| 词条 | Isa Khan |
| 释义 |
|name=Isa Khan |title=Masnad-E-Ala |image= Isa Khan.jpg |succession = Leader of Baro-Bhuiyans of Bengal |reign=1576–1599 |issue=Musa Khan | father =Sulaiman Khan | royal house=Sarail Fort | birth_date = c. 1529 | birth_place = Sarail, Bhati region, Bengal Sultanate | death_date = September 1599 (age 70) | death_place = Bhati region, Mughal Empire | religion = Sunni Islam | spouse = Fatema Khan Sona Bibi |}} Isa Khan (c. 1529 – September 1599) was a Muslim Rajput chieftain who led the Baro Bhuiyans (twelve landlords) and a Zamindar of the Bhati region in 16th-century Bengal.[1] Throughout his reign he resisted the Mughal empire invasion. It was only after his death that the region fell totally under Mughal control. Early life and backgroundBhagirath, grandfather of Isa Khan, belonged to the Kshatriya Rajput community.[1]{{page needed|date=April 2017}} He came to Bengal from Ayodhya and took the job of Dewan under the Sultan of Bengal Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah (reigned 1533–1538).[1] His son Kalidas Gazdani inherited the post after his death. Later, Kalidas converted to Islam and took the Muslim name Sulaiman Khan. Sulaiman married Sultan's daughter Syeda Momena Khatun and got the Zamindari of Sarail (present-day Sarail Upazila, Brahmanbaria, Bangladesh) in Bhati region. Their son, Isa Khan, was born in Sarail.[2] Following the death of Sultan Ghiyasuddin, Sulaiman declared himself as the legal successor and revolted against the newly established Afghan rule. Later he was killed in a battle.[2] According to Abul Fazl, a 16th-century historian and the author of Akbarnama: {{quote|sign=|source=|Isa Khan's father was born in Bais Rajput clan. He revolted and was later killed in a battle against Islam Shah Suri. After the death of Islam Shah Suri, Taj Khan Karrani came to rule Bengal. Qutubuddin, the paternal uncle of Isa Khan, consolidated his position under Taj Khan. Qutubuddin then brought the two brothers from Turan region. Isa Khan gradually solidified his position under the Karrani rulers.[3][4]}}Rise to powerWith the help of Taj Khan, a Karrani ruler during 1564–1566, Isa obtained an estate in Sonargaon and Maheswardi Pargana in 1564 as a vassal of Karrani dynasty of Bengal. He gradually increased his power. In 1573 he helped Daud Khan Karrani in his expedition to Chittagong against Udaya Manikya, the king of Tripura.[2] He also helped in driving out the Mughal's Navy from the vicinity of Sonargaon in 1575. Isa's services to Daud Khan earned him the title of Masnad-i-Ala of Khizirpur.[5]{{page needed|date=September 2018}} Military campaignsThe ruling of Karrani dynasty ended when Daud Khan was defeated in the Battle of Rajmahal in 1576. Isa started playing a leading role in the local resistance.[2] In the end he successfully conquered Dhaka, Rangpur, Pabna, Tripura, parts of Mymensingh and Bogra.[6][7] In 1577, Isa established Egarasindhur (in present-day Pakundia Upazila, Kishoreganj) as the political and trading centre. Forming a petty kingdom that remained independent.[8] He declared himself as the ruler of the Bhati region in 1581–82. From Sarail, he shifted his administrative centre to Sonargaon. He built fortresses at Katrabo, Kalagachhia and Khizrpur near Sonargaon.[2] Battle against Khan JahanIn 1578, Mughal Subahdar of Bengal, Subahdar Khan Jahan led an expedition towards the Bhati region and set camp in Bhawal.[2] Isa faced the Mughal force led by Shah Bardi and Muhammad Quli on the Sarail-Juan Shahi border in Kastul on the bank of Meghna river.[9] According to the Rajmala, Isa then quickly retreated to Tripura and sought assistance from the Tripura king, Amar Manikya. With the good grace of the queen Amrabati, the king granted an army of 52,000 to help Isa face the Mughals.[10] However, before Isa returned to Sarail, two zamindars – Majlis Pratap and Majlis Dilawar already attacked and defeated the Mughal forces under Khan Jahan. Muhammad Quli was captured but Shah Bardi fled to Bhawal camp.[11] Khan Jahan retreated to the city of Tandah where he died on 19 December 1578 after a prolonged illness.