| 词条 | Fisker Karma |
| 释义 |
| name = Fisker Karma | image = Fisker Karma EVer EcoChic – Frontansicht (1), 6. Juni 2012, Düsseldorf.jpg | aka = | manufacturer = Fisker Automotive | production = 2011–2012 | assembly = Uusikaupunki, Finland by Valmet Automotive | class = Full-size luxury car | body_style = 4-door sedan | layout = Front-engine, rear-wheel drive | related = {{Unbulleted list| Fisker Surf | Fisker Sunset | VLF Destino | Karma Revero }} | platform = | engine = 2.0 L (121.9 cu in) turbocharged Ecotec VVT DI LNF I4 | motor = two {{convert|120|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} motors, 479 N·m torque[1] each | battery = {{convert|20.1|kWh|MJ|1|abbr=on}} lithium-ion battery[2] | range = {{convert|230|mi|abbr=on}}[3] | electric_range = {{convert|32|mi|abbr=on}}[3] (EPA) {{convert|83|km|abbr=on}}[5] (TÜV) | drivetrain = Series hybrid. The two electric motors drive the rear wheels through a limited-slip differential[1] | transmission = 1-speed | charging = 3.3 kW (220 V 15 A as for UK) on-board charger on IEC Type 1 inlet (SAE-J1772-2009) | wheelbase ={{convert|124.4|in|mm|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|195.67|in|mm|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|78.11|in|mm|abbr=on}} | height = {{convert|51.57|in|mm|abbr=on}} | weight = {{convert|5300|lb|abbr=on}} | designer = Henrik Fisker | predecessor = | successor = Karma Revero }} The Fisker Karma was a premium plug-in range-extended electric[2] luxury sports sedan produced by Fisker Automotive in 2012. The cars were manufactured at Valmet Automotive in Finland.[3] The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the Karma's combined city/highway fuel economy at {{convert|52|mpgus|abbr=on}} equivalent (MPG-e) in all-electric mode, and at {{convert|20|mpgus|abbr=on}} in gasoline-only mode. EPA's official all-electric range is {{convert|32|mi|abbr=on}}.[3][10] Due to the very small cabin interior volume, the EPA rated the Fisker Karma as a subcompact car.[4] The first deliveries took place in the U.S. in late July 2011,[12][5][6] and deliveries to retail customers began in November 2011.[10] Pricing in the U.S. started at {{US$|102,000}} for the base model (EcoStandard), US$110,000 for the intermediate EcoSport model and {{US$|116,000}} for the top model (the "Animal Free" EcoChic).[16] Around 1,800 units were delivered in North America and Europe through December 2012.[17] The U.S. was the leading market, with about 1,600 units sold.[18] Production was suspended in November 2012 when the sole battery supplier to Fisker Automotive, A123 Systems, filed for bankruptcy following two battery recalls. Fisker Automotive was unable to carry on production of the Fisker Karma in the absence of its sole battery supplier,[7] with about 2,450 Karmas built since 2011.[8] After furloughing its US workers in late March 2013,[9] Fisker Automotive filed for bankruptcy in November 2013, after the United States Department of Energy auctioned its debt and sold it to Hybrid Technology LLC for {{US$|25 million}}.[10] Following the sale of some of the assets of the company, the designs, rights to a plug-hybrid powertrain and a manufacturing facility in Delaware to the Chinese company Wanxiang, the new owners re-commenced production in September 2016 under the brand name Karma Automotive.[11] After several announcements by the Wanxiang Group to reintroduce an upgraded version of the Fisker Karma, the car was renamed the Karma Revero and Karma Automotive started taking orders in September 2016.[12] HistoryThe Fisker Karma was revealed at the 2008 North American International Auto Show in Detroit.[13] It is the first car from Fisker Automotive, a new auto maker based in Anaheim, California, founded on 5 September 2007.[14] Production began in July 2011,[3] and the first two deliveries took place in the United States on 26 July 2011.[15][16] In October 2011 the first Karma delivered in the UK was auctioned to benefit Pratham UK and raised a bid of {{GBP|140,000}} (around {{US$|220,000}}).[17] Following the sale to Chinese company Wanxiang of assets, designs, rights to a plug-hybrid powertrain, and a manufacturing facility in Delaware, the new owners in September 2016 commenced production under the name Karma Automotive.[11] After several announcements by Wanxiang Group to reintroduce an upgraded version of the Fisker Karma, it has been renamed the Karma Revero and {{As of|September 2016|alt=launched with booking scheduled then too}}.[12] SpecificationsThe Karma is a range-extended electric vehicle or series hybrid driven by a pair of {{convert|120|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} electric motors that receive power from a 20.1 kWh lithium ion battery supplied by A123 Systems and/or an engine powered generator. The battery pack runs down the center of the car, between the pairs of left-hand and right-hand seats, preventing a rear bench and seating four rather than five passengers. Once the battery is depleted, or when the driver activates the "Sport" paddle on the steering wheel, the front-mounted 260-hp, 2.0-liter Ecotec four-cylinder direct-injection turbocharged gasoline engine powers a generator that sends electricity directly to the drive motors. The engine is sourced from General Motors.[18][19] The battery can also be charged from the grid, making the vehicle a type of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). The Karma's engine is mated with a generator to provide an electrical connection to the motors and also recharge the batteries, and as such the electric motors are the only mechanical driving force connected to the wheels.[18] However, in all-electric mode, the Karma is around half as efficient as the Chevrolet Volt.[19] The proprietary Q-Drive hybrid drive train is supplied by Quantum Technologies, which operates in a joint venture with Fisker Coachbuild known as Fisker Automotive.