请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Isoniazid
释义

  1. Medical uses

     Tuberculosis  Non-tuberculous mycobacteria  Special populations 

  2. Side effects

  3. Drug interactions

  4. Mechanism of action

  5. Metabolism

  6. History

  7. Preparation

  8. Brand names

  9. Other uses

     Chromatography  Dogs 

  10. References

  11. External links

{{redirect|Inah|"INAH"|Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia}}{{Drugbox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 459455986
| IUPAC_name = Pyridine-4-carbohydrazide
| image = Isoniazid skeletal.svg
| width = 160
| image2 = Isoniazid 3d.png
| width2 = 220
| tradename = Hydra, Hyzyd, Isovit, other
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|isoniazid}}
| MedlinePlus = a682401
| pregnancy_US = C
|pregnancy_US_comment= [1]
| legal_US = rx only
| routes_of_administration = by mouth, intramuscular, intravenous
| protein_bound = Very low (0–10%)
| metabolism = liver; CYP450: 2C19, 3A4 inhibitor
| elimination_half-life = 0.5–1.6h (fast acetylators), 2-5h (slow acetylators)
| excretion = urine (primarily), feces
| synonyms = isonicotinic acid hydrazide, isonicotinyl hydrazine, INHA
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 54-85-3
| ATC_prefix = J04
| ATC_suffix = AC01
| PubChem = 3767
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00951
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3635
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = V83O1VOZ8L
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D00346
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 6030
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 64
| NIAID_ChemDB = 007657
| C=6|H=7|N=3|O=1
| molecular_weight = 137.139 g/mol
| smiles = O=C(NN)c1ccncc1
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C6H7N3O/c7-9-6(10)5-1-3-8-4-2-5/h1-4H,7H2,(H,9,10)
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = QRXWMOHMRWLFEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
}}Isoniazid, also known as isonicotinylhydrazide (INH), is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis.[1] For active tuberculosis it is often used together with rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and either streptomycin or ethambutol.[1] For latent tuberculosis it is often used by itself.[1] It may also be used for atypical types of mycobacteria, such as M. avium, M. kansasii, and M. xenopi.[1] It is usually taken by mouth but may be used by injection into muscle.[1]

Common side effect include increased blood levels of liver enzymes and numbness in the hands and feet.[1] Serious side effects may include liver inflammation.[2] It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the baby.[9] Use during breastfeeding is likely safe.[3] Pyridoxine may be given to reduce the risk of side effects.[11] Isoniazid works in part by disrupting the formation of the bacteria's cell wall which results in cell death.[2]

Isoniazid was first made in 1952.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[5] Isoniazid is available as a generic medication.[2] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.60–4.75 per month.[6] In the United States a month of treatment costs less than $25.[7]

Medical uses

Tuberculosis

Isoniazid is often used to treat latent and active tuberculosis infections. In persons with isoniazid-sensitive Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, drug regimens based on isoniazid are usually effective when persons adhere to the prescribed treatment. However, in persons with isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, drug regimens based on isoniazid have a high rate of failure.[8]

Isoniazid has been approved as prophylactic therapy for the following populations:

  • People with HIV infection and a PPD (purified protein derivative) reaction of at least 5 mm induration
  • Contacts of people with tuberculosis and who have a PPD reaction at least 5 mm induration
  • People whose PPD reactions convert from negative to positive in a two-year period – at least 10 mm induration for those up to 35 years of age, and at least 15 mm induration for those at least 35 years old
  • People with pulmonary damage on their chest X-ray that is likely to be due to healed tuberculosis and also have a PPD reaction at least 5 mm induration
  • Injection drug users whose HIV status is negative who have a PPD reaction at least 10 mm induration
  • People with a PPD of greater than or equal to 10 mm induration who are foreign-born from high prevalence geographical regions, low-income populations, and patients residing in long-term facilities[19][9]

Non-tuberculous mycobacteria

Isoniazid was widely used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex as part of a regimen including rifampicin and ethambutol.[10] Evidence suggests that isoniazid prevents mycolic acid synthesis in M. avium complex as in M. tuberculosis[11] and although this is not bactericidal to M. avium complex, it greatly potentiates the effect of rifampicin. The introduction of macrolides led to this use greatly decreasing. However, since rifampicin is broadly underdosed in M. avium complex treatment this effect may be worth re-investigating.[12]

