“Fighter Interception Unit”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Fighter Interception Unit (FIU) was a special interceptor aircraft unit of the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. It was part of Air Defence of Great Britain.

The Fighter Interception Unit was initially set up to evaluate technological advances such as airborne interception (A.I.) equipment (an on-board interception radar) and other operational innovations, to counter increasing night raids by the Luftwaffe.

The unit was formed at RAF Tangmere in April 1940 under the command of Squadron Leader George Philip (Peter) Chamberlain, with a strength of 5 Blenheims equipped with the latest A.I. Mk III radars. Operations initially consisted of daytime practice interceptions and operational night defence flights. The night fighter Blenheims were directed several times to possible targets, in the early days of ground-controlled interception (GCI) to acquire and then maintain a radar contact, and finally to intercept target proved a very difficult task.

However, on the night of the 22/23 July 1940 they achieved the first airborne radar intercepted kill in history. A Blenheim Mk IF flown by Flying Officer G. Ashfield, with a crew of Pilot Officer G.E. Morris (Observer) and Sergeant R.H. Leyland (A.I. operator), patrolled the Sussex coast at {{convert|10000|ft|m|abbr=on}}. They were directed to a possible intercept by the controller at Poling Chain Home radar station who reported an incoming raid. Sgt. Leyland reported a response on the A.I. at a range of 8,000 feet and presently P/O Morris made a visual sighting of a Dornier Do 17 to port and below the Blenheim. Ashfield closed the distance to 400 feet and then opened fire. Strikes were observed on fuselage and engines, the Dornier lurched to starboard and fell away, 5 miles south of Bognor Regis. The aircraft, a Dornier 17Z of 2 Staffel, Kampfgeschwader 3, crashed into the sea. The crew was later rescued from the sea. The Blenheim was so close to the Dornier during the attack that the cockpit perspex was covered in oil, resulting in Ashfield losing control and the Blenheim flipping onto its back. He was able to regain control of the Blenheim at an altitude of 700 feet and landed at Tangmere just after midnight.

The unit was later also equipped with the Hawker Hurricane and were the first unit to receive the new Bristol Beaufighter (on 12 August 1940), still stationed at RAF Tangmere.^[1] Between 1940 and June 1944, some 21 victories were claimed by the FIU.

A FIU detachment was at RAF Newchurch to complement the already formed No. 150 Wing RAF with the Hawker Tempest V, where it tested Monica radar (known officially by the RAF as ARI 5664 and, by the US military, as AN/APS 13), a range-determining, tail warning system, for night use.^[2] This special flight of Tempest V fighters was formed to counter the V-1 "Flying bombs" which had begun falling on south-east England. The flight operated mainly by night, and claimed 86 ½ V-1s destroyed before being absorbed into No. 501 Squadron RAF. The FIU's Squadron Leader Joseph Berry claimed 52 V-1s to become the RAF's top scorer against the flying bombs.

On 23 August 1944 the FIU became the Fighter Interception Development Squadron (FIDS). By the latter war years the unit had become an element of the Night Fighter Development Wing (NFDW), which also included the Bomber Support Development Unit (BSDU), and the Fighter Experimental Flight (FEF), which specialised in "Ranger" (daylight intruder) operations with Mosquitoes. Two Westland Welkin s served with the Fighter Interception Unit from May to November 1944, where they were used to evaluate suitability for high-altitude fighter operations. A two-seat night fighter version – the Welkin NF Mk II – was also evaluated but only two were produced was not ordered into production.

During the closing months of the war the BSDU claimed four victories, the FIDS two victories, and the FEF eight victories plus a large number of aircraft destroyed on the ground.

In late 1944 the Fighter Interception Development Squadron (of the Night Fighter Development Wing) carried out operational trials at RAF Ford (and later Manston) under the code name "Operation Vapour" in an effort to counter Heinkel He 111 H-22 aircraft of III/KG 53 air launching V-1 flying bombs. A radar-equipped Vickers Wellington was modified for use by the Fighter Interception Unit as one of the first Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) aircraft.^[3] It operated at an altitude of 4,000 feet over the North Sea to control Mosquito night fighters intercepting the Heinkel He 111s flying from Dutch airbases and carrying out airborne launches of the V-1 flying bomb. The modus operandi typically involved the Heinkels leaving bases in the Netherlands and flying out over the North Sea at a height of less than 300 feet. Once the Heinkels neared the East Anglain coast they would increase speed, and release their flying bombs before turning for home at low level. To assist in detecting the Heinkels the Fighter Interception Development Squadron borrowed a Coastal Command Wellington equipped with a modified ASV Mk VI radar set and PPI to act as Airborne Early Warning and Control. After initial trials, low level night patrols off the north of the Netherlands were carried out by the Wellington with several Mosquito night fighters. In order for the night fighters to locate and keep station with the Wellington, the aircraft was fitted with a special homing beacon.

Despite encouraging results, the Luftwaffe stopped air launches by mid January 1945 and the operational trials ended.

Bases

Notes and references

1. ^Battle Of Britain RAF Squadron Numbers
2. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20071110040356/http://www.hawkertempest.se/storymonica.htm The Hawker Tempest Page]
3. ^{{cite book |title=Britain's Greatest Aircraft |last=Jackson |first=Robert |year=2007 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books Ltd. |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84415-383-1 |pages=217 }}
4. ^Stations-W

3 : Royal Air Force squadrons|RAF squadrons involved in the Battle of Britain|Military units and formations established in 1940