“Isotopes of bismuth”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Bismuth (₈₃Bi) has no stable isotopes, but does have one very long-lived isotope; thus, the standard atomic weight can be given as {{val|208.98040|(1)}}. Although bismuth-209 is now known to be unstable, it has classically been considered to be a "stable" isotope because it has a half-life of over 1.9×10¹⁹ years, which is more than a billion times the age of the universe. Besides ²⁰⁹Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes are ^210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, ²⁰⁸Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and ²⁰⁷Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occur in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic ²¹⁰Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days.

Commercially the radioactive isotope bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium with bremsstrahlung photons from a linear particle accelerator. In 1997 an antibody conjugate with Bi-213, which has a 45-minute half-life, and decays with the emission of an alpha-particle, was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) program, to treat a variety of cancers.^[1] Bismuth-213 is also found on the decay chain of uranium-233 which is the fuel "bred" by Thorium reactors.

List of isotopes

nuclide
symbol

historic
name

Z(p)

N(n)

isotopic
mass (u)^[2]

half-life
^[3]^[4]

decay
mode
^[5]^[6]

daughter
isotope
^[7]

nuclear
spin and
parity

representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)

range of
natural
variation
(mole fraction)

excitation energy

¹⁸⁴Bi

101

184.00112(14)#

6.6(15) ms

3+#

^184mBi

150(100)# keV

13(2) ms

10−#

¹⁸⁵Bi

102

184.99763(6)#

2# ms

¹⁸⁴Pb

9/2−#

α (rare)

¹⁸¹Tl

^185mBi

70(50)# keV

49(7) µs

¹⁸¹Tl

1/2+

¹⁸⁴Pb

¹⁸⁶Bi

103

185.99660(8)

14.8(7) ms

¹⁸²Tl

(3+)

β⁺ (rare)

¹⁸⁶Pb

^186mBi

270(140)# keV

9.8(4) ms

¹⁸²Tl

(10−)

β⁺

¹⁸⁶Pb

¹⁸⁷Bi

104

186.993158(16)

32(3) ms

α (50%)

¹⁸³Tl

9/2−#

β⁺ (50%)

¹⁸⁷Pb

^187m1Bi

101(20) keV

320(70) µs

1/2+#

^187m2Bi

252(1) keV

7(5) µs

(13/2+)

¹⁸⁸Bi

105

187.99227(5)

44(3) ms

¹⁸⁴Tl

3+#

β⁺ (rare)

¹⁸⁸Pb

^188mBi

210(140)# keV

220(40) ms

¹⁸⁴Tl

(10−)

β⁺ (rare)

¹⁸⁸Pb

¹⁸⁹Bi

106

188.98920(6)

674(11) ms

α (51%)

¹⁸⁵Tl

(9/2−)

β⁺ (49%)

¹⁸⁹Pb

^189m1Bi

181(6) keV

5.0(1) ms

(1/2+)

^189m2Bi

357(1) keV

880(50) ns

(13/2+)

¹⁹⁰Bi

107

189.9883(2)

6.3(1) s

α (77%)

¹⁸⁶Tl

(3+)

β⁺ (30%)

¹⁹⁰Pb

^190m1Bi

420(180) keV

6.2(1) s

α (70%)

¹⁸⁶Tl

(10−)

β⁺ (23%)

¹⁹⁰Pb

^190m2Bi

690(180) keV

>500(100) ns

7+#

¹⁹¹Bi

108

190.985786(8)

12.3(3) s

α (60%)

¹⁸⁷Tl

(9/2−)

β⁺ (40%)

¹⁹¹Pb

^191mBi

240(4) keV

124(5) ms

α (75%)

¹⁸⁷Tl

(1/2+)

β⁺ (25%)

¹⁹¹Pb

¹⁹²Bi

109

191.98546(4)

34.6(9) s

β⁺ (82%)

¹⁹²Pb

(3+)

α (18%)

¹⁸⁸Tl

^192mBi

150(30) keV

39.6(4) s

β⁺ (90.8%)

¹⁹²Pb

(10−)

α (9.2%)

¹⁸⁸Tl

¹⁹³Bi

110

192.98296(1)

67(3) s

β⁺ (95%)

¹⁹³Pb

(9/2−)

α (5%)

¹⁸⁹Tl

^193mBi

308(7) keV

3.2(6) s

α (90%)

¹⁸⁹Tl

(1/2+)

β⁺ (10%)

¹⁹³Pb

¹⁹⁴Bi

111

193.98283(5)

95(3) s

β⁺ (99.54%)

¹⁹⁴Pb

(3+)

α (.46%)

¹⁹⁰Tl

^194m1Bi

110(70) keV

125(2) s

β⁺

¹⁹⁴Pb

(6+,7+)

α (rare)

¹⁹⁰Tl

^194m2Bi

230(90)# keV

115(4) s

(10−)

