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词条 First inauguration of Barack Obama
释义

  1. Context

  2. Planning

     Joint Congressional Committee  Presidential Inaugural Committee  Fundraising  Invitations and tickets 

  3. Pre-inaugural events

     Train ride: Commemorating Lincoln  We Are One concert  King Day of Service  Kids' Inaugural: "We Are the Future" 

  4. Inaugural events

     Ceremony: "A New Birth of Freedom"  Oath of office  Second oath ceremony  Inaugural address  Prayers  Post-ceremony traditions  Luncheon  Parade  Inaugural balls  National prayer service 

  5. Unofficial events

  6. Attendance

     Dignitaries, family and celebrity guests  Crowds and general ticket holders  Security 

  7. Viewership

     Television audience  Internet traffic 

  8. International reaction

  9. See also

  10. References

  11. External links

{{short description|First presidential inauguration of Barack Obama}}{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}{{Infobox historical event
| Event_Name = First Presidential Inauguration of
Barack Obama
| Image_Name = US President Barack Obama taking his Oath of Office - 2009Jan20.jpg
| Image_Alt = With his family by his side, Barack Obama is sworn in as the 44th President of the United States by Chief Justice of the United States John G. Roberts, Jr.
| Image_Caption = Barack Obama takes the oath of office as the
44th President of the United States.
| Participants = Barack Hussein Obama II
44th President of the United States
—Assuming office
John Glover Roberts, Jr.
Chief Justice of the United States
— Administering oath
Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr.
47th Vice President of the United States
— Assuming office
John Paul Stevens
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
— Administering oath
United States Congress Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
| Location = United States Capitol
Washington, D.C.
| Date ={{Start date and age|mf=yes|2009|01|20}}
| URL = inaugural.senate.gov{{Barack Obama sidebar}}

The first inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States took place on Tuesday, January 20, 2009. The inauguration, which set a record attendance for any event held in Washington, D.C., marked the commencement of the first four-year term of Barack Obama as President and Joe Biden as Vice President. Based on the combined attendance numbers, television viewership, and Internet traffic, it was among the most-observed events ever by the global audience.

"A New Birth of Freedom", a phrase from the Gettysburg Address, served as the inaugural theme to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the birth year of Abraham Lincoln. In his speeches to the crowds, Obama referred to ideals expressed by Lincoln about renewal, continuity and national unity. Obama mentioned these ideals in his speech to stress the need for shared sacrifice and a new sense of responsibility to answer America's challenges at home and abroad.

Obama and others paid homage to Lincoln in the form of tributes and references during several of the events, starting with a commemorative train tour from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Washington, D.C. on January 17, 2009. The inaugural events held in Washington from January 18 to 21, 2009, included concerts, a national day of community service on Martin Luther King Jr. Day, the swearing-in ceremony, luncheon and parade, inaugural balls, and the interfaith inaugural prayer service. The presidential oath as administered by Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts to Obama during his swearing-in ceremony on January 20 strayed slightly from the oath of office prescribed in the United States Constitution, which led to its re‑administration the next day.

In addition to a larger than usual celebrity attendance, the Presidential Inaugural Committee increased its outreach to ordinary citizens to encourage greater participation in inaugural events compared with participation in recent past inaugurations. For the first time, the committee opened the entire length of the National Mall as the public viewing area for the swearing-in ceremony, breaking with the tradition of past inaugurations. Selected American citizens participated in the train tour and other inaugural events, and a philanthropist organized a People's Inaugural Ball for disadvantaged people who otherwise would be unable to afford to attend the inaugural festivities. Among the celebrations for the inauguration, the committee hosted a first-ever Neighborhood Inaugural Ball with free or affordable tickets for ordinary citizens.

{{TOClimit}}

Context

By definition, the inauguration marked the formal culmination of the presidential transition of Barack Obama that began when he won the United States presidential election on November 4, 2008 and became the President-elect.[1] In accordance with Article I, Section 6 of the United States Constitution, Obama resigned from the United States Senate effective November 16, 2008.[2][3] He was formally elected by the Electoral College on December 15, 2008.[4] The results were certified by a joint session of Congress on January 8, 2009.[5]

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}}Chief Justice John Roberts administered the oath of office to Obama. Michelle Obama held the Bible, which was used by Abraham Lincoln at his 1861 inauguration, as Barack Obama placed his hand on the Bible and recited the presidential oath.[97][98] Nearly four years earlier, then-Senator Obama had been one of 22 Senators to vote against Roberts during Roberts' Supreme Court nomination; the inauguration marked the first time a Chief Justice administered the oath to a President-elect who had previously voted against the Chief Justice's confirmation.[143][99]

Roberts and Obama made several mistakes as they recited the oath. The proper wording for the oath of office is prescribed in the Constitution:

{{quote|text=I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.[145]}}

Roberts had practiced for the ceremony carefully. However, a memo noting his planned pauses in the recitation of the oath failed to reach Obama's staff before the swearing-in.[100][101] As a result, Obama inadvertently interrupted Roberts during the first phrase, stating "I, Barack" while Roberts was finishing "do solemnly swear". Obama then correctly repeated the entire phrase "I, Barack Hussein Obama, do solemnly swear."