[20] The Karma's curb weight is {{convert|5300|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.[18] The Karma includes as standard[21] a solar paneled roof manufactured by Asola Advanced and Automotive Solar Systems GmbH, a Quantum Technologies affiliate,[22] to aid the cabin climate control system. The solar roof is capable of generating a half kilowatt-hour a day[23] and was estimated to provide up to {{convert|4|to(-)|5|mi}} of additional range a week assuming continuously sunny days;[24] however, the solar panels as delivered only recharge the 12-volt lead-acid accessory battery.[25] The base model features an "eco-friendly interior", including salvaged/reclaimed lumber. The interior space is rated as subcompact by the EPA.[26] Optional leather seating is available, but it will use much more of the cow hide than would customarily be found on luxury models; hides with scratches and other marks (which should not affect functionality) will be used.[27] The EcoChic features a natural fabric interior with an ultra-suede dash, as part of Fisker's ecological "animal-free" offering. The Karma has a warning sound system designed to both alert pedestrians of its presence and enhance the driver experience. The sound is emitted through a pair of external speakers embedded in the bumper, and the sound-generator was developed by Fisker Automotive.[28][29] The warning sound is emitted automatically and activated only when the car is traveling in all-electric mode at less than {{convert|25|mph|abbr=on}}.[28][30] PerformanceThe Karma's two {{convert|201|bhp|PS}} motors produce {{convert|1300|Nm}} of torque, giving the Karma a quoted horsepower of 403 HP.[31][32] The Karma features a {{convert|125|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}} top speed and is capable of reaching {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} from a standstill in 6.3 seconds.[33] Fuel economy and rangeThe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) official all-electric range for the Fisker Karma is {{convert|32|mi|abbr=on}} under the agency's five-cycle tests using varying driving conditions and climate controls. EPA's estimated energy consumption is 65 kWh per 100 miles (1462 kJ/km). The total range with a full tank of gasoline and a fully charged battery is {{convert|230|mi}}. EPA's official rating for combined city/highway fuel economy in all-electric mode is 52 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (MPG-e) (4.5 L gasoline equivalent/100 km; 62 mpg-imp gasoline equivalent). The EPA rating in gasoline-only mode is {{convert|20|mpgus|abbr=on}}.[34] Regarding EPA's rating Henrik Fisker, CEO and co-founder of Fisker Automotive commented that "...as with all electric vehicles, range varies greatly on the conditions of the road and how you drive the car. We firmly believe that most owners will get up to 50 miles of driving range on a single charge."[35][34] The German Technical Inspection Association (TÜV) found through independent tests that the Fisker Karma has an all-electric range of {{convert|83|km|abbr=on}} in stealth (all-electric) mode. TÜV found that in charge-sustaining sport mode the Karma achieves a fuel economy of 26 mpg (9.2 l/100 km). The combined fuel economy was rated at 112 MPG-e (2.1 l/100 km equivalent) and the emissions level is 51 g/km CO2.[36][37] Production and deliveryFisker Automotive and Valmet Automotive reached agreement in 2008 to manufacture the Karma in Uusikaupunki, Finland,[38] with the final assembly contract signed by both parties on 13 November 2008.[39] In 2008 Fisker Automotive began accepting pre-orders in the United States, and Europe and initially scheduled sales of its Karma PHEV by the fourth quarter of 2009 in the United States, and starting in 2010 in Europe.[40] In 2009 Henrik Fisker reported 1,300 orders for the Karma.[41] Henrik Fisker showed the first production model Karma at the 2010 Paris Motor Show.[42] In July 2011, Fisker stated that it had received 3,000 pre-orders and that the plug-in hybrid was sold out until early 2012.[3] After re-scheduling the Karma market launch to September 2010, and missing its target to build 70 to 100 test cars in 2010,[43] production began in July 2011,[3] and the two first deliveries took place in the United States during the same month.[15] The Valmet plant in Finland began production with five cars a week. By December 2011 the production rate was 25 units a day.[44] Production was suspended in November 2012 due to financial difficulties,[7] with about 2,450 Karmas built since 2011.[8] As a result of flash floods caused by Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, 16 Karmas caught fire and another 330 units were lost when an entire shipment from Europe was flooded while being parked at Port Newark–Elizabeth Marine Terminal.[70][71] Deliveries to retail customers in the U.S. began in November 2011.[45] In the United States the first vehicles were sold for {{US$|95,900}} for the basic model, and {{US$|109,850}} for the top model.[46] In December 2011 prices were raised to {{US$|102,000}} for the base EcoStandard model, and {{US$|116,000}} for the top model, the EcoChic.[47] Retail salesOver 2,000 Karmas were delivered to customers in North America and Europe through December 2012, of which, around 200 were delivered in 2011 and approximately 1,800 in 2012.[8] About 1,600 units were sold in the United States through December 2013.[48] A total of 533 units were sold in Europe through December 2014. The Netherlands was the top selling European market for the Karma, with 166 units sold through June 2013.[49][50] A total of 55 Karmas were sold in Switzerland through June 2013,[51] 52 in Belgium through November 2012,[52] and 44 in France through December 2014.