¹⁹⁵Bi

112

194.980651(6)

183(4) s

β⁺ (99.97%)

¹⁹⁵Pb

(9/2−)

α (.03%)

¹⁹¹Tl

^195m1Bi

399(6) keV

87(1) s

β⁺ (67%)

¹⁹⁵Pb

(1/2+)

α (33%)

¹⁹¹Tl

^195m2Bi

2311.4+X keV

750(50) ns

(29/2−)

¹⁹⁶Bi

113

195.980667(26)

5.1(2) min

β⁺ (99.99%)

¹⁹⁶Pb

(3+)

α (.00115%)

¹⁹²Tl

^196m1Bi

166.6(30) keV

0.6(5) s

¹⁹⁶Bi

(7+)

β⁺

¹⁹⁶Pb

^196m2Bi

270(3) keV

4.00(5) min

(10−)

¹⁹⁷Bi

114

196.978864(9)

9.33(50) min

β⁺ (99.99%)

¹⁹⁷Pb

(9/2−)

α (10⁻⁴%)

¹⁹³Tl

^197m1Bi

690(110) keV

5.04(16) min

α (55%)

¹⁹³Tl

(1/2+)

β⁺ (45%)

¹⁹⁷Pb

IT (.3%)

¹⁹⁷Bi

^197m2Bi

2129.3(4) keV

204(18) ns

(23/2−)

^197m3Bi

2360.4(5)+X keV

263(13) ns

(29/2−)

^197m4Bi

2383.1(7)+X keV

253(39) ns

(29/2−)

^197m5Bi

2929.5(5) keV

209(30) ns

(31/2−)

¹⁹⁸Bi

115

197.97921(3)

10.3(3) min

β⁺

¹⁹⁸Pb

(2+,3+)

^198m1Bi

280(40) keV

11.6(3) min

β⁺

¹⁹⁸Pb

(7+)

^198m2Bi

530(40) keV

7.7(5) s

10−

¹⁹⁹Bi

116

198.977672(13)

27(1) min

β⁺

¹⁹⁹Pb

9/2−

^199m1Bi

667(4) keV

24.70(15) min

β⁺ (98%)

¹⁹⁹Pb

(1/2+)

IT (2%)

¹⁹⁹Bi

α (.01%)

¹⁹⁵Tl

^199m2Bi

1947(25) keV

0.10(3) µs

(25/2+)

^199m3Bi

~2547.0 keV

168(13) ns

29/2−

²⁰⁰Bi

117

199.978132(26)

36.4(5) min

β⁺

²⁰⁰Pb

^200m1Bi

100(70)# keV

31(2) min

EC (90%)

²⁰⁰Pb

(2+)

IT (10%)

²⁰⁰Bi

^200m2Bi

428.20(10) keV

400(50) ms

(10−)

²⁰¹Bi

118

200.977009(16)

108(3) min

β⁺ (99.99%)

²⁰¹Pb

9/2−

α (10⁻⁴%)

¹⁹⁷Tl

^201m1Bi

846.34(21) keV

59.1(6) min

EC (92.9%)

²⁰¹Pb

1/2+

IT (6.8%)

²⁰¹Bi

α (.3%)

¹⁹⁷Tl

^201m2Bi

1932.2+X keV

118(28) ns

(25/2+)

^201m3Bi

1971.2+X keV

105(75) ns

(27/2+)

^201m4Bi

2739.90(20)+X keV

124(4) ns

(29/2−)

²⁰²Bi

119

201.977742(22)

1.72(5) h

β⁺

²⁰²Pb

5(+#)

α (10⁻⁵%)

¹⁹⁸Tl

^202m1Bi

615(7) keV

3.04(6) µs

(10#)−

^202m2Bi

2607.1(5) keV

310(50) ns

(17+)

²⁰³Bi

120

202.976876(23)

11.76(5) h

β⁺

²⁰³Pb

9/2−

α (10⁻⁵%)

¹⁹⁹Tl

^203m1Bi

1098.14(7) keV

303(5) ms

²⁰³Bi

1/2+

^203m2Bi

2041.5(6) keV

194(30) ns

25/2+

²⁰⁴Bi

121

203.977813(28)

11.22(10) h

β⁺

²⁰⁴Pb

^204m1Bi

805.5(3) keV

13.0(1) ms

²⁰⁴Bi

10−

^204m2Bi

2833.4(11) keV

1.07(3) ms

(17+)

²⁰⁵Bi

122

204.977389(8)

15.31(4) d

β⁺

²⁰⁵Pb

9/2−

²⁰⁶Bi

123

205.978499(8)

6.243(3) d

β⁺

²⁰⁶Pb

6(+)

^206m1Bi

59.897(17) keV

7.7(2) µs

(4+)

^206m2Bi

1044.8(5) keV

890(10) µs

(10−)