Roberts, who was not using notes, rendered the next phrase as "that I will execute the office of president to the United States faithfully," misplacing the word faithfully and saying president to instead of president of. Obama repeated, "that I will execute", then paused. Roberts attempted to correct the wording, but stumbled: "the off– faithfully the pres– the office of President of the United States." Obama then repeated Roberts' initial incorrect wording.[102][103][104]

Roberts ended the presidential oath by appending the phrase "so help you God" to the end of the constitutionally prescribed oath, and Obama responded "so help me God" when he was prompted. Obama had asked previously to include "so help me God" after the oath.[105] Roberts then congratulated Obama as the new President.[103]

Second oath ceremony

Much public discussion arose about the errors in administering and reciting the oath. Several constitutional scholars said that Obama should retake the oath. Boston University constitutional scholar Jack Beermann suggested that while the courts would likely never even consider a challenge, he would still advise Obama to retake the oath if he were his lawyer since "the Constitution says what he's supposed to say."[106]

Although Robert Gibbs, White House press secretary, indicated at first that President Obama did not plan to retake the oath,[107] Chief Justice Roberts agreed to re-administer the oath at the request of White House counsel Greg Craig. The second oath ceremony took place on the evening of January 21, 2009 in the Map Room of the White House before a small audience of presidential aides, reporters and a White House photographer.[108][109] Craig said that the White House ultimately decided to re-administer the oath out of an abundance of caution. Craig added that "the oath of office was administered effectively and ... the President was sworn in appropriately ... But the oath appears in the Constitution itself."[110] No Bible was present during the retake of the inauguration.[110]

Inaugural address

A central theme of President Obama's inaugural address was a call to restore responsibility—both in terms of accountability in Washington and the responsibility of ordinary people to get involved.[111][112] Obama's address did not have memorable sound bite phrases. Instead, he used traditional references to connect his new administration with the nation's history in a speech that was understated deliberately, according to rhetoric expert James Mackin.[113]

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Obama concluded the second paragraph of his address by saying, "we the people have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears and true to our founding documents." The speech reinforced words such as "legacy" and "heritage", as well as values such as "honesty", "courage" and "patriotism", which "are old" values. Near the end of the speech, Obama referred to words written by Thomas Paine in The American Crisis, which were ordered by George Washington to be read to his troops: "Let it be told to the future world ... that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive ... that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]." Because Obama's campaign message focused on the need for change, Mackin noted that Obama sought to reassure Americans that he would operate as President within the margins of the nation's traditions.[113]

Obama's goal for his Inaugural speech was to stir the following response among Americans: "This is why I want to go into public service and be a better politician. This is why I want to go home and be a better parent, better worker, better citizen." [114]

As part of Obama's call for responsibility, he said "what is required of us now is a new era of responsibility—a recognition, on the part of every American" and "those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account." Obama quoted the lyrics of the Jerome Kern and Dorothy Fields song "Pick Yourself Up" from the musical comedy Swing Time, saying that "starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America."[115] In an article for The New York Times, columnist and former drama critic Frank Rich noted the link to the lyric in Field's song from the movie, writing that Obama offered in his address "one subtle whiff of the Great Depression".[116]

Obama's speech contained several biblical references and was compared to oratory of the "black church tradition." Obama also highlighted the United States' religious diversity, referring to the country's "patchwork heritage" as a strength and saying, "We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non-believers." This was the first time a United States President acknowledged American non-believers in an inaugural address.[117]

Obama's inaugural address received mixed reviews, with some describing the tone of the speech a praiseworthy one of restraint and plain speaking,[118] while others described the speech as low-brow and cliched.[119] Despite his optimism, Obama was critical of former Presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton.[118] David E. Sanger, chief Washington correspondent for The New York Times, described the speech as the harshest rebuke of an outgoing President during an inaugural address since Franklin Roosevelt's call for restoration of American values.[120] The Bush administration was upset about the tone of the speech, saying that the speech veered from that of a ritualistic but respectful thanks to that of a public diatribe.[121] Members of the Republican party viewed the speech as a missed chance to seek unity, while Rahm Emanuel, Obama's White House Chief of Staff, described the speech as a reflection of the mandate of the people.[122] In an analysis of the inaugural address, one reporter described the speech as one that emphasized the burdens of the moment and the cloudy future whose challenges may be met with the resolve that is part of our American heritage.[123]

Prayers

Obama's selections of Warren and Lowery to deliver prayers for the inaugural ceremony were controversial. Warren had a history of vocal opposition to same-sex marriage,[124] and Lowery had a background as a civil rights activist.[125] Neither Obama nor Warren made references during the inaugural program to issues of direct concern to the gay community. In the invocation, Warren asked for "forgiveness for Americans 'when we fight each other' and 'civility in our attitudes even when we differ.'"[126] Warren mentioned Dr. Martin Luther King and Jesus in the invocation, and he concluded the invocation with the Lord's Prayer.[92] Lowery used humor as he delivered the benediction. One of his messages was the statement that "as we leave this mountaintop, help us to hold on to the spirit of fellowship and the oneness of our family." Lowery concluded the benediction with a humorous message of anticipation for the day "when brown can stick around, when yellow will be mellow, when the red man can get ahead man and when white would embrace what is right".[92]

Post-ceremony traditions

After the inaugural ceremony, President Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, Vice President Joe Biden and Dr. Jill Biden escorted former President George W. Bush and former First Lady Laura Bush to a departure ceremony on the east side of the U.S. Capitol. Before the luncheon and in keeping with tradition, President Obama signed his first presidential orders in the President's Room at the Capitol,[179] and then signed the guest book for the luncheon.[92] The first order signed by Obama was a proclamation declaring his Inauguration Day a "National Day of Renewal and Reconciliation",[127][179] in which he called "upon all of our citizens to serve one another and the common purpose of remaking this Nation for our new century".[128] Next, Obama signed orders to officially present the nominations for his Cabinet and several sub‑Cabinet officials to the U.S. Congress for its approval.[129] The Obamas and Bidens then attended an inaugural luncheon at the U.S. Capitol before traveling from there to the presidential reviewing stand at the White House to watch the parade.