[53][54][55] Reception and controversiesGovernment investmentIn 2010, the United States Department of Energy awarded Fisker a US$529 million green-energy loan, primarily to assist the company in transitioning the Karma, which is assembled in Finland, into the American markets. Fisker collected nearly US$200 million until February 2012, when the government froze the loan, because the company was failing to meet the government's milestones. Three months later, in May, Fisker spokesman Robert Ormisher told ABC News that negotiations with the DOE were ongoing, and "We're hoping for a conclusion fairly soon."[56] Top GearThe Karma was praised on the British television series Top Gear for its looks and hybrid technology while being road-tested by presenter James May and special guest, AC/DC front-man Brian Johnson. Johnson noted that it is probably one of the first production cars that actually looks like the concept version that is sketched beforehand, saying, "It's a cracking looking jam-jar". May noticed similarities in the hybrid-powertrain to his own idea that was used in a segment for Top Gear a few years earlier (The Hammerhead Eagle i-Thrust), though he admits that his idea was very crudely executed. He joked that Fisker would be hearing soon from his lawyers. After his test of the Karma EcoChic, James May awarded it his Top Gear "Car of the Year Award" for 2011.[57] RecallsIn December 2011, Fisker recalled the first 239 Karmas built from July through 3 November 2011, and delivered to the USA, due to a risk of battery fire caused by coolant leak. Of the 239 cars, fewer than fifty had been delivered to customers, the rest were in dealerships, and at that time no car had been involved in a fire. In the report filed by Fisker Automotive with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the carmaker said some hose clamps were not properly positioned, which could allow a coolant leak. "If coolant enters the battery compartment an electrical short could possibly occur, causing a thermal event within the battery, including a possible fire in the [worst] case." The problem was discovered on 16 December at the Valmet Automotive assembly plant in Finland when workers noticed coolant dripping.[58][59][60][61] On 2 January 2012, Fisker announced that most customer cars and cars stocked in dealerships affected by the recall involving A123 Systems-supplied battery packs are back in service. The vehicles have either had brand new battery packs installed or the confirmed repair to the hose clamp assembly undertaken. The remaining customers have been contacted and appointments were made for their replacement battery installation.[62] On 18 August 2012, Fisker announced it is recalling about 2,400 Karma plug-in hybrids to repair a faulty cooling fan unit.[63] Consumer Reports test driveOn 7 March 2012, a Fisker Karma purchased for US$107,850 by Consumer Reports magazine was taken out for a test drive at the {{convert|327|acre|ha|adj=on}} CR test track facility in Connecticut. The Karma had fewer than {{convert|200|mi|km}} on its odometer. While performing a routine speedometer calibration check prior to actual road testing, the car broke down and could not be restarted. "We buy about 80 cars a year and this is the first time in memory that we have had a car that is undriveable before it has finished our check-in process."[64] The fault was traced to a defective battery caused by a misaligned welding robot at the A123 factory. The battery was replaced in a week. A123 is replacing affected batteries in the Karma and four other customers to a cost of $55 million. Warranty for the Karma will be extended to 60 months and 60,000 miles in North America.[65][66][67][68] Fire incidents{{See also|Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents}}A Fisker Karma was involved in a home fire that also burned two other cars in Fort Bend County, Texas in May 2012. The chief fire investigator said the Karma was the origin of the fire that spread to the house, but the exact cause is still unknown. The plug-in electric car was not plugged in at the time the fire started and it was reported that the Karma's battery was intact. The carmaker released a public statement saying that there was uncertainty and conflicting reports surrounding the event. Fisker Automotive also stated that the battery pack "does not appear to have been a contributing factor in this incident."[69] The NHTSA is conducting a field inquiry of the incident, and is working with insurance adjusters and Fisker to determine the fire's cause.[70] A second fire incident took place in August 2012 when a Karma caught fire while stopped at a parking lot in Woodside, California.[71][72] According to Fisker engineers, the area of origin for the fire was determined to be outside the engine compartment, as the fire was located at the driver's side front corner of the car. The evidence suggested that the ignition source was not the lithium-ion battery pack, new technology components or unique exhaust routing.[73] The investigation conducted by Fisker engineers and an independent fire expert concluded that the cause of the fire was a low temperature cooling fan located at the left front of the Karma, forward of the wheel. An internal fault caused the fan to fail, overheat and started a slow-burning fire. Fisker announced a recall to repair the faulty cooling fan unit.