[12] According to descriptions by Rajmala, Khan, who became the Zamindar of Sarail, sent one thousand labourers for Amar Manikya along with other Zamindars of Bengal in response to the request made by Manikya to excavate the Amar Sagar Dighi at around 1580 AD. Besides, as the naval commander of Manikya, Khan fought against the Zamindar Taraf Fateh Khan in 1581.[2] Battle against Shahbaz KhanIn 1583, Mughal General Shahbaz Khan destroyed Isa's palace in Baktiarpur.[13] In September 1584,[14] the then-subahdar Shahbaz crossed Ganges near Khizirpur and attacked Sonargaon, Katrabo and Egarasindhur[2] and pursued the defeated Pathan forces under Masum Kabuli up to Bikrampur in Dhaka, the cunning Isa then deluded negotiation of surrender and delayed the attack of Mughal general in several months. However, in 1584, Isa and Masum Khan Kabuli deploying a muskets and gunpowder artilleries launched counterattack which finally defeat Shahbaz Khan in the naval and land battles of Egarasindur and Bhawal,{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} and even killing one of Mughal general,[6] then Shahbaz Khan retreated to Tandah.[15] Battle against Laksmana Singh HajraIn 1585, he attacked two Koch rulers, Ram Hazra and Lakshman Hazra, and occupied their Jangalbari Fort (in present-day Karimganj Upazila, Kishoreganj).[16] Another source from local tradition was recorded that this happened in 1586 after Man Singh had defeated him in the battle of Egarasindhur. In the same year, Mughal Subahdar Shahbaz Khan again sent his forces against Isa to the south.[27] Second battle against Shahbaz KhanWith the help of reinforcements by Emperor Akbar, Shahbaz Khan led another military expedition towards Bhati in 1586. Isa attacked him at Bhawal (north of Dhaka) but forces of Shahbaz Khan were well fortified near Brahmaputra. Isa then chose to give allegiance towards Akbar and prevented an imminent invasion of Bengal by the Mughals. He even promised the Mughals he would dispatch Ma'sum Khan Kabuli, the renegade to a compulsory Pilgrimage to Mecca, something that viewed as an act of banishment. In late 1586, Ralph Fitch, an English traveler and merchant, came to Sonargaon, Bengal's eastern districts and stated, {{quote|They be all hereabout Rebels against the King Zebaldin Echebar (Jalaluddin Akbar) for here are so many Rivers and Iands, that they flee from one to another, whereby his Horsemen cannot prevaile against them. The chief King of all these Countries is called Isacan (Isa Khan), and he is chief of all the other Kings, and is a great friend to all Christians.[28]}}Later on in 1588, he was involved in conflicts against Chand Rai and Kedar Rai.[2] Battle against RaghudevIsa continued his campaign against the Koch dynasty. He fought and defeated Raghudev, the king of Koch Hajo, who ruled from Sankosh river in the west to the Bhareli river in the east on the north bank of the Brahmaputra river and rival to Koch Bihar kingdom which gained prominence after the latter's annexation by Mughal empire.[17] Isa successfully captured portions of Raghudev's territory as far as Rangamati and Goalpara.[31]{{failed verification|date=September 2018}} However, later Isa Khan and Raghudev formed an alliance against the threat of Mughal invasion. Battle against Durjan SinghOn 17 March 1594, Man Singh was appointed the Subahdar of Bengal by Emperor Akbar.[28] After establishing Rajmahal as the capital of Bengal, Man Singh sent his own son, Durjan Singh, to Isa's Bhati region with a vast army on 7 December 1595.[18] Isa was emboldened to resist the Mughals after he successfully sought alliance with Raghudev, his former enemy[19] and Kedar Rai, Zamindar of Bhusna in Faridpur.[20] In the clash that took place in August 1597, Isa engaged in a battle against Mughal naval forces with the assistance of Masum Khan Kabuli, an ex-Mughal defector.[28] At first Isa faced defeat with the Mughals attacking Katrabo, one of Isa's pargana[21] and city. However, on 5 September, Durjan Singh was killed and Mughal was defeated. Both the army and navy of the Mughal-Koch Bihar alliance were either routed or captured.[2] It is recorded that in this clash, Isa personally fought Man Sing in a duel.[22] However, the duel ended inconclusively when Isa Khan stopped fighting after Man Singh's sword broke. The noble gesture touched Man Singh and both men was found respect for each other which developed into a friendship. Man Singh respect to his rival was even further that later when Isa sought to submit to the Mughal as the latter thought its wiser not to incite a full invasion, Man Singh accompany him to the Mughal court.[23] AdministrationDue to his submission, Akbar assigned 22 parganas or administrative units under the ruling of Isa.[24] {{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
