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词条 Isotopes of germanium
释义

  1. List of isotopes

      Notes  

  2. References

{{infobox germanium isotopes}}

Germanium (32Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, and 76Ge. Of these, 76Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 × 1021 years[1] (130 billion times the age of the universe).

Stable 74Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 36%. 76Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7%.[2] When bombarded with alpha particles, the isotopes 72Ge and 76Ge will generate stable 75As and 77Se, releasing high energy electrons in the process.[3]

At least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. The most stable of these is 68Ge, decaying by electron capture with a half-life of 270.95 d. It decays to the medically useful positron-emitting isotope 68Ga. (See gallium-68 generator for notes on the source of this isotope, and its medical use). The least stable known germanium isotope is 60Ge with a half-life of 30 ms.

While most of germanium's radioisotopes decay by beta decay, 61Ge and 64Ge decay by β+ delayed proton emission.ref name="nubase2003"/> 84Ge through 87Ge also have minor β− delayed neutron emission decay paths.[2]

List of isotopes

nuclide
symbol		 Z(p) N(n)  
isotopic mass (u)
 		half-life[4]decay
mode(s)[5][6]		daughter
isotope(s)[7]		nuclear
spin and
parity		representative
isotopic
composition
(mole fraction)		range of natural
variation
(mole fraction)
excitation energy
58Ge3226 57.99101(34)# 2p 56Zn 0+
59Ge3227 58.98175(30)# 2p 57Zn 7/2−#
60Ge322859.97019(25)#30# ms β+ 60Ga0+
2p 58Zn
61Ge322960.96379(32)#39(12) ms β+, p (80%) 60Zn(3/2−)#
β+ (20%) 61Ga
62Ge3230 61.95465(15)# 129(35) ms β+ 62Ga 0+
63Ge3231 62.94964(21)# 142(8) ms β+ 63Ga (3/2−)#
64Ge3232 63.94165(3) 63.7(25) s β+ 64Ga 0+
65Ge323364.93944(11)30.9(5) s β+ (99.99%) 65Ga(3/2)−
β+, p (.01%) 64Zn
66Ge3234 65.93384(3) 2.26(5) h β+ 66Ga 0+
67Ge3235 66.932734(5) 18.9(3) min β+ 67Ga 1/2−
67m1Ge18.20(5) keV 13.7(9) µs 5/2−
67m2Ge751.70(6) keV 110.9(14) ns 9/2+
68Ge[8]3236 67.928094(7) 270.95(16) d[9] EC 68Ga 0+
69Ge3237 68.9279645(14) 39.05(10) h β+ 69Ga 5/2−
69m1Ge86.765(14) keV 5.1(2) µs 1/2−
69m2Ge397.944(18) keV 2.81(5) µs 9/2+
70Ge3238 69.9242474(11)Stable 0+ 0.2038(18)
71Ge3239 70.9249510(11) 11.43(3) d EC 71Ga 1/2−
71mGe198.367(10) keV 20.40(17) ms IT 71Ge 9/2+
72Ge3240 71.9220758(18)Stable 0+ 0.2731(26)
72mGe691.43(4) keV 444.2(8) ns 0+
73Ge3241 72.9234589(18)Stable 9/2+ 0.0776(8)
73m1Ge13.2845(15) keV 2.92(3) µs 5/2+
73m2Ge66.726(9) keV 499(11) ms 1/2−
74Ge3242 73.9211778(18)Stable 0+ 0.3672(15)
75Ge3243 74.9228589(18) 82.78(4) min β− 75As 1/2−
75m1Ge139.69(3) keV47.7(5) s IT (99.97%) 75Ge7/2+
β− 75As
75m2Ge192.18(7) keV 216(5) ns 5/2+
76Ge[10]3244 75.9214026(18) 1.926(94)×1021[11] y β−β− 76Se 0+ 0.0783(7)
77Ge3245 76.9235486(18) 11.30(1) h β− 77As 7/2+
77mGe159.70(10) keV52.9(6) s β− (79%) 77As1/2−
IT (21%) 77Ge
78Ge3246 77.922853(4) 88(1) min β− 78As 0+
79Ge3247 78.9254(1) 18.98(3) s β− 79As (1/2)−
79mGe185.95(4) keV39.0(10) s β− (96%) 79As(7/2+)#
IT (4%) 79Ge
80Ge3248 79.92537(3) 29.5(4) s β− 80As 0+
81Ge3249 80.92882(13) 7.6(6) s β− 81As 9/2+#
81mGe679.13(4) keV7.6(6) s β− (99%) 81As(1/2+)
IT (1%) 81Ge
82Ge3250 81.92955(26) 4.55(5) s β− 82As 0+
83Ge3251 82.93462(21)# 1.85(6) s β− 83As (5/2+)#
84Ge325283.93747(32)#0.947(11) s β− (89.2%) 84As0+
β−, n (10.8%) 83As
85Ge325384.94303(43)#535(47) ms β− (86%) 85As5/2+#
β−, n (14%) 84As
86Ge325485.94649(54)#>150 ns β−, n 85As0+
β− 86As
87Ge3255 86.95251(54)# 0.14# s 5/2+#
88Ge3256 87.95691(75)# >=300 ns 0+
89Ge3257 88.96383(97)# >150 ns 3/2+#
1. ^{{cite journal |author=A. M. Bakalyarov |author2=A. Ya. Balysh |author3=S. T. Belyaev |author4=V. I. Lebedev |author5=S. V. Zhukov |year=2003 |title=Results of the experiment on investigation of Germanium-76 double beta decay |pages=77–81 |volume=2 |issue=2 |journal=Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters |arxiv=hep-ex/0309016|bibcode = 2003hep.ex....9016B }}
2. ^1 {{NUBASE 2003}}}
3. ^Via a set of two reactions:
4He + 72Ge → 75Se + 1n, 75Se decays by electron capture to 75As with a half-life of 120 days
76Ge + 1n → 77Ge, which then undergoes beta decay to 77As with a half-life of 11.3 hours, which in turn undergoes beta decay to 77Se with a half-life of 39 hours
4. ^Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable)
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx |title=Universal Nuclide Chart |publisher=nucleonica |registration=yes}}
6. ^Abbreviations:
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition
7. ^Bold for stable isotopes
8. ^Used to generate 68Ga
9. ^[https://www.isotopes.gov/catalog/product.php?element=Germanium&type=rad&rad_product_index=21]
10. ^Primordial radionuclide
11. ^{{Cite journal |last1=Patrignani |first1=C. |display-authors=etal |collaboration=Particle Data Group |year=2016 |title=Review of Particle Physics |journal=Chinese Physics C |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=100001 |bibcode=2016ChPhC..40j0001P |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/40/10/100001}} See p. 768

Notes

  • Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
  • Angular momentum or 3rd order sub particles are omitted as spin(2)=0,45,45.
  • Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
  • Nuclide masses are given by IUPAP Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (SUNAMCO).
  • Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW).

References

  • Isotope masses from:
    • {{NUBASE 2003}}
  • Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
    • {{CAWIA 2003}}
    • {{CIAAW 2005}}
  • Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
    • {{NUBASE 2003}}
    • {{NNDC}}
    • {{CRC85|chapter=11}}
{{Navbox element isotopes}}

3 : Germanium|Isotopes of germanium|Lists of isotopes by element
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