[63][74] In separate incidents during the storm and flooding caused by Hurricane Sandy on the night of 29 October 2012, 16 Karmas and one Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid caught fire while parked at Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal. The vehicles were partially submerged by flash floods caused by the hurricane. Initially, a Fisker Automotive spokesman said the company "can't be certain exactly what happened at the port" but "we think being submerged in 13 feet of saltwater had something to do with it". The carmaker clarified that the Karmas were not charging at the time of the fire and there were no injuries. In the case of the Toyota's incident, a Prius PHV burned and two other Prius, a conventional hybrid and a plug-in, just smoldered. A Toyota spokeswoman said the fire "likely started because saltwater got into the electrical system". She also clarified that the incident affected only three cars out of the 4,000 Toyotas that were at the terminal during the storm, including more than 2,128 plug-in or hybrid models.[75][76] After an investigation by Fisker engineers, witnessed by NHTSA representatives, the company said that the origin of the fire was "residual salt damage inside a Vehicle Control Unit submerged in seawater for several hours. Corrosion from the salt caused a short circuit in the unit, which led to a fire when the Karma's 12-Volt battery fed power into the circuit". The company explained that Sandy's heavy winds spread that fire to other Karmas parked nearby, and also ruled out the vehicles' lithium-ion battery packs as a cause of, or even a contributing factor to, the blaze.[77] Fisker reported a loss of around 330 additional Karmas when an entire shipment from Europe was flooded in the port terminal, the estimated value of the flood loss is in excess of {{US$|30}} million.[78] Celebrity crashGuitarist Carlos Santana made the news 20 September 2013 when he wrecked his Fisker Karma in Las Vegas after falling asleep at the wheel and hitting two parked cars. No one was injured.[79] Tesla lawsuitOn 14 April 2008, Tesla Motors filed a lawsuit against Fisker Automotive, alleging that Henrik Fisker stole Tesla's Model S hybrid technology and was using it to develop the Karma. Tesla's suit claimed that the design work done for the Model S sedan by Fisker Coachbuild was substandard, and that Fisker Automotive diverted its best ideas to the Karma.[80] On 4 November 2008 CNET News reported that Tesla Motors would discontinue its suit after an interim ruling in favor of Fisker et al.[81] A news release on the Fisker Automotive website stated that Tesla was ordered to pay US$1,144,285 in costs.[82] Related models{{anchor|Fisker Sunset}}Fisker SunsetFisker previewed the Karma S "Sunset", which is based on the regular Karma, at the 2012 North American International Auto Show, Fisker has said that the Sunset only has minimum weight increases, when compared with the Karma. It was expected to be produced after the Surf, which was expected to be sometime after late 2013. The Fisker S Sunset was to be the world's first plug-in hybrid convertible, with a folding hardtop, as well as the first convertible/roadster by Fisker.[83] {{anchor|Fisker Surf}}Fisker SurfThe Fisker Surf was unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show – described by Automobile as a shooting-brake or a hatchback.[84] Sales of the four-door plug-in hybrid, which has the same range as the Karma, were scheduled to begin in 2013.[85] The production version was scheduled to be unveiled at the 2012 Paris Auto Show.[86] The Surf's entire powertrain, chassis, and interior are identical to the Karma sedan, with the only major cabin change being the additional room in back for a couple of adults, and expandable room in the back is up from {{convert|7.1|cuft|abbr=on}} to anywhere from {{convert|12.7|cuft|abbr=on}} to {{convert|29.0|cuft|abbr=on}}. Overall weight on the Surf versus the Karma increases by just {{convert|77|lb}}.[87] VLF Automotive's VLF Destino{{Main|VLF Destino}}Retired General Motors Vice-Chairman Bob Lutz and his business partner Gilbert Villarreal announced the debut of VL Automotive at the 2013 North American International Auto Show. VL has acquired 25 unsold Fisker Karmas and is remaking the cars by taking out the hybrid electric powertrain and installing a Chevrolet Corvette LS9 supercharged V8 gasoline engine with 638 hp (476 kW; 647 PS) and 604 lbf·ft (819 N·m) of torque and a 6-speed automatic transmission. Lutz told Automotive News that he'll also change the grille, make it "silky and buttery to drive," and sell them at prices beginning around $200,000.[88][89] The resulting vehicle will be called the VL Destino.[90] In May 2014 VL merged with WM GreenTech Automotive, and resulted in the car being renamed WM Destino by its new owners.[91] In January 2016, the car was renamed as the VLF Destino V8, to mark the creation of the new company VLF Automotive.[92] Deliveries of new VLF Destinos began in mid-2016. Karma Revero{{main| Karma Revero }}The Karma Revero is the new production revamped and updated version of the Fisker Karma, from Wanxiang's Karma Automotive, the reincarnated Fisker Automotive. Awards and recognition2009 marked the first time that an electric vehicle was named a North American Production Preview Vehicle of the Year by the North American Concept Vehicle of the Year Awards. The award went to Fisker Automotive for the Fisker Karma Sunset.[93][94] The Fisker Karma was listed among the "Green Design 100" of 2009 by Time magazine.[95] Also, Time listed the Karma among "The 50 Best Inventions" of 2011.[96] In November 2011 the Fisker Karma won Automobile Magazine's 2012 Design of the Year Award.[97] In December 2011, Karma was chosen as "Luxury Car of The Year" by Top Gear Magazine, and "Car of The Year" by James May of TopGear.[98][99] In 2012, the German car magazine Auto Bild awarded the Fisker the "Golden Steering Wheel Award" as "Classic Car of the Future.[100] Producers of the TV show Two and a Half Men chose the Karma as the vehicle for Walden Schmidt.[101] See also