Luncheon

As former President and Mrs. Bush began their journey to their Texas home, the Obamas and Bidens joined several congressional guests for the inaugural luncheon in National Statuary Hall at the U.S. Capitol. Guests included top Washington lawmakers as well as former Presidents and Vice Presidents. Commemorating the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial, the red and white china used during the luncheon were replicas of those used in the Lincoln White House.[130]

A luncheon at the U.S. Capitol has been part of the inaugural program since 1953 (before that time, the luncheon was usually held at the White House and hosted by the outgoing President and First Lady). The menu for the 2009 inaugural luncheon, which often features dishes representative of the home states of the new President and Vice President, included seafood stew, duck and pheasant entrees with Pinot noir wine, and a dessert of apple cinnamon sponge cake with sweet cream glacé. Since 1985, a painting has served as a backdrop for the head table. For the 2009 inaugural luncheon, the featured painting was Thomas Hill's 1865 View of the Yosemite Valley, a painting that commemorated Abraham Lincoln's 1864 signing of the Yosemite Grant, which was the first time the federal government protected park lands for public use.[131][132][133]

During the luncheon, Senator Ted Kennedy collapsed after suffering a seizure, and he was transported to a hospital for medical treatment.[134][135] Early reports about the medical emergency suggested erroneously that Senator Robert Byrd, the oldest member of the Senate, also fell ill during the luncheon.[136] These reports were later denied,[135] and Byrd, a longtime friend of Kennedy, eventually explained that the Kennedy incident disturbed him and caused him to leave.[137]

Parade

The inaugural parade route ran along Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. from the U.S. Capitol, ending at the north face of the White House. During most of the parade, President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama traveled in the new armored limousine because of potential security threats.[138] The President and First Lady twice exited their limousine, walking on Pennsylvania Avenue for portions of the parade.[139] Vice President Biden and his wife Jill walked the parade route at several points with their children Beau, Hunter and Ashley.[140]

The parade lasted more than two hours during the afternoon and early evening following the inaugural ceremony. Parade participants included 15,000 people, 240 horses, a mariachi band, dozens of marching bands, the Virginia Military Institute corps of cadets, and two drum and bugle corps: The Cadets and the Colts.[141][142][199] Obama invited the marching band from Punahou School, his high school in Hawaii, to perform in the parade along with the marching unit of its Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps.[143]

Vice President Joe Biden invited several groups from Delaware to march in the parade. The Delaware section was led by the Delaware Volunteer Firemen's Association of which Biden is an honorary member, the Fightin' Blue Hen Marching Band, The Pride of Delaware, from Biden's alma mater, the University of Delaware,[144] and the Delaware State University Hornets Approaching Storm marching band.[145][146]

NASA astronaut Rex J. Walheim marched in the parade carrying an American flag and wearing a prototype of NASA's next generation spacesuit.[147] Astronaut Michael L. Gernhardt drove a prototype lunar rover in the parade. In addition to Astronauts Walheim and Gernhardt, the crew of the STS-126 Space Shuttle Endeavour mission also marched in the inaugural parade.[148]

Inaugural balls

President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama attended 10 official inaugural balls during the evening of January 20, 2009.[149][150] Barack Obama wore a new tuxedo made by Hart Schaffner Marx, a Chicago-based menswear company.[143] He also wore a white bow tie, instead of the conventional black. Traditionalists considered this a fashion faux pas, as a white tie is conventionally only worn with a white waistcoat and tails.[151][152] Michelle Obama wore a white, one-shouldered, sleeveless gown designed by 26-year-old New York-based designer Jason Wu, breaking with the recent practice set by former first ladies Laura Bush and Hillary Clinton, who showcased designers from their hometowns.[153]

The Neighborhood Inaugural Ball, one of six balls held at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center, was the first stop of the evening for the President and First Lady. The Obamas danced their first song as Beyoncé Knowles serenaded them with her rendition of the Glenn Miller classic "At Last".[154] According to the Presidential Inaugural Committee, the Neighborhood Inaugural Ball was the first ball ever with free or affordable tickets, a contrast to recent history in which "inaugural balls generally have been closed to everyday Americans, populated instead by an exclusive circle of dignitaries and donors."[155] A portion of the tickets for the ball was reserved for Washington D.C. residents.[156]

The nine other official inaugural balls attended by the Obamas that evening included:[150]

{{double image|right|Barack and Michelle Obama at the Home States Ball.jpg|152|20090120 Jill and Joe Biden at Homestates Ball.JPG|120|The Obamas (left) and Bidens (right) dance during the President Obama Home States Ball at the Washington Convention Center.||Barack and Michelle Obama dancing arm-in-arm and smiling. She is wearing a white dress, large ring, long earrings and a bracelet. He is wearing a black tuxedo.|A Caucasian man in a tuxedo dances with a blonde woman in a red dress.}}
  • The Commander-in-Chief's Ball, National Building Museum, held only for the second time, included active and reserve duty members of the United States military, the families of American service members currently deployed overseas, the families of military personnel killed in action and recipients of the Purple Heart.[150][157][158]
  • The Eastern Ball, Union Station, held for guests from the New England states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont and the Atlantic territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. James Taylor performed for guests attending the ball.[150][159]
  • The Mid-Atlantic Ball, Washington Convention Center, held for guests from the District of Columbia and the Mid-Atlantic States of Maryland, New York, New Jersey, Virginia and West Virginia. This ball featured the first 2009 appearance by The Dead.[150]
  • The Midwestern Ball, Washington Convention Center, held for guests from the Midwestern states of Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin.[150]
  • The President Obama Home States Ball, Washington Convention Center, for guests from Barack Obama's home states of Hawaii and Illinois.[150]
  • The Southern Ball, D.C. Armory, held for guests from the Southern states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas.[150]
  • The Vice President Biden Home States Ball, Washington Convention Center, for guests from Joe Biden's home states of Delaware and Pennsylvania.[150]
  • The Western Ball, Washington Convention Center, for guests from the Western states of Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, Colorado, Montana, Oklahoma, Oregon, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Washington and Wyoming, and the Pacific territories of American Samoa and Guam.[150]
  • The Youth Ball, Washington Hilton and Towers, an event held specifically for guests between the ages of 18 and 35 years old.[150]