Special populations

It is recommended that women with active tuberculosis who are pregnant or breastfeeding take isoniazid. Preventive therapy should be delayed until after giving birth.[13] Nursing mothers excrete a relatively low and non-toxic concentration of INH in breast milk, and their babies are at low risk for side effects. Both pregnant women and infants being breastfed by mothers taking INH should take vitamin B6 in its pyridoxine form to minimize the risk of peripheral nerve damage.[14]

Vitamin B6 is used to prevent isoniazid-induced B6 deficiency and neuropathy in people with a risk factor, such as pregnancy, lactation, HIV infection, alcoholism, diabetes, kidney failure, or malnutrition.[15]

People with liver dysfunction are at a higher risk for hepatitis caused by INH, and may need a lower dose.[13]

Levels of liver enzymes in the bloodstream should be frequently checked in daily alcohol drinkers, pregnant women, IV drug users, people over 35, and those who have chronic liver disease, severe kidney dysfunction, peripheral neuropathy, or HIV infection since they are more likely to develop hepatitis from INH.[13][16]

Side effects

Up to 20% of people taking isoniazid experience peripheral neuropathy when taking doses of 6 mg/kg of weight daily or higher.[17] Gastrointestinal reactions include nausea and vomiting.[18] Aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and agranulocytosis due to lack of production of red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells by the bone marrow respectively, can also occur.[18] Hypersensitivity reactions are also common and can present with a maculopapular rash and fever.[18]

Asymptomatic elevation of serum liver enzyme concentrations occurs in 10% to 20% of people taking INH, and liver enzyme concentrations usually return to normal even when treatment is continued.[19] Isoniazid has a boxed warning for severe and sometimes fatal hepatitis, which is age-dependent at a rate of 0.3% in people 21 to 35 years old and over 2% in those over age 50.[18][20] Symptoms suggestive of liver toxicity include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, right upper quadrant pain, and loss of appetite.[18] Black and Hispanic women are at higher risk for isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity.[18] When it happens, isoniazid-induced liver toxicity has been shown to occur in 50% of patients within the first 2 months of therapy.[21]

Some recommend that liver function should be monitored carefully in all people receiving it,[22] but others recommend monitoring only in certain populations.[19][23][24]

Headache, poor concentration, weight gain, poor memory, insomnia, and depression have all been associated with isoniazid use.[44] All patients and healthcare workers should be aware of these serious side effects, especially if suicidal ideation or behavior are suspected.[25][26][27]

Isoniazid is associated with pyridoxine vitamin B6 deficiency. Isoniazid has a similar structure to vitamin B6 which results in a relative B6 deficiency which can lead to symptoms of pellagra. Isoniazid is also associated with increased excretion of pyridoxine. Pyridoxal phosphate (a derivative of pyridoxine) is required for d-aminolevulinic acid synthase, the enzyme responsible for the rate-limiting step in heme synthesis. Therefore, isoniazid-induced pyridoxine deficiency causes insufficient heme formation in early red blood cells, leading to sideroblastic anemia.[15]

Drug interactions

People taking isoniazid and acetaminophen are at risk of acetaminophen toxicity. Isoniazid is thought to induce a liver enzyme which causes a larger amount of acetaminophen to be metabolized to a toxic form.[28][29]

Isoniazid decreases the metabolism of carbamazepine, thus slowing down its clearance from the body. People taking carbamazepine should have their carbamazepine levels monitored and, if necessary, have their dose adjusted accordingly.[30]

It is possible that isoniazid may decrease the serum levels of ketoconazole after long term treatment. This is seen with the simultaneous use of rifampin, isoniazid, and ketoconazole.[31]

Isoniazid may increase the amount of phenytoin in the body. The doses of phenytoin may need to be adjusted when given with isoniazid.[32][33]

Isoniazid may increase the plasma levels of theophylline. There are some cases of theophylline slowing down isoniazid elimination. Both theophylline and isoniazid levels should be monitored.[34]

Valproate levels may increase when taken with isoniazid. Valproate levels should be monitored and its dose adjusted if necessary.[32]

Mechanism of action

Isoniazid is a prodrug and must be activated by a bacterial catalase-peroxidase enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis called KatG.[35] KatG catalyzes the formation of the isonicotinic acyl radical, which spontaneously couples with NADH to form the nicotinoyl-NAD adduct. This complex binds tightly to the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase InhA, thereby blocking the natural enoyl-AcpM substrate and the action of fatty acid synthase. This process inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are required components of the mycobacterial cell wall. A range of radicals are produced by KatG activation of isoniazid, including nitric oxide,[36] which has also been shown to be important in the action of another antimycobacterial prodrug pretomanid.[37]