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date=13 March 2012|access-date=2012-03-19}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.qtww.com/automotive-fisker|title=Quantum and the Fisker Karma|publisher=Quantum Technologies|access-date=21 July 2011}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/blog/1052864_fisker-hikes-prices-on-karma-sales-launch-spring-2011|publisher=MotorAuthority.com|first=Nelson |last=Ireson|date=23 December 2010|access-date=2011-01-11|title=Fisker Hikes Price on Karma, Sales Launch Summer 2011}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.qtww.com/energy-asola|access-date=2011-07-21|title=Products/Services: ENERGY – Asola GmbH|publisher=Asola GmbH}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.autotrader.com/research/article/auto-show/37173/fisker-karma.jsp|publisher=AutoTrader.com|first=Matthew |last=de Paula|date=27 February 2009|access-date=2009-09-14|title=Fisker Karma}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cars.com/go/features/autoshows/vehicle.jsp?vehicletype=production&autoshowyear=2009&vehicle=production_fisker_karma&make=Fisker&model=Karma|title=2010 Fisker Karma|author=David|date=12 January 2009|access-date=2009-09-14|publisher=cars.com}} 25. ^{{Cite AV media | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moFQhZ0_-TU?t=13m30s | title=Car and Driver: Tested : 2012 Fisker Karma – Review – CAR and DRIVER | publisher=Car and Driver magazine | date=31 October 2012 | people=Csere, Csaba | authorlink = Csaba Csere | time=13m30s | location=Beverly Hills, CA}} 26. ^{{cite web | url=http://news.consumerreports.org/cars/2012/04/fisker-shows-smaller-atlantic-plug-in-hybrid-sedan-in-ny.html | title=Fisker shows smaller Atlantic plug-in hybrid sedan in NY | publisher=Consumer Reports | work=Consumer News – web | date=6 April 2012 | access-date=14 February 2013 | author=Evarts, Eric}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thecarconnection.com/marty-blog/1016887_2010-fisker-karma-vegan-on-board|title=2010 Fisker Karma: Vegan On Board|author=Bengt Halvorson|publisher=thecarconnection.com|date=19 January 2009|access-date=2011-03-06}} 28. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/14/automobiles/14hybrid.html?_r=2|title=Hybrid Cars May Include Fake Vroom for Safety|publisher=New York Times|author=Jim Motavalli| date=13 October 2009| access-date=2013-03-21}} 29. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.economist.com/science/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13606446|title=Electric cars and noise: The sound of silence|publisher=The Economist|date=7 May 2009|access-date=2013-03-21}} 30. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/08/autos/la-fi-hy-autos-dot-noise-rules-hybrid-electric-vehicles-20130108 |title=Noise requirements proposed for hybrid and electric vehicles |author=David Undercoffler|work=Los Angeles Times|date=8 January 2013|access-date=2013-03-21}} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/01/16/detroit-2009-production-fisker-karma-sedan/|title=Detroit 2009: Production Fisker Karma is revealed, jaws begin dropping|author=Will|date=16 January 2009|publisher=AutomoBlog|access-date=2009-12-03}} 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/hybrid-technology/fisker-karma2.htm|title=Fisker Karma: Plenty of Torque and Voltage, Too|author=Eric Baxter|date=|publisher=howstuffworks|access-date=2009-12-03}} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://whatismycar.com/info/16540/|title=Fisker Karma Technical Specifications|date=21 February 2012}} 34. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2011/10/karma-20111020.html |title=Fisker Karma EPA-rated at 65 kWh/100 miles on electricity, with 32-mile electric range and 20 mpg US on gasoline|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=20 October 2011|access-date=2011-10-20}} 35. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.autoguide.com/auto-news/2011/10/fisker-karma-gets-52-mpge-fuel-economy-rating.html|title=Fisker Karma Gets 52 MPGe Fuel Economy Rating|author= Colum Wood|publisher=Auto Guide|date=19 October 2011|access-date=2011-10-19}} 36. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.autoobserver.com/2011/11/fisker-karma-claims-516-mile-electric-range.html|title=Fisker Karma Claims 51.6-Mile Electric Range|author=Scott Doggett|publisher=Edmunds Auto Observer| date=7 November 2011| access-date=2011-11-10}} See details in Press Release. 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/11/21/fisker-karma-gets-rated-at-112-mpg-from-europes-tuv/#continued|title=Fisker Karma gets rated at 112 mpg from Europe's TUV|author=Fisker Automotive|publisher=green.autoblog.com|date=21 November 2011|access-date=2011-11-25}} See details in Press Release. 38. ^{{cite news | url =http://www.hs.fi/talous/artikkeli/Hybridit+korvaamassa+Porschen+Uudessakaupungissa/1135237888298 | title = Hybridit korvaamassa Porschen | date =15 July 2008 | access-date =2008-07-16 |language=Finnish |newspaper=Helsingin Sanomat}} 39. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.automotive.com/auto-news/02/39938/index.html | title = Fisker Automotive and Valmet Automotive Have Signed Final Assembly Contract for the... | date = 13 November 2008 | access-date = 2008-11-13 }} 40. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.autoindustry.co.uk/news/11-04-08_11 |title = Fisker Automotive announces first European importer |date = 11 April 2008 |access-date = 2009-09-14 |publisher = Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://archive.is/20080415000848/http://www.autoindustry.co.uk/news/11-04-08_11 |archivedate = 15 April 2008 |df = dmy-all}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/01/detroit-2009-fisker-automotive-karma-s-sunset-convertible.php|title=Detroit Auto Show 2009: Fisker Unveils Karma S Convertible Plug-In Hybrid|author=Michael Graham Richard|publisher=TreeHugger|date=11 March 2009|access-date=2011-03-16}} 42. ^{{cite web |url=http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/09/2010-paris-motor-show-fisker-karma-production-model-hews-to-concepts-promise.html |title=2010 Paris Motor Show: Fisker Karma Production Model Hews to Concept's Promise |author=John O'Dell |date=30 September 2010 |work=Green Car Adviser |publisher=Edmunds.com |access-date=2010-12-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004165018/http://blogs.edmunds.com/greencaradvisor/2010/09/2010-paris-motor-show-fisker-karma-production-model-hews-to-concepts-promise.html |archivedate=4 October 2010 |df=dmy-all }} 43. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64Q11G20100527#|title=Fisker to build 100 test Karma cars in 2010|author=Poornima Gupta| publisher=Reuters| date=27 May 2010|access-date=2011-03-07}} 44. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-22/fisker-seeks-to-lift-karma-sales-to-move-on-from-loan-scrutiny.html|title=Fisker Automotive Seeks to Lift Karma Sales to Move on From Loan Scrutiny|author=Alan Ohnsman|publisher=Bloomberg|date=22 December 2011|access-date=2012-01-04}} 45. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2011/10/19/fisker-karma-epa-certified-52-mpge-32-mile-electric-range/|title=Fisker Karma gets EPA certified: 52 mpge, 32-mile electric range then 20 mpg|author=Fisker Automotive (press release)|publisher=green.autoblog.com|date=19 October 2011|access-date=2011-10-19}} See details in Press Release. 46. ^{{cite web|author=Godske, Bjørn|url=http://ing.dk/artikel/115212-fiskers-danske-hybridbil-klar-til-salg-om-to-maaneder|language=Danish|title=Fisker's hybrid for sale in two months|publisher=Ing.dk|date=3 January 2011|access-date=4 January 2011}} 47. ^1 {{cite web|author=Fox News|url=http://www.green.autoblog.com/2011/12/13/fisker-hikes-karma-price-again-now-above-100k/|title=Fisker hikes Karma price... again... now above $100k|publisher=green.autoblog.com|date=13 December 2011|access-date=December 13, 2011}} 48. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://www.hybridcars.com/top-6-plug-in-car-adopting-countries/7/ | title=Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries| first=Jeff | last=Cobb| publisher=HybridCars.com| date=2014-01-16| access-date=2016-08-29}} Around 1,800 Tesla Roadsters and 1,600 Fisker Karmas had been sold in the U.S. by the end of 2013. 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt-informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken.aspx |title=Verkoopstatistieken -nieuwverkoop personenautos |language=Dutch |trans-title=Sales Statistics – New passenger car sales |author=RAI |publisher=RAI Vereniging |date= |access-date=2013-07-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328183047/http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt-informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken.aspx |archivedate=28 March 2014 |df=dmy }} Download PDF file for detailed sales in 2011 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201112"), 2012 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201212") and 2013 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201304"). 50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.autoweek.nl/verkoopcijfers.php?verkoopjaar=2013&maand=6|title=Verkoopcijfers juni 2013 -Modellenoverzicht|language=Dutch|trans-title=Sales June 2013-Models overview|author=RAI|publisher=Auto Week Netherlands|date=July 2013|access-date=2013-07-04}} Table shows May and June 2013 sales. 51. ^{{cite web|url=http://auto-suisse.ch/Personenwagen_nach_Modellen.html|title=Personenwagen nach Modellen – Modellstatistik Personenwagen 2013/2012/2011|language=German|trans-title=Passenger cars by model – Statistic by model cars in 2013/2012/211|author=Vereinigung Scheweizer Automobil-Importeure|publisher=Auto Schweiz|date=8 July 2013|access-date=2013-07-20|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814231304/http://auto-suisse.ch/Personenwagen_nach_Modellen.html|archivedate=14 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}Download the files ModellePW2013.xls, ModellePW2012.xls and ModellePWQuartal2011.xls. 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2012/12/04/belgium-november-2012-discover-the-top-338-all-models-ranking/|title=Belgium November 2012: Discover the Top 338 All-models ranking|publisher=Best Selling Car Blog|date=4 December 2012|access-date=2013-07-20}} 53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2013/01/france-full-year-2012.html|title=France Full Year 2012|author=Jose Pontes|publisher=EV Sales|date=22 January 2013|access-date=2015-04-19}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2014/01/france-december-2013.html|title=France December 2013 (Updated)|author=Jose Pontes|publisher=EV Sales|date=24 January 2014|access-date=2015-04-19}} 55. ^{{cite web|url=http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2015/01/france-december-2014.html|title=France December 2014|author=Jose Pontes|publisher=EV Sales|date=17 January 2015|access-date=2015-04-19}} 56. ^{{cite news|author= Randy Kreider|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/fisker-recalls-electric-cars/story?id=17044981#.UJKQh7RgPlI|title=Fisker Issues Second Recall of Electric Car|date=12 August 2012|access-date=2012-11-01}} 57. ^[https://www.topgear.com/car-news/usa/tg-awards-2011-james-mays-car-year TG Awards 2011: James May's car of the year] 58. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20111230/AUTO01/112300333/1148/rss25|title=Fisker recalls plug-in hybrids; EV safety concerns revived |author=David Shepardson|work=The Detroit News|date=30 December 2011|access-date=2012-01-15}} 59. ^{{cite news|author= Allan Graubæk|url=http://politiken.dk/tjek/ECE1493453/fiskers-luksusbil-kaldt-retur-i-usa/|title=Fisker's luxury car recalled in USA|work=Politiken|date=30 December 2011|access-date=2011-12-30|language=Danish}} 60. ^{{cite news|url= http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/30/fisker-recalling-239-karma-electric-cars-for-fire-hazard/?ref=automobiles|title=Fisker Recalling 239 Karma Plug-In Hybrids for Fire Hazard |author=Christopher Jensen|work=The New York Times|date=30 December 2011|access-date=2012-01-02}} 61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.car-recall.com/Fisker/Karma/2012/92961?