President Obama and the First Lady also attended one inaugural ball during the evening of January 21, 2009.

  • The Obama for America Staff Ball, D.C. Armory, held for staff members of President Obama's 2008 presidential campaign. The ball featured speeches by David Plouffe, Joe Biden and Barack Obama, as well as a performance by Jay-Z.[160]

After they made their formal visits to the circuit of January 20 inaugural balls, the Obamas hosted an after-midnight gathering at the White House for 70 of their earliest supporters, close friends and family. Guests who attended the after hours celebration at the White House included Oprah Winfrey, Valerie Jarrett, David Axelrod, Chicago Mayor Richard Daley, Representatives Artur Davis of the state of Alabama and Neil Abercrombie of the state of Hawaii, and Michelle Obama's brother Craig Robinson. Members of the Illinois congressional delegation also attended the after hours event, including Senator Dick Durbin and Representatives Melissa Bean, Jan Schakowsky, Luis Gutierrez and Jerry Costello.[161][162]

National prayer service

On January 21, 2009, President Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, Vice President Biden and his wife, Dr. Jill Biden, gathered at the Washington National Cathedral for a national day of prayer.[163] At the prayer service, the Obamas and Bidens were joined in the front pew by former President Bill Clinton and his wife, Hillary Clinton, who was sworn in as Secretary of State later that day.[163][164][165] The prayer service was attended by about 3,200 other invited guests, including members of the U.S. Congress, diplomats and other dignitaries.[166]

The theme of the interfaith worship service reflected inclusiveness and religious diversity, with a mix of Protestant pastors, female Hindu and Muslim religious leaders, rabbis and Catholic and Episcopal bishops who delivered scripture readings and prayers throughout the service. Prayers for the service drew from passages from the 1789 inauguration prayer service of George Washington and the 1865 inaugural address of Abraham Lincoln, including phrases such as "with malice toward none, with charity for all".[166] The featured sermon for the inaugural prayer service was delivered by Reverend Sharon E. Watkins, general minister and president of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and the first woman to deliver the sermon for the inaugural prayer service.[167] In her sermon, Watkins integrated passages from a variety of sources, such as passages summoned from sources rooted in the Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Cherokee faiths.[166]

Unofficial events

{{main|List of unofficial events for the first inauguration of Barack Obama}}

In addition to the official events, groups and supporters held an array of gatherings and celebrations throughout Washington, D.C. and the surrounding region in the days before and the evening following the inauguration.[168] One such event, a newly created "People's Inaugural Ball" was held for economically and physically disadvantaged people from across the United States who otherwise would be unable to afford to attend the inaugural festivities.[169] Earl W. Stafford, a businessman from Fairfax County, Virginia, spent an estimated $1.6 million through his family's foundation to bring approximately 300 guests to Washington, D.C., hosting the ball on January 19, 2009 for a total of about 450 people.[169][170] Clothing, shoes, tuxedos and hotel rooms for attendees were provided as part of the invitation.[171]

Attendance

Dignitaries, family and celebrity guests

Former Presidents Jimmy Carter, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush and former Vice Presidents Walter Mondale, Dan Quayle, Al Gore and Dick Cheney, along with their respective wives, attended the inauguration, including Hillary Clinton, who had been Obama's main opponent in the Democratic primaries (Clinton was attending as a former First Lady, not as the losing candidate.[172][173]) Cheney was in a wheelchair because of an injury that he suffered while moving boxes.[173][174]

Congressman John Lewis, the only living speaker from the historic 1963 rally at the March on Washington, was present on the stage during the inauguration.[175] More than 180 of the Tuskegee Airmen attended as invited guests for the inauguration.[176][177] The five-person crew of US Airways Flight 1549 attended the swearing-in ceremony, including Chesley Sullenberger, the pilot who landed the aircraft in the Hudson River near Manhattan after losing both engines due to a bird strike just after departing LaGuardia Airport.[178]

Eighty-seven-year-old Sarah Obama led a group of Obama's Kenyan relatives from his father's home village of Kogelo.[179] Other relatives who traveled from Kenya as guests included Obama's aunt, Maggie Obama, his uncle, Sayid Obama, as well as his half-brother Malik Obama.[179][180] Also, Kenya youth activist and Chair of the Martin Luther King, Jr Africa Foundation, Mwangi Mukami, attended the Inaugural events.[181] Mwangi Mukami had served as Chair of the [https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/06/06/us-usa-politics-kenya-idUSL0651198320080606 Obama Worldwide Supporters Campaign] though it was unrelated to the official campaign. Joe Biden's son, Beau, Attorney General for the state of Delaware and an officer and Judge Advocate in the Delaware Army National Guard, received a special furlough from serving in Iraq to participate in the ceremonies.[182]