}} MarriageKhan first married Fatima Khan, a daughter of Syed Ibrahim Danishmand and a descendant of the Hussain Shahi dynasty.[25] Later he married Sarna Moi, the daughter of Chand Rai of Sripur. After her conversion to Islam, Sarna Moi took the name Sona Bibi.[26] DescendantsKhan's son, Musa Khan, took control of Sonargaon after his death.[27] On 10 July 1610 Musa was dethroned by Mughal General Islam Khan Chisti. After that, the descendants of Isa transferred from Sonargaon and settled in Jangalbari Fort.[28] Masum Khan was the eldest son of Musa Khan. Masum served as the Mughal army General during the Hughly invasion in 1632.[29] His eldest son was Monwar Khan. Monwar acted as the chief of the Bengal Zamindars' flotilla on the conquest of Chittagong in 1666.[30] A village called Monwarbagh, in Bandar Upazila of Narayanganj District, was named after him.[30] Haybat Khan, another grandson of Musa, established Haybatnagar (in present-day Kishoreganj district) and made it the centre of his land-lordship of seven parganas.[28] James Wise (d. 1886[31]), a civil surgeon in Dhaka for 10 years, published a report on Baro-Bhuyans in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 43 in 1874. He found information from the account of his meeting with the descendants of Isa in Jangalbari and Haybatnagar. He addressed Isa as the Zamindar of Khizirpur. The Haybatnagar family had possessed sanads sent by Shah Shuja in 1649 and another one from Shaista Khan in 1667. Subhan Dad Khan had been the head of the family in Jangalbari in 1874. The other descendant of Haybatnagar family, Ilah Nawaz Khan, had died in Calcutta in 1872. Other branches of the family had settled in Jafarabad, Baghalpur, Mymensingh, Harishpur (Tripura), Katrabo (Dhaka), and Barisal. The wealth, property and Zamindari was distributed amongst the descendants which is why they each lived in different parts of the country.[32]Descendants such as Dewan Amin Dau Khan, Hazi Abdul Gani Khan and many more, have families who resides within Bangladesh even today. As of 2005, Dewan Amin Dau Khan, the 14th descendant of Isa has been living in Jangalbari Fort in Egarasindur village. The fort seemed to have a circular front and had 40 rooms. The fort was mostly destroyed during an earthquake in 1893.[33] Death and legacyKhan died of natural causes[34] in September 1599.[54] On 12 February 1909, a farmer unearthed seven cannons in Monwarbagh.[29] The cannons were partly made of brass. They had labels "Isa Khan" and "1002" (Hijri 1002 year is 1593 CE in Gregorian Calendar). These cannons were made from the era of Sher Shah Suri who ruled Bengal before the Bara Bhuiyans while at least three cannons which carved with Isa Khan labels were made during Bara Bhuiyans independent era from Mughals.[35] Bangladesh Navy has named a base, BNS Issa Khan in his honour. The base, BNS Issa Khan, was the first Bangladesh Navy base to receive the national standard in 1974.[36]Popular cultureOn 15 September 1992, Bangladesh issued a commemorative stamp in honour of Isa.[37] A jatra, named Isa Khan, depicting the life of Isa, written by Bhoironnath Gangopadhyay and directed by Mridul Kanti Dey, was staged on the premises of Bangladesh Lok O Karu Shilpa Foundation on 18 October 2012.[38] See also{{commons category}}
Original sourcesPrimary
Secondary
