Dunure.^[34]

Blaeu's map of 1654 shows a fairly extensive wooded area around Feil Abbey (sic) with a pale around three sides and the final boundary as the Water of Fail.^[35]

The immunities derived from the monastery passed into the hands of the Earls of Dundonald and in 1690, William, Earl of Dundonald, was served heir to his father, John Earl of Dundonald, in the beneficies of Failford, spiritually as well as temporalily.^[34]

The buildings were repaired after passing into the ownership of the Wallace family, and for a time became known as Fail Castle; the former monastery was allowed to fall derelict again after the time of the Laird of Whytford (sic).^[36]

In the 1860s the lands of Fail were held by Edward Hunter-Blair of Dunskey and Brounehill, second son of Sir D. Hunter-Blair of Blairquhan.^[37] The ruins consisted at this time of a gable and part of a side-wall of the 'castle'.^[38]

The final destruction of the monastery and castle

The remains of Fail Monastery were removed and used as foundations for buildings and the runway at Prestwick Airport^[39] in 1952; some of the rubble was however collected and used to form a grotto on the north side of Annbank's Roman Catholic church.^[33] Possibly the ruins had become unacceptably dangerous.

The ruins prior to 1952

Prior to the remains being dismantled, the ruins were mainly of a rectangular building, with three walls remaining, about 40 feet high. This building was probably the 16th-century tower or 'manor-house', originally the 'domus' of the head of the monastery and later the home of the commendator or Laird of Fail. The tower is said to have comprised at least three principal storeys.^[33] In 1875 Adamson observed that the ruins in 1875 consist of a gable and part of a side wall--in a stackyard near Fail toll.^[40]

Surviving remains

The surviving ruins are near the Fail Castle cottage across from Fail Mains, and these comprise a fragment of wall (22m long and up to 1.3m high) revetting the break of the slope at the foot of the garden, 25m south of the cottage; below ground level a second wall is detectable, running towards the north for over 23m at a right angle to the other wall.^[33] Building alterations have uncovered 'incised slabs' and structural foundations.^[33]

Archaeological finds

In 1852 road improvements unearthed outside the door of the cottage called Fail Castle Farm^[41] a sandstone sarcophagus of a probable 14th-century date, measuring two feet wide and eighteen inches deep, with a section cut out specifically for the head. This was broken in two and bore what may be the royal arms of Scotland and it has been suggested that this was the tomb of Walter Stewart, second son of Robert II and Elizabeth Mure of Rowallan.^[42]

A 17th century tombstone bore the coat of arms in an armorial panel^[43] of John Cunningham quartered with those of Barbara Hunter who married circa 1660.^[44] This lid was taken to Blairquhan Castle, together with a tombstone, residence of the Hunter-Blair owners of the ruins at that time.^[33]

A grey sandstone holy water stoop was found in 1950 at a farm near Failford and was moved in 1952 to High Greenan.^[45] In 1888 the foundations of a large doorway were found in the centre of the old farmhouse and this was thought to be the main doorway of the old monastery.^[46]

In the mid-1960s some 'decorated slabs' are recorded as having been found beneath the floor of the cottage on the 'Castle' site and three skeletons were uncovered in shallow graves to the east; they were reburied near the site without any further investigation taking place.^[33]

Balinclog and Balinclog Parish

A few records exist of a Parish called Balinclog and it has been suggested that the foundation of Fail Monastery led to the lands of Barnweil being granted to the new foundation and the remainder of the old parish lands, Barmuir, being incorporated into those of Tarbolton.^[47] The name may derive from the medieval Gaelic baile an cloic for 'farm of the bell' or even from a Gaelicised Old English form such as clokistūn for 'bell farm'. It is suggested therefore that a bell was once held here, a religious relic. A farm named 'Clockstone' exists and may derive from the older name.^[48]

The Warlock Laird of Fail

The last and only layman Laird of Fail, lived at Fail Castle, the new name for the old Minister's dwelling, and was said by the superstitious and somewhat uneducated locals to be a Warlock. Walter Whiteford is likely to have been the name of this despised individual,^[49]^[50] Educated abroad, Walter spoke foreign languages, and was indeed eccentric in both appearance and behaviour, leading to the many stories that surround his life. He was not a peer or baron and was therefore simply styled 'Laird' of Fail.^[51]