Celebrity guests included the actors Dustin Hoffman, Samuel L. Jackson, Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington, talk show host Oprah Winfrey, singer Beyoncé Knowles, director Steven Spielberg, boxer Muhammad Ali, and golfer Tiger Woods.[172][183]

Crowds and general ticket holders

No official count was taken of the number of people attending the inaugural ceremony, although multiple sources concluded that the ceremony had the largest audience of any event ever held in Washington, D.C. Government agencies and federal officials, who coordinated security and traffic management, determined the attendance count to be 1.8 million people based on information collected by several cameras and individuals on the ground. The Washington Post reported the estimated crowd size for the inaugural ceremony, and the National Park Service said it did not contest the estimate.[184][185]

Stephen Doig, a professor at Arizona State University, estimated that 1.1 million people attended the inauguration ceremony using the same satellite image. Although the image was taken a little less than 45 minutes before Obama's swearing-in ceremony, Doig adjusted his estimate to include people who were still arriving in the area before the event.[186] Despite his crowd estimate, Doig stated that "if I had to bet, I would say the [Barack] Obama crowd is in fact bigger than those that showed up for [Johnson] or any of the other things ... I'm wholly prepared to think it was the largest crowd."[184] Approximately 1.2 million people had attended the second inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965.[187]

Amid the massive crowds that arrived at the U.S. Capitol for the inauguration, about 4,000 ticket holders were unable to gain entry to reserved areas on the Capitol grounds after security personnel closed the gates at the start of the formal ceremony. Many ticket holders were stuck in underground tunnels where pedestrian traffic was directed to and from the National Mall. People dubbed one such tunnel "the Purple Tunnel of Doom", after the purple tickets that would-be viewers held.[188] Others remained stuck in long lines as they waited to gain entry to the reserved areas.[189][190][191][192][193] Senator Dianne Feinstein, in her capacity as chair of the Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, launched an investigation to address complaints by the affected ticket holders.[194] The committee later announced that ticket holders who were unable to enter the Capitol grounds to view the ceremony would receive a copy of the swearing-in invitation and program, photos of President Obama and Vice President Biden and a color print of the inaugural ceremony.[195]

Inauguration Day broke several records for the Washington Metropolitan Transit system. The 1,120,000 estimated Metrorail riders broke the record of 866,681 trips set the day before (which had broken the record set on July 11, 2008), and marked the first million trip day in the system's history. Metro also provided 423,000 bus trips and 1,721 MetroAccess trips for a total of 1,544,721 trips, the highest ridership day ever in the transit authority’s history.[75] As of October 2018, the inauguration day crowd is still the largest in Metrorail history, but the 2017 Women's March has the highest counted, not estimated, single day ridership of 1,001,613. In addition, the Sunday events helped Metro set a Sunday single-day record of 616,324 that is still largest Sunday crowd.[196]

Security

As with the 54th and 55th Presidential Inaugurations, in 2001 and 2005, respectively, the 56th Presidential Inauguration in 2009 was designated as a National Special Security Event (NSSE), resulting in the United States Secret Service being the lead Federal agency for the development and implementation of the overall security plan;[197] the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) being the lead Federal agency for counter terrorism, intelligence, and criminal investigation; and the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) being the lead Federal agency for crisis management in the aftermath of any terrorist attack, natural disaster or other catastrophic incident. The United States Capitol Police had primary responsibility for security and emergency response within the Capitol Complex to include the Inaugural Platform and the Inaugural Luncheon. The NSSE designation was made by Michael Chertoff, Secretary of Homeland Security, on December 10, 2008.[198] The inauguration took place in an era of enhanced security in the decade following the September 11 attacks. Because of the size of the crowds expected in Washington, D.C. for the inaugural activities, planners raised concerns about public safety and security. Army General Richard Rowe, head of the joint military task force for the Washington, D.C. area, explained that security forces had to stretch their imagination to anticipate previously unthinkable security threats, especially in light of the Mumbai attacks in India that occurred in November 2008.[199] Attention was heightened by terrorist threats.[200]

The police presence in the District of Columbia temporarily doubled, augmented by the addition of 8,000 police officers from around the United States. The police force was assisted by 1,000 FBI agents to provide security for the event,[18][201] and the Secret Service Countersniper team was assigned to hidden locations throughout the area.[202] The Transportation Security Administration had over 300 officers from its National Deployment Force on hand to assist the Secret Service with security inspections of attendees entering the National Mall.[203] Ten thousand National Guard troops were on site, with 5,000 troops providing security duty in a ceremonial capacity and 1,300 unarmed troops aiding Park Police in crowd control at the National Mall. C Company of the 1–175 Infantry provided security between the first and second public viewing areas of the National Mall at the 7th Street, N.W. intersection, while the remaining members performed other security functions.[59] The Federal Aviation Administration implemented additional airspace restrictions over Washington, D.C. between 10:00 am and 6:00 pm on January 20, 2009.[204][205] Secretary of Defense Robert Gates was chosen as the designated survivor to ensure continuity of government in case of catastrophe, and he spent Inauguration Day at a U.S. military installation outside of the Washington, D.C. area.[206]

No one from the crowds at the swearing-in ceremony or parade was arrested on Inauguration Day. According to a senior federal agent associated with managing security, the fact that no arrests were made by any agency during the inaugural events was unheard of for a record crowd of nearly two million gathering in Washington, D.C.[184][207] In the 2009 book In the President's Secret Service, author and journalist Ronald Kessler said intelligence officials received information that individuals associated with Al-Shabaab, a Somalia-based Islamist insurgency group, might try to disrupt the inauguration. More than a dozen counter-sniper teams were stationed along the inauguration parade route in response, and the criminal records of nearby employees and hotel guests were scrutinized, but no such attack took place. Kessler also reported a number of perceived inadequacies in the security during the inauguration, including an instance in which more than 100 major campaign donors and VIPs were able to board "secure" buses without being checked.[208]