Isoniazid is bactericidal to rapidly dividing mycobacteria, but is bacteriostatic if the mycobacteria are slow-growing.[38] It inhibits the cytochrome P450 system and hence acts as a source of free radicals.[39]

Isoniazid is a mild monoamine oxidase inhibitor(MAO-I). [40]

Metabolism

Isoniazid reaches therapeutic concentrations in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and within caseous granulomas. It is metabolized in the liver via acetylation into acetylhydrazine. Two forms of the enzyme are responsible for acetylation, so some patients metabolize the drug more quickly than others. Hence, the half-life is bimodal, with "slow acetylators" and "fast acetylators". A graph of number of people versus time shows peaks at one and three hours. The height of the peaks depends on the ethnicities of the people being tested. The metabolites are excreted in the urine. Doses do not usually have to be adjusted in case of renal failure.

History

Three pharmaceutical companies unsuccessfully attempted to patent the drug at the same time,[41] the most prominent one being Roche, which launched its version, Rimifon, in 1952.[42] With the introduction of isoniazid, a cure for tuberculosis was first considered possible.

The drug was first tested at Many Farms, a Navajo community, due to the Navajo reservation's tuberculosis problem and because the population had not previously been treated with streptomycin, the main tuberculosis treatment at the time.[43]

Isoniazid, along with iproniazid – a related drug – were among the first drugs to be referred to as antidepressants.[44]

Preparation

Isoniazid is a isonicotinic acid derivative. It is manufactured using 4-cyanopyridine and hydrazine hydrate.[45] In another method, isoniazid was claimed to have been made from citric acid starting material.[46]

Brand names

Hydra, Hyzyd, Isovit, Laniazid, Nydrazid, Rimifon, and Stanozide.[47]

Other uses

Chromatography

Isonicotinic acid hydrazide is also used in chromatography to differentiate between various degrees of conjugation in organic compounds barring the ketone functional group.[48] The test works by forming a hydrazone which can be detected by its bathochromic shift.

Dogs

While isoniazid may be used in dogs there are concerns it can also cause seizures.[49]