Paterson records a ballad of this title by the local historian, Joseph Train, published in 1814, in which Sir Thomas Wallace of Craigie is out hunting with the Laird of Fail and the pair come across a house in which the wife is brewing ale. The wife serves Sir Thomas a drink, however she is terrified of the Laird who looks like the Devil and refuses him entry; accusing him of causing her milk cow to die, bewitch her child, her churn to tip over, and her dog to die. The Laird responds by taking a 'pin' and reciting a charm he placed it above the doorway, resulting in a spell that forced the wife to dance and sing uncontrollably.^[52] The workers return from the fields and they too are in turn bewitched as they pass under the 'pin', until the Laird removes it and is invited to drink by the relieved householders.^[53]

One story relates that the laird one day looked out of the upper south window of the castle and saw twenty sets of ploughs at work. He bet a considerable amount of money that he could stop them all in their tracks. At first eighteen of the ploughs stopped, however two carried on without ceasing and the laird lost his bet. It is said that afterwards it was noted that the two ploughs that did not stop had a twig of Rowan or Mountain Ash tree attached, known for protection against the evil eye.^[51]

Another story involves a man who was leading an ass laden with crockery. The laird, who had a friend with him, offered for a wager to make the man break all his crockery in pieces. The bet was taken, and immediately the man stopped, unloaded the ass, and seemed to allow all of the stock to fall, smashing into shards. The laird's betting partner asked why he had acted this way and the man replied that he had seen the head of a large black dog growling out of each of the dishes ready to devour him.^[51]

The 'warlock' laird probably died near the close of the 17th century, and on his deathbed he is said to have warned those around present not to stay in the castle after his body was carried out; and he also told them not to bury him until after the harvest was in, because on the day he was laid to rest a disastrous storm would cause widespread damage. The tenants did the best they could, however the body was rapidly decaying and the burial was essential, even though the harvest was only half-finished. The moment the body, on the funeral day, had left Fail Castle, the castle roof collapsed and the wind scattered corn sheaves around like chaff, damage resulting throughout the area.^[54]

Water mills

The Duke of Portland abolished thirlage in the mid-19th century, making Millburn Mill, and Lochlea's head of water, redundant.^[55] Fail Mill stood on the rivulet of the Water of Fail nearby and survived into the 20th century. This mill may have originally belonged to the monastery and was powered by the Townend Burn and Fail Loch above it,^[56] acting as a millpond and more of an area prone to flooding than a permanent loch.

William Muir was the tenant of the Mill of Fail at the time of Robert Burns's residence at Mossgiel Farm.^[57]

Prehistory of the area

In the 1840s three kists were found about 5 ft under the surface when levelling the ground about a quarter of a mile north of the monastery (NS 421 286). Some urns were found containing bones. The area of the finds comprises gently undulating cultivated fields under cultivation.^[58] In 1840 three cinerary urns were found at Fail Mill and were donated to the Mechanics Museum in Ayr by Mr Andrew of Fail Mill.^[59]

A felstone axe, carefully polished and measuring 10 x 3 inches was found near in the 19th century near the monastery (NS 421 286).^[60]

Micro-history

The monks of Fail are said to have built Torthorwald Church in the 13th century.^[61]

John Speed's map of 1610 clearly marks Fail Abbey amongst the relatively small number of placenames marked.^[63]

George Henry Hutton (d. 1827), a soldier and amateur antiquary, visited Fail in October 1800 and produced three drawings of the ruins.^[36]

The road from Ayr to Hamilton and Edinburgh passed through Fail as shown on Roy's map of 1747–55.