Viewership

Television audience

Nielsen television ratings indicated that 29.2% of televisions in the 56 largest media markets in the United States were tuned to the inauguration, the largest audience since Ronald Reagan's first inauguration in 1981 and nearly double the viewership of the 2005 inauguration of George W. Bush.[209][210] The Raleigh-Durham market had the largest TV audience with more than 51% of households tuned into the day's events, a number attributed in part to a snowstorm that kept people inside and in part to the large African American population in that community.[211][212] Of the top 10 media markets in terms of viewership, four were in North Carolina, two were in Virginia and one was in Maryland, with the Washington D.C. market ranking second highest in television viewership.[210] In addition, schools and workplaces across the country allowed viewing of the inauguration because the event occurred on a weekday.[213][214]

As measured between 10:00 am and 5:00 pm EST, U.S. television viewership for the Obama inaugural events achieved an average of 37.8 million across 17 broadcast and cable channels, not including online viewers who watched live streaming video of the events. Although the Obama inaugural events achieved an average U.S. television viewership of 37.8 million across both broadcast networks and cable channels, viewership for the events was lower than the U.S. television viewership for the 1981 Reagan inaugural festivities, which averaged 41.8 million across the ABC, CBS and NBC broadcast networks alone.[215]

Measurements of television viewership in Europe showed that Germany drew the largest audience for the Obama inauguration at 11 million viewers, followed by France at 7 million and the United Kingdom at 5.1 million.[216][217]

According to the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 6.5 million viewers in the United Kingdom watched highlights of the inauguration during its early evening news program.[218]

Internet traffic

The Obama inauguration resulted in a surge of Internet traffic to news and social networking websites and a record number of video streams. CNN reported that it generated more than 21 million video streams by 3:30 pm EST that day—an all-time record, in addition to receiving 136 million page views that day.[300] At one point during the surge of traffic to view the Obama inauguration, the BBC reported downtime during its own live video feed at its website. The heavy website traffic caused the BBC video feed to cut out for 30 minutes, with web visitors seeing the message "Please come back later" instead of the live video footage.[219]

The technology company Akamai reported that 5,401,250 web users logged on news sites in less than one minute, the fifth highest peak among news websites since the company started tracking data in 2005.[220] During at-peak usage, news websites served seven million simultaneous video streams, which was the highest number of simultaneous video streams in Akamai's history.[221] The Obama inaugural ceremony not only achieved the highest Internet viewership for a U.S. presidential inauguration, the inaugural event was the first to feature a live audio description of a swearing-in ceremony and the first to include closed captioning in the live webcast of the event.[79]

International reaction

{{main|International reaction to the United States presidential election, 2008}}

The international community paid unprecedented attention to the inauguration of Barack Obama. Millions of people, including citizens of numerous countries around the world and American expatriates living in those countries, watched the Obama inauguration live on television and on the Internet. In some countries, the Obama inauguration garnered as much viewership as the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics.[222]

Celebrations surrounding the inauguration, praise of the event's significance and congratulations to Obama on his inauguration were internationally diverse. In Kenya, the home country of Obama's father, people celebrated the inauguration as a public holiday.[223] Indonesians and Americans in Jakarta watched the inauguration at a free midnight ball featuring performances by students from State Elementary School Menteng 01, the school that Obama attended as a child.[224] The city of Obama in Japan celebrated the event with fireworks, bell-ringing and hula-dancing at the Hagaji Temple.[225][226] Governor General Michaëlle Jean and Prime Minister Stephen Harper of Canada extended congratulations on behalf of Canadians,[227] while Mexican President Felipe Calderón wished Obama "great success in the work as the new President of the United States".[228] Israeli President Shimon Peres described Obama's inauguration as a "great day" for the United States,[229] and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown noted that "The whole world is watching the inauguration of President Obama, witnessing a new chapter in both American history and the world's history."[230]

Leaders of some countries reserved enthusiasm for the Obama inauguration, with coverage of the event even muted in some places. Cuban President Raúl Castro, brother of former Cuban president Fidel Castro, declared that "[Obama] looks like a good man, I hope he is lucky",[231] while Ricardo Alarcón, president of the Cuban legislature, admitted in his comments about Obama that "the incoming [U.S.] president 'is a big question mark.'"[231] Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki expressed hope for openness for a new direction, noting that "if Obama chooses the right path, compensates the past, lifts hostility and U.S. hegemony, and revises the previous political mistakes, we will have no hostility."[229] State-owned Channel One Russia, Russia's flagship early evening news show, covered Obama's presidential inauguration as a minor news story, devoting much of the day's airtime instead to the gas war with Ukraine.[232] The People's Republic of China covered the Obama inauguration live on its state‑controlled China Central Television, providing simultaneous translation into Mandarin Chinese with a brief delay to allow censoring of Obama's comments. When President Obama mentioned "earlier generations faced down fascism and communism", Chinese state television officials cut away abruptly from the televised speech and switched to a discussion in the studio.[233][234] State-controlled print, radio and television media in North Korea provided no coverage or mention of the Obama inauguration in the hours after the event, opting instead to cover news about Equatorial Guinea welcoming the North Korean ambassador.[235]