References

1. ^{{cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|date=2009|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9789241547659|page=136|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf|accessdate=8 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213060118/http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16879e/s16879e.pdf|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|title=Isoniazid|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/isoniazid.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=8 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220231039/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/isoniazid.html|archivedate=20 December 2016|df=}}
3. ^1 {{cite web|title=Isoniazid (Nydrazid) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/isoniazid.html|website=www.drugs.com|accessdate=10 December 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220231059/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/isoniazid.html|archivedate=20 December 2016|df=}}
4. ^{{cite book|last1=Walker|first1=S. R.|title=Trends and Changes in Drug Research and Development|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400926592|page=109|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FB_2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|language=en|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910151826/https://books.google.com/books?id=FB_2CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|archivedate=2017-09-10|df=}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)|url=http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 December 2016|date=April 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052708/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|archivedate=13 December 2016|df=}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Isoniazid|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=445&searchYear=2014|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=8 December 2016}}
7. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=49}}
8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Gegia M, Winters N, Benedetti A, van Soolingen D, Menzies D |title=Treatment of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis with first-line drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=223–234 |date=February 2017 |pmid=27865891 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30407-8 |url=}}
9. ^{{cite journal|title=The Use of Preventive Therapy for Tuberculosis Infection in the United States – Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|date=May 18, 1990|volume=39 (RR-8)|pages=9–12|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001643.htm|accessdate=22 February 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302075630/http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001643.htm|archivedate=2 March 2016|df=}}
10. ^{{cite journal |pmid=11182006 |pmc=1758783 |year=2001 |author1=Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society |title=First randomised trial of treatments for pulmonary disease caused by M avium intracellulare, M malmoense, and M xenopi in HIV negative patients: Rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid versus rifampicin and ethambutol |journal=Thorax |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=167–72 }}
11. ^{{cite journal |pmid=9570407 |year=1998 |last1=Mdluli |first1=K |title=Mechanisms involved in the intrinsic isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium avium |journal=Molecular Microbiology |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1223–33 |last2=Swanson |first2=J |last3=Fischer |first3=E |last4=Lee |first4=R. E |last5=Barry Ce |first5=3rd }}
12. ^{{cite journal |pmid=22744719 |year=2012 |last1=Van Ingen |first1=J |title=The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease treatment |journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |volume=186 |issue=6 |pages=559–65 |last2=Egelund |first2=E. F |last3=Levin |first3=A |last4=Totten |first4=S. E |last5=Boeree |first5=M. J |last6=Mouton |first6=J. W |last7=Aarnoutse |first7=R. E |last8=Heifets |first8=L. B |last9=Peloquin |first9=C. A |last10=Daley |first10=C. L |doi=10.1164/rccm.201204-0682OC }}
13. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5ab01773-d1e4-4b87-884a-9e5b3f13bdcb | title=DailyMed - ISONIAZID- isoniazid tablet}}
14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bothamley|first1=G.|title=Drug treatment for tuberculosis during pregnancy: safety considerations|journal=Drug Safety|date=2001|volume=24|issue=7|pages=553–565|pmid=11444726|doi=10.2165/00002018-200124070-00006}}
15. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Steichen|first1=O.|last2=Martinez-Almoyna|first2=L.|last3=De Broucker|first3=T.|title=Isoniazid induced neuropathy: consider prevention|journal=Revue des Maladies Respiratoires|date=April 2006|volume=23|issue=2 Pt 1|pages=157–160|pmid=16788441 |url=http://www.em-consulte.com/showarticlefile/134623/index.pdf}}
16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Saukkonen|first1=J.J.|last2=Cohn|first2=D.L.|last3=Jasmer|first3=R.M.|title=An official ATS statement: hepatotoxicity of antituberculosis therapy|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|date=October 15, 2006|volume=174|issue=8|pages=935–952|pmid=17021358|doi=10.1164/rccm.200510-1666ST}}
17. ^{{Cite book|title=Applied Therapeutics|last=Alldredge|first=Brian|publisher=|date=February 12, 2013|isbn=9781609137137|location=|pages=}}
18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite web|url=http://medlibrary.org/lib/rx/meds/isoniazid-10/|title=Isoniazid (package insert)|date=|accessdate=|website=|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910172407/http://medlibrary.org/lib/rx/meds/isoniazid-10/|archivedate=2017-09-10|df=}}
19. ^1 {{cite web|title=Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Guide for Primary Health Care Providers|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/ltbi/treatment.htm|website=cdc.gov|publisher=Center for Disease Control|accessdate=25 March 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325150054/http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/ltbi/treatment.htm|archivedate=25 March 2016|df=}}
20. ^Trevor, A. & Katzung, B. (2013). Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology: examination & board review (10th ed., p. 417). New York. McGraw-Hill Medical, Lange.
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/isoniazid-an-overview|title=Isoniazid UpToDate|date=|accessdate=|website=|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025175722/http://www.uptodate.com/contents/isoniazid-an-overview|archivedate=2015-10-25|df=}}
22. ^{{Cite web|title=DailyMed – Isoniazid – isoniazid tablet|url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5ab01773-d1e4-4b87-884a-9e5b3f13bdcb|website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov|accessdate=2015-11-05|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223022738/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5ab01773-d1e4-4b87-884a-9e5b3f13bdcb|archivedate=2015-12-23|df=}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Treatment of Tuberculosis – Guidelines (4th ed.)|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44165/1/9789241547833_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1|website=who.int|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=25 March 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404193153/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44165/1/9789241547833_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1|archivedate=4 April 2016|df=}}
24. ^{{cite journal|title=Chemotherapy and management of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: recommendations 1998. Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society|journal=Thorax|date=July 1998|volume=53|issue=7|pages=536–548|pmid=9797751|pmc=1745276|doi=10.1136/thx.53.7.536}}
25. ^1 {{Cite journal|author1=Alao A.O.|author2=Yolles J.C.|title=Isoniazid-induced psychosis|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=32|issue=9|pages=889–891|date=September 1998|pmid=9762376|doi=10.1345/aph.17377}}