The name of the nearby Spitalside Farm^[66] strongly suggests a connection with a monastic hospital as the monks were obliged to take and help the sick and weary.^[67]^[68]

Melrose Abbey had lands at Mauchline and a monk's road ran there via Redwrae, Long Wood, Mossbog, Ladyyard and Skeoch.^[1]

The old hamlet of Failford takes its name from the lands around the monastery, near the head of the Fail^[69] and the old ford stood around 80 yards downstream of the old Failford Bridge nearly in line with the Redrae road.^[70]

Ladeside near Crosshands may have been a place of great age for workmen discovered an old coal pit shaft with stone built walls. The depth when the pit was laid open was 12 fathoms, and the pit bing made a slope in the roadway. The monks of Fail Monastery were reputed to have mined coal more or less on the outskirts of their lands and this could have been one of their ancient workings.^[71] It is recorded that in 1497 the monks worked coal near Adamhill Farm.^[72]

References

1. ^¹²³⁴Love (2003), Page 209
2. ^¹Groome, Page 561
3. ^Dillon, p.69
4. ^¹²Paterson, V.II, Page 756
5. ^¹²³Paterson, V.II, Page 754
6. ^¹²³⁴Dugdale, V. II. Page 227
7. ^Paterson (1847). Page 32
8. ^Donaldson, Page 2
9. ^Donaldson, Page 19
10. ^Donaldson, Page 56
11. ^Donaldson, Page 62
12. ^Donaldson, Page 100
13. ^Donaldson, Page 169
14. ^Donaldson, Page 194
15. ^Donaldson, Page 72
16. ^Aiton, Page 94
17. ^Scotland's Places Retrieved : 2010-11-13
18. ^Dillon, p.76
19. ^Groome's Gazetteer. Accessed : 2010-07-02
20. ^Paterson, Page 755
21. ^AWAS, Pages 149-150
22. ^Dillon, p.79
23. ^Sanderson, Page 52
24. ^Love (2003), Page 132
25. ^Adamson, Page 79
26. ^¹Paterson, V.II. Page 757
27. ^¹Paterson, V.II. Page 511
28. ^Nimmo, Page 27
29. ^Paterson, V.II. Page 760
30. ^Dillon, p.74
31. ^Dillon, p.108
32. ^Donaldson, Page 73
33. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶RCAHMS Canmore Site. Accessed : 2010-07-01
34. ^¹²³⁴Paterson (1847). Page 33
35. ^Blaeu's Maps Retrieved : 2010-10-30.
36. ^¹Scran Record. Accessed : 2010-07-02
37. ^¹Paterson, V.II, Page 758
38. ^Paterson, V.II. Page 759
39. ^Roads and Tracks of Ayrshire. Accessed : 2010-07-01
40. ^Adamson, Page 56
41. ^Dillon, p.118
42. ^Dillon, p.118
43. ^Smith, Page 155
44. ^Dillon, p.119
45. ^Dillon, p.119
46. ^Dillon, p.118
47. ^Tracking down a lost Parish. Accessed : 2010-07-03 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722125747/http://www.poms.ac.uk/content/feature/november09.html |date=2011-07-22 }}
48. ^Caldwell, Page 241
49. ^Love (2009), Pages 115 - 116
50. ^Paterson (1847), Page 33
51. ^¹²Paterson (1847), Page 34
52. ^Paterson (1847), Pages 29-30
53. ^Paterson (1847), Page 31
54. ^Paterson (1847), Page 35
55. ^Paterson, Page 751
56. ^Paterson, V.II. Page 751
57. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=D0Pljqm26jAC&pg=PA120&lpg=PA120&dq=Fail+village+Tarbolton&source=bl&ots=AEiz2ZEofp&sig=17r8oK6H4JRoInItBxjEq3aK53M&hl=en&ei=Tg0uTLztJYGCOP-XyP8B&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBoQ6AEwAjge#v=onepage&q=Fail%20village%20Tarbolton&f=false The Book of Robert Burns. Accessed : 2010-07-02]
58. ^Kists. Accessed : 2010-07-10
59. ^Dillon, p.117
60. ^Axe head. Accessed : 2010-07-10
61. ^Torthorwald Church. Accessed : 2010-07-03
62. ^Sanderson, Page 127
63. ^John Speed's map Retrieved : 2010-11-18
64. ^Torthowald Church. Accessed : 2010-07-03
65. ^Smith, Pages 154-155
66. ^¹McMichael, Page 33
67. ^Hall, Page 46
68. ^Campbell, Page 178
69. ^Douglas, Page 9
70. ^Dillon, p.118
71. ^Loch Brown Retrieved : 2011-01-09
72. ^McLatchie, p. 12

History