Ordinary citizens in Iraq even viewed the new president with cautious optimism. One Iraqi citizen opined that "If [Obama] can do as well as he talks, then all our problems are over", adding a belief that "[Obama] is a good man, but many people in Iraq believe all American presidents are the same and that we are a playground for their interests."[236] Another citizen noted that "Obama won't get the same treatment,' ... 'But he won't have too long to prove himself to us.'"[236]

See also

{{Portal|Barack Obama|Politics}}
  • First 100 days of Barack Obama's presidency
  • Presidency of Barack Obama
  • Presidential transition of Barack Obama
  • Second inauguration of Barack Obama
  • Timeline of the Presidency of Barack Obama
  • List of unofficial events for the first inauguration of Barack Obama
  • United States presidential election, 2008
{{Portal bar|Barack Obama|Politics|United States}}

References

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145. ^{{cite web|url=http://archives.desu.edu/advancement/pr/press_release.php?article_id=479 |title=DSU Band to Perform Jan. 18 Pre-Inaugural Concert |date=January 7, 2009 |publisher=Delaware State University |accessdate=February 7, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105183638/http://archives.desu.edu/advancement/pr/press_release.php?article_id=479 |archivedate=November 5, 2012 }}
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148. ^{{cite web|last=Borenstein |first=Seth |title=Moon buggy to debut in inaugural parade: Lunar rover is NASA's leading prototype for future moon mission |date=January 8, 2009 |publisher=TODAYshow.com |url=http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/28565952/ |accessdate=February 6, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214060844/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/28565952/ |archivedate=February 14, 2012 }}
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153. ^{{cite news |first=Robin|last=Givhan|title=All hail the leader of the fashionable world |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2009/01/20/ST2009012004580.html |work=The Washington Post|date=January 21, 2009 |accessdate=January 23, 2009}}
154. ^{{cite news |title=Obamas dance, celebrate at inaugural balls |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/20/inauguration.balls |publisher=Cable News Network|date=January 21, 2009 |accessdate=January 23, 2009}}
155. ^{{cite news |first=Leaman|last=Amy|title=Obama to Host Virtual Ball |url=http://www.washingtonian.com/blogarticles/people/capitalcomment/10726.html|work=Washingtonian Magazine|date=January 5, 2009 |accessdate=May 4, 2009}}
156. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ajc.com/travel/content/travel/otherdestinations/us_stories/2009/01/05/obama_neighborhood_ball.html|title=Obama adds 'Neighborhood Ball' for D.C. residents|date=January 5, 2009|work=Atlanta Journal-Constitution|accessdate=May 4, 2009}}
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158. ^{{cite news |title=Obama announces inauguration Commander in Chief's Ball for war heroes |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2009/01/01/2009-01-01_obama_announces_inauguration_commander_i.html |agency= Associated Press |work=The New York Daily News |date=January 1, 2009 |accessdate=January 19, 2009}}
159. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2009/01/james_taylor_ge.html|title=James Taylor gets top billing at Eastern ball|accessdate=February 9, 2009|work=Boston Globe|author=Rhee, Foon | date=January 15, 2009}}
160. ^{{cite news |first=David A.|last=Nakamura|title=Obama for America Staff Ball right now featuring Jay-Z |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/inauguration-watch/2009/01/obama_staff_party_right_now_fe.html |work=The Washington Post |date=January 21, 2009 |accessdate=March 2, 2009}}
161. ^{{cite news|first=Lynn |last=Sweet |title=Obamas throw 'late night' gathering after balls in the White House. Oprah, Mayor Daley, among those present |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2009/01/obamas_throw_late_night_gather.html |work=Chicago Tribune |date=January 21, 2009 |accessdate=January 23, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720044747/http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2009/01/obamas_throw_late_night_gather.html |archivedate=July 20, 2014 }}
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167. ^{{cite news |first=Laurie |last=Goodstein|title=Obama Names Minister to Lead Prayer Service|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/us/politics/11minister.html|work=The New York Times|date=January 10, 2009 |accessdate=January 25, 2009}}
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171. ^{{cite news |title=Fairy godfather invites disadvantaged to inaugural ball |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g286yHHwAWCcEyaqMWnkqYgOUZOw |agency= Agence France-Presse |date=January 19, 2009 |accessdate=February 13, 2009}}
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177. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.afdw.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123131832 |title=Presidential Inauguration brings Tuskegee Airmen to Bolling |accessdate=June 28, 2014 |date=January 20, 2009 |publisher=United States Air Force |author=Longoria, R. Michael |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029071054/http://www.afdw.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123131832 |archivedate=October 29, 2014 }}
178. ^{{cite news |first=Katharine Q. |last=Seelye |title=Obama Invites Flight 1549 Pilot and Crew to Inauguration |url=http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/obama-invites-flight-1549-pilot-and-crew-to-inauguration |work=The New York Times |date=January 19, 2009 |accessdate=January 19, 2009}}
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183. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.golf.com/presstent/2009/01/tiger-woods-pay.html|title=Tiger Woods pays tribute to military in speech at Obama celebration|accessdate=October 26, 2014|date=January 18, 2009|work=Golf Magazine}}
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188. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcwashington.com/news/local/Surviving-the-Purple-Tunnel-of-Doom.html |title=Surviving the Purple Tunnel of Doom |publisher=NBC Washington |date=January 21, 2009 |accessdate=July 25, 2010}}
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190. ^{{cite news |title=Purple, Silver, Blue Ticket Holders Turned Away |first=Leah |last=Carliner |date=January 20, 2009 |accessdate=January 22, 2009|work=The Washington Post |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/inauguration-watch/2009/01/people_with_tickets_being_turn.html?hpid=topnews }}
191. ^{{cite news |title=User Photos of D St. Problems, Crowds |first=Leah |last=Carliner |work=The Washington Post |date=January 20, 2009 |accessdate=January 22, 2009|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/inauguration-watch/2009/01/user_photos_of_d_st_problems_c.html}}
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194. ^{{cite news |title=Sen. Feinstein Launches Investigation into Ticket Fiasco |first= David A. |last=Nakamura |work=The Washington Post |date=January 21, 2009 |accessdate=January 21, 2009 |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/inauguration-watch/2009/01/sen_feinstein_launches_investi.html }}
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197. ^Title 18 United States Code, Section 3056
198. ^Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD) 7
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206. ^{{cite news |title=Defense Secretary Will Skip Inauguration |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2009/01/20/defense_secretary_will_skip_in.html?wprss=44 |work=The Washington Post |date=January 20, 2009 |accessdate=January 21, 2009}}
207. ^{{cite news |first=James Gordon |last=Meek |title=Security withstands record crowds during President Obama's inauguration parade, swearing-in ceremony |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2009/01/20/2009-01-20_security_withstands_record_crowds_during.html |work=The New York Daily News |date=January 20, 2009 |accessdate=January 23, 2009}}
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211. ^{{cite news | title=Nielsen: Raleigh-Durham has top ratings for Obama inauguration | accessdate= January 22, 2009|date= January 21, 2009| work=Triangle Business Journal| url = http://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/stories/2009/01/19/daily28.html}}
212. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/21/MNRD15EOH7.DTL|title=Nearly 38 million watched inaugural on TV|last=Garofoli|first=Joe |date=January 22, 2009|work=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=January 25, 2009}}
213. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wdsu.com/news/18514439/detail.html |title=Workplaces Plan For Inauguration Viewing |accessdate=March 28, 2009 |date=January 19, 2009 |publisher=WDSU-TV (New Orleans, LA) |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308220655/http://www.wdsu.com/news/18514439/detail.html |archivedate=March 8, 2012 }}
214. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2009/jan/06/schools-consider-jan-20-tv-time/|title=Schools consider allowing students to watch Obama inauguration|accessdate=March 28, 2009|date=January 6, 2009|work=Memphis Commercial Appeal|author=Stout, Cathryn}}
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219. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/barackobama/4301367/Barack-Obama-inauguration-record-demand-crashes-BBCs-live-internet-feed.html|title=Barack Obama inauguration: record demand crashes BBC's live internet feed|last=Irvine|first=Chris|date=January 20, 2009|work=The Daily Telegraph | location=United Kingdom|accessdate=January 25, 2009}}
220. ^1 {{cite news | last=Luft | first=Oliver | title=Web traffic soars for Obama inauguration | accessdate= January 22, 2009|date= January 23, 2009|work=The Guardian| location=United Kingdom |url = https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/jan/22/barack-obama-inauguration-web-traffic-soars}}
221. ^{{cite news|url=http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/20/news-sites-struggle-to-stream-obamas-innaguration-speech/|title=News Sites Struggle to Stream Obama Video|accessdate=February 9, 2009|date=January 20, 2009|work=The New York Times|author=Vance, Ashlee}}
222. ^1 {{cite news |title= History made as Obama sworn in |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/517048/-/u1bo54/-/index.html |work= Daily Nation |location=Kenya |date=January 19, 2009 |accessdate=January 19, 2009}}
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233. ^{{cite news|last=Bristow|first=Michael|title=Obama speech censored in China|publisher=BBC News|date=January 21, 2009|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/asia-pacific/7841580.stm|accessdate=January 21, 2009}}
234. ^{{cite news | work=The Huffington Post | accessdate=March 2, 2009 | last=Chang | first=Anita | date=January 21, 2009 | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/01/21/china-censors-parts-of-ob_n_159603.html| title=China Censors Parts of Obama's Speech}}
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External links

