“Fiscal memory device”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

both of which contain fiscal memory.^[3] and Electronic Journal (EJ), Fiscal memory itself is a kind of memory that is certified by appropriate government body. This Encrypted module is usually in the form of an IC on the Electronic circuit.^[4]

Electronic journal, is a kind of encrypted memory module which is readable using the fiscal device (ETR,FP). These memory modules are the normal SD and MicroSD cards but in an encrypted format which can not be read like normal formats on a personal computer. Once this Electronic Journal is initialized in a fiscal device, it is assigned a fiscal serial number so as to assure it is not reused in another fiscal device.

Countries affected by fiscal memory devices requirements

Country Name^[5]

More Info

Albania

Argentina

Austria

Austria indroduced new regulations at the beginning of 2016 which included creation of Fiscal Journal which have to be saved at POS, central database or in Cloud. That is just first part of new updates, second part is expecting in 2017. Second part will include the digital signature of every receipt. There are two concepts according to the Austrian law: 1. Usage of digital signature of every issued receipt 2. Closed system which includes Retailers which have more than 30 cash registers and they are not obliged to use any signature device or to register every POS system, but Retailers in closed system need to have a special certificate from government.^[6]

Bangladesh

Bosnia and Herzegovina

At the end of 2008 fiscalization came into effect, but implementation started two years later. The end of 2010 was reserved for fiscal start. All selling places are obliged to record every single turnover over fiscal devices, despite of way of paying. All taxpayers have to create and print daily reports at the end of working days, and also have to do that with periodical reports.^[7]

Brazil

Bulgaria

Canada

Quebec only. Restaurant industry only.^[8]

Croatia

Cloud-based, software only solution.^[9] Republic of Croatia is one of the first countries in the world with type of fiscalization which includes that every transaction created at POS system has to be sent to the fiscal authority through Internet for authorization. This type of fiscalization is in force since 1 January 2013. With each transaction tax relevant information have to be sent to the Fiscal authority and central server returns certain identification keys, which have to be printed on every receipt. Information which are sent to Tax Administration include amounts, income taxes, cashier unique number (OIB), payments information, etc. When there is no Internet connection, each account has to be printed but reauthorization has to be performed after, for a period of 48 hours. Benefits of this type of fiscalization are reflected in increase of tax income, number of issued receipts, increase of VAT companies and better control of working time. Software fiscalization has advantages for Retailers because it does not require new hardware equipment and hardware maintenance.^[10]

Chile

Czech Republic

New fiscal law is expected at the beginning of March 2017. Upcoming fiscal law will be similar to Croatian and Slovenian law.^[11]

Ethiopia

Gambia

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Kenya

Latvia^[12]

Lithuania

Malta

Macedonia, F.Y.R.

The fiscal system enables registration of the total turnover of goods sold, services rendered and the amount of tax. It provides for printing and issuing of fiscal accounts, daily financial report and control financial report. It incorporates fiscal memory that allows single registration of data and multiple reading thereof.

The fiscal system consists of fiscal apparatus and an integrated automated control system.

Types of fiscal equipment:

- electronic cash registers with fiscal memory;- fiscal printers;- electronic systems with fiscal memory for registering retail sales of petroleum products by calculating resources on the quantity and cost of liquid fuels (petrol stations, gas stations, etc).

The integrated automated management system is a system for permanent electronic communication among the commercial entity and the Public Revenue Office and daily automatic data transfer in the form of a daily financial report. The integrated automated management system consists of:

- GPRS Terminal (General Packet Radio Service); and- cryptomodule.^[13]

Montenegro

Fiscalization was adopted in 2001. Each fiscal device must have record number which is a unique number that is entered in the fiscal memory of the fiscal cash registers, and serves to identify the tax cash registers.^[14]

Russia

Beginning from a mid-2017 a certified cash desk and certified secure storage with internet connectivity required for the regular and Online shopping. Cash desk are able to issue electronic documents containing transaction data, archive these transactions locally on certified secure storage, and report them real-time (or no more than 30 days delay) to the Federal Tax Administration via a certified Fiscal Data Operator.^[15]

Serbia

First country which introduced fiscal law with GPRS fiscal terminal. GRPS fiscal terminal reads data from fiscal memory and sends it to Tax Authority. Serbia introduced this type of fiscalization in 2004.^[16]

Slovakia

Fiscalization started in 2008. Each fiscal device has to be certified / registered by government. Most of the fiscal memories are in the modules attached to printers and can operate offline. There is also online possibility through government website.