²⁰⁷Bi

124

206.9784707(26)

32.9(14) y

β⁺

²⁰⁷Pb

9/2−

^207mBi

2101.49(16) keV

182(6) µs

21/2+

²⁰⁸Bi

125

207.9797422(25)

3.68(4)×10⁵ y

β⁺

²⁰⁸Pb

(5)+

^208mBi

1571.1(4) keV

2.58(4) ms

²⁰⁸Bi

(10)−

²⁰⁹Bi
^[8]^[9]

126

208.9803987(16)

1.9(2)×10¹⁹ y
^[10]

²⁰⁵Tl

9/2−

1.0000

²¹⁰Bi

Radium E

127

209.9841204(16)

5.012(5) d

β⁻

²¹⁰Po

1−

Trace^[11]

α (1.32×10⁻⁴%)

²⁰⁶Tl

^210mBi

271.31(11) keV

3.04(6)×10⁶ y

²⁰⁶Tl

9−

²¹¹Bi

Actinium C

128

210.987269(6)

2.14(2) min

α (99.72%)

²⁰⁷Tl

9/2−

Trace^[12]

β⁻ (.276%)

²¹¹Po

^211mBi

1257(10) keV

1.4(3) µs

(25/2−)

²¹²Bi

Thorium C

129

211.9912857(21)

60.55(6) min

β⁻ (64.05%)

²¹²Po

1(−)

Trace^[13]

α (35.94%)

²⁰⁸Tl

β⁻, α (.014%)

²⁰⁸Pb

^212m1Bi

250(30) keV

25.0(2) min

α (67%)

²⁰⁸Tl

(9−)

β⁻ (33%)

^212mPo

β⁻, α (.3%)

²⁰⁸Pb

^212m2Bi

2200(200)# keV

7.0(3) min

>16

²¹³Bi
^[14]^[15]

130

212.994385(5)

45.59(6) min

β⁻ (97.91%)

²¹³Po

9/2−

α (2.09%)

²⁰⁹Tl

²¹⁴Bi

Radium C

131

213.998712(12)

19.9(4) min

β⁻ (99.97%)

²¹⁴Po

1−

Trace^[11]

α (.021%)

²¹⁰Tl

β⁻, α (.003%)

²¹⁰Pb

²¹⁵Bi

132

215.001770(16)

7.6(2) min

β⁻

²¹⁵Po

(9/2−)

Trace^[12]

^215mBi

1347.5(25) keV

36.9(0.6) s

IT (76.9%)

²¹⁵Bi

(25/2−)

β⁻ (23.1%)

²¹⁵Po

²¹⁶Bi

133

216.006306(12)

2.17(5) min

β⁻

²¹⁶Po

(6-, 7-)

^216mBi

24(19) keV

6.6(2.1) min

β⁻

²¹⁶Po

3-#

²¹⁷Bi

134

217.009372(19)

98.5(8) s

β⁻

²¹⁷Po

9/2−#

^217mBi

1480(40) keV

2.70(0.06) µs

²¹⁷Bi

25/2−#

²¹⁸Bi

135

218.014188(29)

33(1) s

β⁻

²¹⁸Po

(6-, 7-, 8-)

²¹⁹Bi

136

219.017480(210)#

8.7(2.9) s

β⁻

²¹⁹Po

9/2-#

²²⁰Bi

137

220.022350(320)#

9.5(5.7) s

β⁻

²²⁰Po

1-#

1. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1|title=Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review|year=2001|last1=Imam|first1=S|journal=International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics|volume=51|pages=271}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last=Wang|first=M.|last2=Audi|first2=G.|last3=Kondev|first3=F.G. |last4=Huang|first4=W.J.|last5=Naimi|first5=S.|last6=Xu|first6=X.|title=The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references|journal=Chinese Physics C|volume=41|issue=3|pages=030003|date=2017|doi=10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003}}
3. ^{{NUBASE 2016}}
4. ^Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable)
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx |title=Universal Nuclide Chart |publisher=nucleonica |registration=yes}}
6. ^Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
7. ^Bold for stable isotopes
8. ^Formerly believed to be final decay product of 4n+1 decay chain
9. ^Primordial radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide ²³⁷Np
10. ^Formerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide
11. ^¹Intermediate decay product of ²³⁸U
12. ^¹Intermediate decay product of ²³⁵U
13. ^Intermediate decay product of ²³²Th
14. ^Used in medicine such as for cancer treatment.
15. ^A byproduct of Thorium reactors via ²³³U.

References

Isotope masses from:
- {{NUBASE 2003}}
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- {{CAWIA 2003}}
- {{CIAAW 2005}}
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- {{NUBASE 2003}}
- {{NNDC}}
- {{CRC85|chapter=11}}

3 : Bismuth|Isotopes of bismuth|Lists of isotopes by element

List of isotopes

Notes

See also

References