26. ^{{cite journal|year=2002|last1=Iannaccone|first1=R.|last2=Sue|first2=Y.J.|last3=Avner|first3=J.R.|title=Suicidal psychosis secondary to isoniazid|volume=18|issue=1|pages=25–27|journal=Pediatric Emergency Care|pmid=11862134|doi=10.1097/00006565-200202000-00008}}
27. ^{{Cite journal|author1=Pallone K.A.|author2=Goldman M.P.|author3=Fuller M.A.|title=Isoniazid-associated psychosis: case report and review of the literature|journal=Annals of Pharmacotherapy|volume=27|issue=2|pages=167–170|date=February 1993|pmid=8439690 |doi=10.1177/106002809302700205}}
28. ^{{cite journal|last1=Murphy|first1=R.|last2=Swartz|first2=R.|last3=Watkins|first3=P.B.|title=Severe acetaminophen toxicity in a patient receiving isoniazid|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|date=November 15, 1990|volume=113|issue=10|pages=799–800|pmid=2240884|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-113-10-799}}
29. ^{{cite journal|last1=Burk|first1=R.F.|last2=Hill|first2=K.E.|last3=Hunt Jr.|first3=R.W.|last4=Martin|first4=A.E.|title=Isoniazid potentiation of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in the rat and 4-methylpyrazole inhibition of it|journal=Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacolog|date=July 1990|volume=69|issue=1|pages=115–118|pmid=2218067}}
30. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fleenor|first1=M.E.|last2=Harden|first2=J.W.|last3=Curtis|first3=G.|title=Interaction between carbamazepine and antituberculosis agents|journal=Chest|date=June 1991|volume=99|issue=6|page=1554|pmid=2036861|doi=10.1378/chest.99.6.1554a}}
31. ^{{cite journal|last1=Baciewicz|first1=A.M.|last2=Baciewicz Jr.|first2=F.A.|title=Ketoconazole and fluconazole drug interactions|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|date=September 13, 1993|volume=153|issue=17|pages=1970–1976|pmid=8357281|doi=10.1001/archinte.153.17.1970}}
32. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Jonville|first1=A.P.|last2=Gauchez|first2=A.S.|last3=Autret|first3=E.|last4=Billard|first4=C.|last5=Barbier|first5=P.|last6=Nsabiyumva|first6=F.|last7=Breteau|first7=M.|title=Interaction between isoniazid and valproate: a case of valproate overdosage|journal=European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology|date=1991|volume=40|issue=2|pages=197–198|pmid=2065702|doi=10.1007/BF00280078|doi-broken-date=2018-11-07}}
33. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bass, Jr.|first1=J.B.|last2=Farer|first2=L.S.|last3=Hopewell|first3=P.C.|last4=O'Brien|first4=R.|last5=Jacobs|first5=R.F.|last6=Ruben|first6=F.|last7=Snider, Jr.|first7=D.E.|last8=Thornton|first8=G.|title= Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. American Thoracic Society and The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|journal= Am J Respir Crit Care Med|date=May 1994|volume=149|issue=5|pages=1359–1374|pmid= 8173779|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.149.5.8173779}}
34. ^{{cite journal|last1=Höglund|first1=P.|last2=Nilsson|first2=L.G.|last3=Paulsen|first3=O.|title=Interaction between isoniazid and theophylline|journal=European Journal of Respiratory Diseases|date=February 1987|volume=70|issue=2|pages=110–116|pmid=3817069}}
35. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Suarez|first1=J.|last2=Ranguelova|first2=K.|last3=Jarzecki|first3=A.A.|display-authors=et al.|title=An oxyferrous heme/protein-based radical intermediate is catalytically competent in the catalase reaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase (KatG)|journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry|volume=284|issue=11|pages=7017–7029|date=March 2009|pmid=19139099|doi=10.1074/jbc.M808106200|pmc=2652337}}
36. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Timmins|first1=G.S.|last2=Master|first2=S|last3=Rusnak|first3=F.|last4=Deretic|first4=V.|title=Nitric oxide generated from isoniazid activation by KatG: source of nitric oxide and activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|volume=48|issue=8|pages=3006–3009|date=August 2004|pmid=15273113|pmc=478481|doi=10.1128/AAC.48.8.3006-3009.2004}}
37. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=R.|last2=Manjunatha|first2=U.|last3=Boshoff|first3=H.I.|display-authors=et al.|title=PA-824 kills nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis by intracellular NO release|journal=Science|volume=322|issue=5906|pages=1392–1395|date=November 2008|pmid=19039139|doi=10.1126/science.1164571|pmc=2723733|bibcode=2008Sci...322.1392S }}
38. ^{{Cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Z.|last2=Klinkenberg|first2=L.G.|last3=Pinn|first3=M.L.|last4=Fraig|first4=M.M.|last5=Peloquin|first5=C.A.|last6=Bishai|first6=W.R.|last7=Nuermberger|first7=E.L.|last8=Grosset|first8=J.H.|last9=Karakousis|first9=P.C.|doi=10.1086/605605|title=Biphasic Kill Curve of Isoniazid Reveals the Presence of Drug‐Tolerant, Not Drug‐Resistant, Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Guinea Pig|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=200|issue=7|pages=1136–1143|year=2009|pmid=19686043|pmc=}}
39. ^{{Cite book|title=Pharmacology|author=Harvey|edition=4th|date=November 2009}}
40. ^{{Cite journal|last=Judd|first=F. K.|last2=Mijch|first2=A. M.|last3=Cockram|first3=A.|last4=Norman|first4=T. R.|date=1994|title=Isoniazid and antidepressants: is there cause for concern?|journal=International Clinical Psychopharmacology|volume=9|issue=2|pages=123–125|issn=0268-1315|pmid=8056994|doi=10.1097/00004850-199400920-00009}}
41. ^{{Cite journal|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9670|pages=1148–1149|year=2009|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60559-6|title=Fourth-generation fluoroquinolones in tuberculosis|author=Hans L. Riede|pmid=19345815}}
42. ^Roche USA {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212082842/http://www.rocheusa.com/about/history.html |date=2007-12-12 }}
43. ^{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=David S.|title=The Health Care Experiments at Many Farms: The Navajo, Tuberculosis, and the Limits of Modern Medicine, 1952–1962|journal=Bulletin of the History of Medicine|year=2002|volume=76|issue=4|pages=749–790|doi=10.1353/bhm.2002.0186|pmid=12446978}}
44. ^{{Cite journal|last=Moncrieff|first=Joanna|date=June 2008|title=The creation of the concept of an antidepressant: an historical analysis|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=66|issue=11|pages=2346–2355|doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.047|issn=0277-9536|pmid=18321627}}
45. ^{{cite book|last1=William Andrew Publishing|title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia|date=2008|publisher=Elsevier Science|location=Norwich, NY|isbn=9780815515265|pages=1968–1970|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bRX8MwEACAAJ&dq=9780815515265}}
46. ^{{cite journal|last1=Baizer|first1=Manuel M.|last2=Dub|first2=Michael|last3=Gister|first3=Sidney|last4=Steinberg|first4=Nathan G.|title=Synthesis of Isoniazid from Citric Acid|journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Scientific Ed.)|volume=45|issue=7|year=1956|pages=478–480|issn=0095-9553|doi=10.1002/jps.3030450714}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=Drugs@FDA|url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm|website=fda.gov|publisher=United States Food and Drug Administration|accessdate=22 August 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814072104/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/Scripts/cder/DrugsatFDA/index.cfm|archivedate=14 August 2012|df=}}
48. ^{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=L.L.|last2=Foell|first2=Theodore|title=Differentiation of Δ4-3-Ketosteroids and Δ1,4-3-Ketosteroids with Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide|journal=Analytical Chemistry|date=1959|volume=31|issue=1|pages=102–105|doi=10.1021/ac60145a020}}
49. ^{{cite book |last1=Sykes |first1=Jane E. |title=Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases - E-BOOK |date=2013 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0323241946 |page=425 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=cb0kTIlb8HgC&pg=PA425 |language=en}}

