| 词条 | First Happy Time |
| 释义 |
The early phase of the Battle of the Atlantic during which German Navy U-boats enjoyed significant success against the British Royal Navy and its Allies was referred to by U-boat crews as "the Happy Time" ("Die Glückliche Zeit"),[1] and later the First Happy Time, after a second successful period was encountered. It started in July 1940, almost immediately after the Fall of France, which brought the German U-boat fleet closer to the British shipping lanes in the Atlantic. From July 1940 to the end of October, 282 Allied ships were sunk off the north-west approaches to Ireland for a loss of 1,489,795 tons of merchant shipping.[2] The reason for this successful Axis period was the British lack of radar and huff-duff equipped ships which meant that the U-boats were very hard to detect when they made nighttime surface attacks – ASDIC (sonar) could only detect submerged U-boats. When it ended is a matter of interpretation, with some sources claiming October 1940[3] and others extending it to April 1941,[4] after the Germans lost three prominent U-boat commanders: Günther Prien, Joachim Schepke and Otto Kretschmer.[5] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|last=Purnell |first=Tom |authorlink= |title=The "Happy Time" |work="Canonesa", Convoy HX72 & U-100 |publisher= |date=April 11, 2003 |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/annemariepurnell/can3.html |doi= |accessdate=September 1, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001045906/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/annemariepurnell/can3.html |archivedate=October 1, 2007 |df=mdy }} {{Germany-WWII-stub}}2. ^Blouet, Brian W. Global Geostrategy: Mackinder and the Defence of the West, p. 131 3. ^Hughes, Terry; Costello, John. The Battle of the Atlantic, p. 88 4. ^Macintyre, Donald G. F. W. The Naval War Against Hitler, p. 52 5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/navalhistory/2008-06/battle-had-be-won |title=The Battle That Had to Be Won |accessdate=2017-03-09 |last=Milner |first=Marc |date= June 2008|work=Naval History Magazine |publisher=United States Naval Institute}} 1 : Battle of the Atlantic |
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