References1. ^{{cite book|title=Social and cultural history of Bengal|author=Muhammad Abdur Rahim}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Isa}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web|author=AA Sheikh Md Asrarul Hoque Chisti|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Isa_Khan|title=Isa Khan|publisher=Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka|accessdate=5 May 2015}} 3. ^Akbarnama, Volume III, Page 647 4. ^{{cite book| last = Chowdhury| first = Kamal| year=2005|title = Banglar Baro Bhuiyan and Maharaj Pratapaditya|page = 163}} 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jzluAAAAMAAJ&q=isa+khan+dhaka&dq=isa+khan+dhaka|title=History of Bengal: From the fall of Daud Karrani, 1576 to the death of Jahangir, 1627|author=Abdul Karim|publisher=Institute of Bangladesh Studies, University of Rajshahi|year=1992}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Kunal |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Shubhra |year=2013 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVOFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA257 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |pages=257–258 |isbn=978-0-8108-8024-5}} 7. ^{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |year=1996 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA147 |publisher=University of California Press |page=147 |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9}} 8. ^{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=ABM Shamsuddin |year=2012 |chapter=Egarasindhur |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Egarasindhur |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}} 9. ^Akbarnama, Volume III, Page 377 10. ^{{cite book |last=Nath |first=N. C. |year=1999 |title=Sri Rajmala. Vol. I to IV |location=Agartala |publisher=Tribal Research Institute |pages=118–119 |oclc=605538661 |quote=The Queen then asked the king to provide Icha khan with an army ... An army fifty two thousand strong was orderd to accoppany [sic] Icha khan}} 11. ^{{cite book|title = Banglar Baro Bhuiyan and Maharaja Pratapidtya|last=Chowdhury|first=Kamal|page=170}} 12. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |year=1973 |orig-year=First published 1948 |title=The History of Bengal |volume=Volume II: Muslim Period, 1200-1757 |location=Patna |publisher=Academica Asiatica |page=195 |oclc=924890 |quote=After this Khān-i-Jahān returned to Sihhatpur, in the suburbs of Tāndā ... and there he died after a long illness, on 19th December, 1578.}} 13. ^{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Dineshchandra |year=1988 |title=The Ballads of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpVUKSilrFYC&pg=PA322 |volume=Volume 2 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=322}} 14. ^{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Salahuddin |year=2004|title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA63 |publisher=APH Publishing |page=63 |isbn=978-81-7648-469-5}} 15. ^{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Nitish K. |year=2011 |title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA129 |publisher=Penguin Books India |page=129 |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4}} 16. ^{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Dineshchandra |year=1988 |title=The Ballads of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpVUKSilrFYC&pg=PA315 |volume=Volume 2 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=315}} 17. ^Called Koch Hajo in Persian chronicles, Kamrup in local sources {{Harvcol|Nath|1989|p=86}}. 18. ^1 {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |editor-last=Sinh |editor-first=Raghubir |year=1994 |orig-year=First published 1984 |title=A History of Jaipur: c. 1503-1938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=81 |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5}} 19. ^{{cite book |last=Nath |first=D. |date=1989 |title=History of the Koch Kingdom, C. 1515-1615 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ECxUOSudNGYC&pg=PA93 |publisher=Mittal Publications |pages=93– |isbn=978-81-7099-109-0}} 20. ^The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 21. ^{{cite web|author=Shahnaj Husne Jahan|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Katrabo|title=Katrabo|publisher=Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka|accessdate=15 April 2015}} 22. ^{{cite book |last=Allen |first=Basil Copleston |year=2009 |orig-year=First published 1912 |title=Dacca : Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRVqhpdyQxAC&pg=PA24 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=24– |isbn=978-81-7268-194-4}} 23. ^{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |editor-last=Sinh |editor-first=Raghubir |year=1994 |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA81 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |pages=81– |isbn=978-81-250-0333-5}} 24. ^{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Dineshchandra |year=1988 |title=The Ballads of Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpVUKSilrFYC&pg=PA328 |volume=Volume 2 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=328}} 25. ^Syed Muhammed Taifoor, Glimpses of Old Dhaka: a short historical narration of East Bengal and Aassam (1965), p. 94 26. ^{{cite book| last = Chowdhury| first = Kamal| year=2005|title = Banglar Baro Bhuiyan and Maharaj Pratapaditya|page = 143}} 27. ^{{cite web|author=Muazzam Hussain Khan|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Musa_Khan|title=Musa Khan|publisher=Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka|accessdate=15 April 2015}} 28. ^1 2 {{cite web|author=Shahnaj Husne Jahan|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jangalbari_Fort|title=Jangalbari Fort|publisher=Banglapedia: The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka|accessdate=15 April 2015}} 29. ^1 {{cite book| last = Chowdhury| first = Kamal| year=2005|title = Banglar Baro Bhuiyan and Maharaj Pratapaditya|page = 398}} 30. ^1 {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muazzam Hussain |year=2012 |chapter=Dewan Munawar Khan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dewan_Munawar_Khan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}} 31. ^{{cite book |last1=Risley |first1=Herbert |last2=Crooke |first2=William |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1908 |title=The People of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA2OKK0-bdcC&pg=PR12 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |pages=12– |isbn=978-81-206-1265-5}} 32. ^{{cite journal |last=Wise |first=James |date= |title=Notes on Sunargaon, Eastern Bengal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BbEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA211 |journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=43 |pages=82–96}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/04/03/heritage.htm|title=The Rich Tradition of Kishoreganj|publisher=Star Weekend Magazine|date=16 April 2005|accessdate=25 December 2012|author=Khodeja Sultana Lopa}} 34. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last = Eaton|first = Richard|year=1993|title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760}} 35. ^{{cite journal |last1=Naher |first1=Sabikun |last2=Lahiri |first2=Surajit |last3=Chattopadhyay |first3=Pranab K. |date=2014 |title=Pre-Mughal Cannons of Bengal: A Re-evaluation |url=https://www.academia.edu/9613935 |journal=Pratna Samiksha |volume=New Series 5 |pages=53–71}} 36. ^{{cite news |title=PM confers National Standard to BNS Osman |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/oct/11/pm-confers-national-standard-bns-osman |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |date=11 October 2014 |accessdate=15 April 2015}} 37. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.bdstamps.com/Bangladesh/Commemorative_Stamps/1992.htm |title=Bangladesh Commemorative Stamps −1992 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907095915/http://www.bdstamps.com/Bangladesh/Commemorative_Stamps/1992.htm |archivedate=7 September 2008 }} 38. ^{{cite news |title=Jatra pala Isa Khan staged |url=http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-12-24&nid=34325#.UNltZupW2ic |dead-url=yes |newspaper=New Age |date=21 October 2012 |access-date=25 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130208133121/http://www.newagebd.com/detail.php?date=2012-12-24&nid=34325%23.UNltZupW2ic#.UNltZupW2ic |archive-date=8 February 2013}} 5 : History of Bangladesh|Bengali people|1529 births|1599 deaths|Rajput history |
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