External links

  • [https://www.cdc.gov/tb/pubs/corecurr/default.htm Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis (2000)] Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

See Chapter 6, Treatment of LTBI Regimens – [https://www.cdc.gov/tb/pubs/corecurr/Chapter6/Chapter_6_Regimens.htm Isoniazid]::
See Chapter 7 – Treatment of TB Disease Monitoring – [https://www.cdc.gov/tb/pubs/corecurr/Chapter7/Chapter_7_Monitoring.htm Adverse Reactions to First-line TB Drugs – Isoniazid]::
See Table 5 [https://www.cdc.gov/tb/pubs/corecurr/tables/table5.htm First-Line Anti-TB Medications]

  • Isoniazid Overdose: Recognition and Management American Family Physician 1998 Feb 15
{{Antimycobacterials}}{{Cell wall disruptive antibiotics}}{{Monoamine metabolism modulators}}{{GABA metabolism and transport modulators}}{{Hydrazines}}{{portal bar|Pharmacy and pharmacology|Medicine}}

11 : Disulfiram-like drugs|Prodrugs|Isonicotinamides|Anti-tuberculosis drugs|World Health Organization essential medicines|Hepatotoxins|Hydrazides|Antidepressants|GABA transaminase inhibitors|Vitamin B6 antagonists|RTT
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/21 22:28:39