Slovenia

Cloud-based, software only solution. New fiscal law has been present in Slovenia since 2016 and it includes mandatory use of fiscal cash registers. Fiscalization in Slovenia is based on online authorization of every fiscal relevant transaction created at POS which communicate with Slovenian Tax Authority and collects code. That code and QR code are printed on every receipt. In case there is no Internet connection selling places do not stop to work but they have 72 hours to authorize every fiscal receipt.^[17]

Sweden

Tanzania

Panama

Hardware-based.^[18]

Poland

Romania

Starting October 2018 old devices are replaced with mandatory electronic fiscal devices with Internet connection capabilities and latest use of various encryption methods for digital signing of each issued receipt (third generation fiscal devices)

Rwanda

Venezuela

Distribution of fiscal memory devices

The use of fiscal devices in the world can be divided into three main categories:

Due to the main disadvantages which the first generation fiscal devices are having i.e. easy manipulation, lack of control from the tax office, no printing of fiscal receipts etc., the second generation fiscal devices are becoming more and more popular and many countries are changing their fiscal requirements and moving to Internet enabled fiscal devices (mostly using GPRS network) and implementing the so-called online Information and Tax Collection System.^[19]

Such kind of second generation fiscal devices are eliminating most of the problems which their predecessors were having. All fiscal cash registers and fiscal printers are connected online through the Internet to the central server and sending their reports and/or fiscal receipts in predefined time intervals. However these devices still have some black holes which are used by the majority of tax payers who are cheating and not paying their taxes. Such are: printing of fake fiscal receipts, manipulation of daily reports before they are sent to the tax office etc.

This is why the third generation fiscal devices were introduced and running successfully currently in several countries in the world. Devices of this kind are very similar to the second generation devices but an additional software security is used for digital signing of every fiscal receipt. The third generation fiscal devices are eliminating all previously known issues and giving additional security to all tax agencies which are using such systems. Each fiscal receipt is digitally signed using unique signature printed either in the form of a 2D Bar Code or various characters depending on encryption rules in place. The tax administration can easily and quickly check if the issued receipt is authentic and correct.

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.quorion.de/Cash%20Registers/fiscal_cash_registers.htm |title=Fiscal Cash Registers and POS Systems - Quorion Data Systems |publisher=Quorion.de |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mfin.gov.rs/pages/article.php?&id=5243&change_lang=ls |title=Ministarstvo finansija - Vlada republike Srbije - online |publisher=Mfin.gov.rs |date=2004-12-21 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.narr.gov.rs/ZapocniteBiznis/Lat/Zapocnite.aspx?id=5&list=BCBCBCD5-1385-439F-ACCE-A68CCB18283E |title=Republička agencija za razvoj malih i srednjih preduzeća i preduzetništva |publisher=Narr.gov.rs |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216044122/http://www.narr.gov.rs/ZapocniteBiznis/Lat/Zapocnite.aspx?id=5&list=BCBCBCD5-1385-439F-ACCE-A68CCB18283E |archivedate=2010-12-16 |df= }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eierc.com/efis_vise_def.htm |title=Ei Informatika |publisher=Eierc.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}
5. ^{{cite web|author=Post |url=http://www.slideshare.net/darkopavic/technical-aspects-of-the-fiscalization-in-croatia |title=Technical aspects of the fiscalization in Croatia |publisher=Slideshare.net |date=2012-10-21 |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fiscal-solutions.net/index.php/fiscal-countries/austria/ |title=Austria |publisher=Fiscal Solutions |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fiscal-solutions.net/index.php/fiscal-countries/bosnia-and-herzegovina/ |title=Bosnia and Herzegovina |publisher=Fiscal Solutions |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
8. ^https://www.ctf.ca/ctfweb/Documents/PDF/2009ctj/09ctj4-ainsworth.pdf
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://fiscalization.hr/en/questions-and-answers |title=Fiscalization in Croatia - Questions & Answers |publisher=Fiscalization.hr |date=2012-08-28 |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fiscal-solutions.net/index.php/fiscal-countries/croatia/ |title=Croatia |publisher=Fiscal Solutions |date=2013-01-01 |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fiscal-solutions.net/index.php/solutions/solution-s4retail-fiscal-for-online-fiscalisation/ |title=Solution S4Retail Fiscal for online fiscalisation |publisher=Fiscal Solutions |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://likumi.lv/doc.php?id=265486 |title=Noteikumi par nodokļu un citu maksājumu reģistrēšanas elektronisko ierīču un iekārtu tehniskajām prasībām |publisher=Likumi.lv |date= |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ujp.gov.mk/e/vodic/category/133|title=Управа за Јавни Приходи на Република Македонија|website=www.ujp.gov.mk|access-date=2018-09-27}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fiscal-solutions.net/index.php/fiscal-countries/montenegro/ |title=Montenegro |publisher=Fiscal Solutions |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.pwc.ru/en/tax-consulting-services/assets/legislation/tax-flash-report-2016-66-eng.pdf |title=PwC: New rules for using cash register equipment |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fiscal-solutions.net/index.php/fiscal-countries/serbia/ |title=Serbia |publisher=Fiscal Solutions |date=2014-06-20 |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fiscal-solutions.net/index.php/fiscal-countries/slovenia/ |title=Slovenia |publisher=Fiscal Solutions |date=2013-01-01 |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/taxnewsflash/Pages/panama-rules-for-fiscal-printer-compliance.aspx |title=Insights | KPMG | GLOBAL |publisher=KPMG |date=2018-02-07 |accessdate=2018-02-20}}
19. ^http://www.rs.ge/Default.aspx?sec_id=5358&lang=2Revenue Service, Republic of Georgia