{{commons category|Barack Obama 2009 presidential inauguration}}{{wikisource|Barack Obama's Inaugural Address}}{{Sisterlinks|author=yes}}
  • President Obama 2009 Inaugural Ceremony. C-SPAN. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
  • Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
  • Complete list of inaugural parade participants
  • The 56th Presidential Inauguration: Inaugural Media Guide
  • Biyyaa, Q. (2009-01-21). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090208174835/http://jimmatimes.com/article.cfm?articleID=31780 President Barack Obama's inaugural speech analysed from African perspective.] Jimma Times (Ethiopia). Retrieved 2009-05-15.
Speeches
  • [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/17/us/politics/17text-obama.html Transcript of prepared remarks of Barack Obama in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]
  • Transcript of prepared remarks of Barack Obama in Baltimore, Maryland
  • Canary, A. (2009-01-24). [https://archive.is/20130210030430/http://voices.yahoo.com/inauguration-barack-obama-dianne-feinsteins-inaugural-2560195.html Inauguration of Barack Obama: Dianne Feinstein's Inaugural Welcoming Speech Worth a Second Listen, Too.] Yahoo! Voices. Retrieved 2011-12-26.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202091629/http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/inaugural-address/ Full transcript and video of the inaugural address of President Barack Obama]
  • Text of Obama's First Inaugural Address
  • Audio of Obama's First Inaugural Address
{{Barack Obama}}{{US inaugurations}}{{African American topics}}{{featured article}}

10 : 2009 speeches|First inauguration of Barack Obama|United States presidential inaugurations|Presidency of Barack Obama|Speeches by Barack Obama|2009 in American politics|2009 in Washington, D.C.|National Special Security Events|January 2009 events in the United States|Articles containing video clips
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