|title=2012 Fisker Karma Recall|date=28 December 2011}} 62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/01/fisker-20120203.html|title=Fisker says majority of Karma units affected by recall involving battery pack back in service|author=Fisker Press Release|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=3 January 2012|access-date=2012-01-15}} 63. ^1 {{cite news|last=Seetharaman|first=Deepa|title=Automaker Fisker recalls some 2,400 Karmas for cooling fan issue|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/18/us-fisker-karma-idUSBRE87H08H20120818|work=Reuters|access-date=2012-08-18|date= 18 August 2012}} 64. ^{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2012/03/consumer-reports-fisker-karma-breaks/1|title=Consumer Reports' $100K Fisker Karma dies on arrival|author=James R. Healey|work=USA Today|date=8 March 2012|access-date=2013-05-12}} 65. ^Vieau, David. "Livonia Prismatic Cell Field Campaign" A123 Systems, 26 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012. 66. ^Craig Trudell & Alan Ohnsman. [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-26/a123-replacing-defective-batteries-that-led-to-fisker-shutdown.html "A123 Replacing Batteries That Led to Fisker Karma Shutdown"] Bloomberg, 26 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012. 67. ^Kaiser, Tiffany. "A123 Systems to Replace Faulty Fisker Karma EV Batteries for $55 Million" DailyTech, 26 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012. 68. ^"A123 replacing battery that failed Fisker Karma during testing" Chicago Tribune/Reuters, 26 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012. 69. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.autoweek.com/article/20120508/CARNEWS/120509860| title=Official claims Fisker Karma to blame in Texas house fire|author=David Arnouts|work=Autoweek|date=8 May 2012|access-date=2012-05-09}} 70. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-18/fisker-karma-fire-in-texas-garage-being-probed-by-nhtsa.html|title=Fisker Karma Fire in Texas Garage Being Probed By NHTSA|author=Angela Greiling Keane|work=Bloomberg L.P. News|date=18 May 2012|access-date=2012-05-23}} 71. ^{{cite web|last=Lavrinc|first=Damon|title=Another Fisker Karma Goes Up in Flames|url=https://www.wired.com/autopia/2012/08/fisker-karma-fire-part-deux/|publisher=Wired Autopia|date=11 August 2012|access-date=2012-08-12}} 72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1078412_second-fisker-karma-fire-casts-fresh-doubt-on-plug-in-hybrid|title=Second Fisker Karma Fire Casts Fresh Doubt on Plug-In Hybrid |author=John Voelcker|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=13 August 2012|access-date=2012-08-13}} 73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/08/fisker-recent-karma-fire-not-caused-by-battery-pack-new-tech-or-exhaust-routing.html|title=Fisker: recent Karma fire not caused by battery pack, new tech or exhaust routing|author=Fisker Automotive Press Release|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=13 August 2012|access-date=2012-08-14}} 74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarcongress.com/2012/08/fisker-20120818.html |title=Fisker: Karma fire caused by fault in low-temperature cooling fan; initiates recall|author=Fisker Automotive|publisher=Green Car Congress|date=18 August 2012|access-date=2012-08-19}} 75. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/02/mystery-at-port-newark-why-did-17-plug-in-cars-burn/?ef=automobiles|title=Mystery at Port Newark: Why Did 17 Plug-In Cars Burn? |author=Josie Garthwaite|work=The New York Times|date=2 November 2012|access-date=2012-11-03}} 76. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.motorauthority.com/news/1080183_fisker-karmas-catch-fire-after-being-submerged-by-hurricane-sandy-flood|title=Fisker Karmas Catch Fire After Being Submerged By Hurricane Sandy Flood|author=Viknesh Vijayenthiran|work=Motor Authority|date=31 October 2012|access-date=2012-11-03}} 77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1080276_sandy-flood-fire-followup-fisker-karma-battery-not-at-fault|title=Sandy Flood Fire Followup: Fisker Karma Battery Not At Fault|author=John Voelcker|publisher=Green Car Reports|date=6 November 2012|access-date=2012-11-07}} 78. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/news/fisker-exonerated-after-hurricane-induced-karma-330-more-destroyed-59222.ht|title=Hurricane-Induced Fires; Reports 330 More Destroyed|author=Pete Brissette|publisher=hybridcars.com|date=7 November 2012|access-date=2012-11-18}} 79. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2013/09/18/carlos-santana-car-crash-accident-las-vegas-fell-asleep-wheel-photo/|title=Carlos Santana's Car Totaled in Vegas Crash -- Asleep at Wheel|publisher=}} 80. ^{{cite news| last = Migliore| first = Greg| title = Tesla sues Fisker, alleges theft of trade secrets| newspaper = AutoWeek| date = 16 April 2008| url = http://www.autoweek.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/200804161045/FREE/512789873| access-date = 2008-04-16}} 81. ^{{cite web| last = LaMonica| first = Martin| title = Tesla Motors loses trade secrets case against Fisker| work = CNET News| date = 11 April 2008| url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10082062-54.html?tag=mncol| access-date = 2009-06-29}} 82. ^{{cite web|title=ARBITRATOR FIRM EARLIER FINDING IN FAVOR OF FISKER AND AWARDS FISKER $1,144,385|publisher=Fisker Automotive|url=http://karma.fiskerautomotive.com/news_items/download/5/2008-12-11.pdf|format=PDF|access-date=2009-09-14|date=11 December 2008}} 83. ^{{cite web|url=http://jalopnik.com/5129546/fisker-karma-s-sunset-worlds-first-hybrid-convertible|title=Fisker Karma S Sunset: World's First Hybrid Convertible|author=Wes Siler|date=13 January 2009|publisher=Jalopnik|access-date=2009-12-03}} 84. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/frankfurt/2011/1109_fisker_surf_concept_first_look/index.html |title=AUTO SHOWS: First Look: Fisker Surf Concept |date=13 September 2011 |publisher=Automobile Magazine |author=Donny Nordlicht |access-date=2012-01-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127204327/http://www.automobilemag.com/auto_shows/frankfurt/2011/1109_fisker_surf_concept_first_look/index.html |archivedate=27 November 2011}} 85. ^{{cite news|url=http://wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/13/with-surf-fisker-builds-a-karma-hauler/|title=With Surf, Fisker Builds a Karma Hauler |author=Jerry Garrett|work=The New York Times|date=13 September 2011|access-date=2011-09-15}} 86. ^{{cite news|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2012/02/28/fisker-to-launch-production-karma-surf-wagon-at-paris-salon-in-s/|title=Fisker to launch production Karma Surf wagon at Paris salon in September|work=green.autoblog.com|date=28 February 2012|access-date=2012-03-12}} 87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.autoblog.com/2011/09/13/fisker-surf-shooting-brake-wows-frankfurt-show/|title=Fisker Surf shooting brake wows Frankfurt Show |author=Matt Davis |publisher=green.autoblog.com|date=13 September 2011 |access-date=2011-09-15}} 88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/bob-lutz-vl-automotive-fisker-karma-corvette-engine-2013-10|title=Bob Lutz Is Planning To Sell A Fisker Karma With A Corvette's V8 Engine|publisher=}} 89. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfw9DYNZJCs|title=Bob Lutz introduces VL Automotive to the world|first=|last=Sam Abuelsamid|date=15 January 2013|publisher=|via=YouTube}} 90. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2013/01/vlp-destino/|title=Fisker Karma Gets a 638-HP Corvette Heart Transplant|first=Damon|last=Lavrinc|publisher=}} 91. ^{{cite web|last1=Blanco|first1=Sebastian|title=Destino's VL Automotive merges with GreenTech Automotive|url=http://green.autoblog.com/2014/05/06/destinos-vl-automotive-merges-with-greentech-automotive/|website=Green Autoblog|access-date=21 August 2014|date=6 May 2014}} 92. ^{{cite web|title=Luxury Car Company VLF Automotive Launches|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/luxury-car-company-vlf-automotive-launches-1452300329|website=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2 June 2016|date=8 January 2016}} 93. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.allcarselectric.com/blog/1021718_fisker-karma-sunset-named-2009-north-american-production-preview-vehicle-of-the-year|title=Fisker Karma Sunset Named 2009 North American Production Preview Vehicle of the Year|last=Scardino |first=Robert|date=24 June 2009| access-date=2009-09-14| publisher=AllCarsElectric.com}} 94. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.prnewswire.com/ViewContent.aspx?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/06-23-2009/0005049205&EDATE=|title=Fisker Plug-In Hybrid Wins North American Concept Vehicle of the Year Award Category|publisher=Fisker Automotive|date=23 June 2009|access-date=2009-09-14}} 95. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1892751_1892571_1892576,00.html|title=The Green Design 100 – Transportation: Fisker Karma |author=Mengly Taing|work=Time|date=24 April 2009|access-date=2011-11-24}} 96. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2099708,00.html|title=The 50 Best Inventions – The Fun Electric Car|work=Time|date=28 November 2011|access-date=2011-11-24}} See page 76 of the 28 November print edition. 97. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.automobilemag.com/features/awards/1201_2012_design_of_the_year_fisker_karma/index.html|title=2012 Design of the Year: Fisker Karma |author=Robert Cumberford|work=Automobile Magazine|date=January 2012|access-date=2011-11-10}} 98. ^Rana, Omar. Fisker Karma wins Top Gear's Luxury Car of the Year award, James May gives it ‘Car of the Year' EGM CarTech, 1 December 2011. Accessed: 2 December 2011. 99. ^Gordon-Bloomfield, Nikki. Electric-Car-Hating Top Gear Names Fisker Karma Luxury Car Of The Year Green Car Reports, 2 December 2011. Accessed: 2 December 2011. 100. ^{{cite web|title=Fisker Karma Wins Four Prestigious Magazine Awards|url=http://www.hybridcars.com/fisker-karma-wins-four-prestigious-magazine-awards-55016/|website=hybridcars.com|access-date=4 August 2014|date=18 October 2012}} 101. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.greenpacks.org/2011/09/28/2012-fisker-karma-hybrid-debuts-on-cbs-sitcom-two-and-a-half-men |title=2012 Fisker Karma Hybrid Debuts on CBS Sitcom Two and a Half Men | work=Green Packs | date=2011-09-28 | access-date=2012-01-01}} External links{{commons category|Fisker Karma}}
|url=http://www.fiskerautomotive.com |title=Fisker Automotive |access-date=2009-09-14 }}
|url=http://www.automoblog.net/2009/01/16/detroit-2009-production-fisker-karma-sedan/ |title=Production Fisker Karma is revealed; jaws begin dropping |access-date=2009-09-14 |publisher=automoblog.net }}
|url=http://es.motorfull.com/2008/12/02/primera-imagen-del-fisker-karma-de-produccion |title=Primera imagen del Fisker-Automotive Karma de producción |language=Spanish |access-date=2009-09-14 |date=2 December 2008 |last=Herrera |first=Ricardo |publisher=motorfull.com }}
8 : Full-size vehicles|Luxury vehicles|Plug-in hybrid vehicles|Hybrid electric cars|Sports sedans|Cars introduced in 2011|2010s cars|Henrik Fisker |
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